空气压缩机后冷却器传热强化试验研究

以横纹管、光滑管为元件，以压缩空气－水为介质的整机对比试验结果表明，横纹管对于压缩空气的冷却有显著的传热强化效果。在试验的压缩空气质量流量范围内，横纹管冷却器的总传热系数比光滑管冷却器的提高７７％～６６％。在额定的质量流量条件下，横纹管的总传热系数提高７５％，可相应节省换热面积４３％。横纹管冷却器的总压降约比光滑管的高一倍。文内还讨论分析了横纹管的传热强化机理。     

The generalized Lévêque equation and its practical use for the prediction of heat and mass transfer rates from pressure drop

Based on the generalized Lévêque equation (GLE) a new type of analogy between pressure drop and heat transfer has been discovered, that may be used in the cross corrugated channels of chevron type plate heat exchangers, in packed beds, in tube bundles, in crossed rod matrices or in many other spacewise periodic arrangements.Experimental data on heat transfer in tube bundles in crossflow, both inline, and staggered arrangements, had been recently tested in greater detail. Using an empirical correlation for pressure drop in these arrangements from the literature that has been successfully tested against a large number of experimental pressure drop data, heat transfer data collected earlier could be very well represented from the pressure drop correlation and the GLE. The data for staggered bundles have been shown to be in better agreement with this new method, than with the existing empirical heat and mass transfer correlations. Somewhat larger deviations for inline tube bundles had been found at lower Reynolds numbers. Here a simple and physically reasonable correction function of Re is presented, which leads to a better agreement for the inline bundles, too.Additionally, it can be shown for a number of literature data on tube bundles and on crossed rod matrices that the agreement with the GLE prediction is even better if original pressure drop data from the same sources are available in place of a pressure drop correlation.The method results in reasonable heat or mass transfer predictions from frictional pressure drop, which may be widely used in chemical engineering applications.     

水平横槽纹管内氨沸腾换热及压降特性实验研究

对水平横槽纹管内氨沸腾换热及其压降特性进行了实验研究，获得了不同热流密度、不同质量流速和不同局部蒸汽干度下沸腾换热和压降的实验数据。实验结果表明，在本实验的参数范围内，与光滑管相比，横槽纹管在压降增加不大的情况下可使管内沸腾换热系数提高３０％～１５０％，横槽纹管的节距减小对传热强化的作用明显，而对槽深的影响不大。还给出了横槽纹管内氨局部沸腾换热和压降的无因次准则关系式。     

板式换热器相变流动的传热及压降特性

建立了三维单流道模型,模拟了波纹倾角和波纹节距对相变流动传热和压降特性的影响。结果表明,沸腾传热和压降特性同时受到流动形式和触点影响,"曲折型"流动有利于液膜蒸发增强传热,触点对气相的扰动作用小于液相,因此在气相体积分数较高的区域的触点处气液相变转化现象不明显。传热系数随波纹倾角的增加而增大,随波纹节距的增加而减小,但在相同入口Reynolds数下波纹节距λ=16 mm比14 mm的传热系数大,主要是因为流动形式的改变在某种程度上减弱了触点数目减少对传热的影响。β=75°和λ=10 mm时传热性能最好。沸腾流动的压降随波纹倾角的增大先升高后降低,在β=65°左右达到峰值,随着波纹节距的增大而降低。     

铜基正弦波微通道内流动沸腾传热特性试验研究

基于超快激光技术加工铜基正弦波弯曲型微通道,以去离子水为流动工质,在不同质量流量和热通量条件下,对弯曲型微通道内流动沸腾特性进行试验研究。基于温度/压力数据和流动可视化结果,发现通道传热系数随出口干度增大,呈迅速增大后减小并趋于稳定趋势,正弦波微通道相较直微通道具有更好的换热性能,传热系数最大提高127.7%,压降仅增加14.4%。波状通道结构能明显抑制流动沸腾中不稳定现象发生。通过可视化试验发现,随热通量增大,流型经历泡状流-弹状流-环状流的转变,换热主导机制由核态沸腾逐渐过渡到薄液膜蒸发。     

板式换热器结构优化三维数值分析

应用数值计算软件fluent对BR0.015F型人字形板式换热器进行数值模拟。分别从板片波纹的倾斜角β、高度h和间距l 3方面对板式换热器的传热、阻力影响进行研究,并拟合出相应努塞尔数Nu,传热因子j和摩擦因子f与板间流速的变化关系。结果表明:从对传热效果影响程度来看,波纹的间距l要大于倾斜角β和高度h;而对压降的影响,波纹的间距l要小于倾斜角β和高度h;从对流动状态影响程度来看,波纹夹角β和节距l要大于高度h。对比结果表明:在倾斜角β=60°,节高比为p=2.4时,板式换热器具有较好的传热效果。     

Particle-resolved simulation of packed beds by non-body conforming locally refined orthogonal hexahedral mesh

The traditional fixed-bed reactor design is usually not suitable for the low tube-to-particle diameter ratios (N=D/d < 8) where the local phenomena of channeling near the wall and backflow in the bed are dominant. The recent "solid particle" meshing method is too complicated for mesh generation, especially for non-spherical particles in large random packed beds, which seriously hinders its development. In this work, a novel high-fidelity mesh model is proposed for simulation of fixed bed reactors by combining the immersed boundary and adaptive meshing methods. This method is suitable for different shapes of particles, which ingeniously avoids handling the complex "contact point" problem. Several packed beds with two different shapes of particles are investigated with this model, and the local flow in the bed is simulated without geometrical simplification. The predicted pressure drop across the fixed bed and heat transfer of the single particle are in good agreement with the corresponding empirical relations. Compared with spherical particles, the packed bed packing with pentaphyllous particles has lower pressure drop and better heat/mass transfer performance, and it shows that this method can be used for the screening of particle shapes in a fixed bed.     

外凸式波节套管换热器壳程流动与传热机理的数值模拟

针对波节套管换热器壳程中的流动和传热机理进行了k-ε的数值模拟研究。采用六面体网格结合波节区域加密的特殊划分方法,进行了首层网格间距和主流区网格间距的无关性分析。数值模拟结果与经验公式进行对比,验证了数值模拟方法的准确性。对比分析了波节管和光管中流动和传热参数（速度、温度、湍动能和湍流耗散率）的性能差异,揭示了波节管的强化换热机理。同时,分析了波节管的局部Nusselt数和阻力降沿壁面的变化规律。结果表明流体在波节的去流侧形成了一个脱体旋涡,破坏了流体的速度边界层和温度边界层,同时使得其内部的摩擦阻力和热扩散能力明显提高,起到了明显的强化换热效应。     

电动汽车电池冷却器冷却液侧传热与流动性能仿真

针对双回路液冷电池热管理系统关键部件电池冷却器进行仿真研究，将提取出的冷却液侧流道作为研究对象，分析换热器中波纹板结构、冷却液质量流量与入口温度对于流道内流动及换热的影响。研究发现，波纹及上下板间的触点结构会在流道中产生的二次流，在低Reynolds数（Re=739）下即可达到湍流，增强了换热效果。拟合了板片Nusselt数与Reynolds数的关系式，发现板片的平均传热系数随着质量流量的提高而增加，增幅可达374%，但功耗也随之迅速增加，因而，需要合理选择质量流量以平衡传热与功耗。冷却液入口温度主要通过热物性影响传热系数及压降，但整体影响幅度较小，因而在实际使用中可不考虑季节与运行因素对电池冷却器性能的影响。     

Heat transfer to submerged surfaces in coarse-grained pressurized fluidized beds and fixed beds

This contribution reports on the theory underlying a uniform representation of heat transfer to submerged surfaces in fixed bed reactors and of gas convective part of heat transfer in fluidized beds with coarse-grained bulk solids and/or at elevated pressure. Based on an analysis of the pressure drop behaviour of fixed bed percolation at different gas pressures and with different bulk solids, a new dimensionless pressure drop parameter was developed. Fixed bed heat transfer data are very well correlated by this new dimensionless number. As soon as fluid throughput is in excess of minimum fluidization velocity, the pressure drop parameter transforms into the well-known Archimedes number. These two dimensionless numbers are connected by the condition of equilibrium for pressure drop and mass of practices in a fluidized bed. This equilibrium is fulfilled as soon as fluidization commences. Up to now, the Archimedes number has been generally accepted as the significant parameter, determining the gas convective part of heat transfer in fluidized beds; however, without any physical interpretation of this parameter. Introduction of the pressure drop number, which is consistent with the Archimedes number, reduces the heat transfer behaviour to pressure drop characteristics. The usefulness of this concept is proven by the comparison of experimental results and prediction.     

Transcritical CO2 Heat Pump Dryer: Part 1. Mathematical Model and Simulation

In this study, a mathematical model and simulation code has been developed to investigate the performance of a transcritical CO₂ heat pump dryer. The model takes into account detailed heat and mass transfer and pressure drop phenomena occurring in each component of the system. To take care of the variable heat transfer properties, the heat exchanger components were divided into several infinitesimal segments to examine the state, heat and mass balance and pressure drop for both refrigerant and air, and hence accurate results are expected. In Part 2 of the article, the model developed has been validated with experimental data and then the model was used to investigate effects of important operating parameters on the performance.     

Transcritical CO2 Heat Pump Dryer: Part 1. Mathematical Model and Simulation

In this study, a mathematical model and simulation code has been developed to investigate the performance of a transcritical CO₂ heat pump dryer. The model takes into account detailed heat and mass transfer and pressure drop phenomena occurring in each component of the system. To take care of the variable heat transfer properties, the heat exchanger components were divided into several infinitesimal segments to examine the state, heat and mass balance and pressure drop for both refrigerant and air, and hence accurate results are expected. In Part 2 of the article, the model developed has been validated with experimental data and then the model was used to investigate effects of important operating parameters on the performance.     

折流板间距对换热器性能影响的数值研究

采用CFD数值模拟方法,研究了简化模型下弓形折流板和螺旋折流板换热器,对应于不同间距/螺距时,流动参量的变化对换热器整体流动与传热性能的影响。结果表明,两种结构对应的壳程压力损失和换热系数均随壳程流量的增加而增大,而螺旋折流板结构单位压降下换热系数大于弓形折流板,并且其性能受折流板螺距变化的影响较小,体现了螺旋折流板结构的优越性。计算结果与现有实验结论吻合较好。     

Experimental study on thermo-hydraulic performances of nanofluids flowing through a corrugated tube filled with copper foam in heat exchange systems

Thermo-hydraulic characteristics of TiO₂-water nanofluids in thin-wall stainless steel test tubes (corrugated tube and circular tube) filled with copper foam (40 PPI) are experimentally investigated and compared with those in test tubes without copper foam. The effects of nanoparticle mass concentration on flow and heat transfer performances are investigated. In addition, the mutual restriction relationships between Reynolds number (Re), Nusselt number (Nu) and resistance coefficient (f) are discussed respectively. Also, the comprehensive coefficient of performance (CCP) between heat transfer and pressure drop is evaluated. The results show that core-enhancement region for heat transfer using experimental tubes filled with copper foam is notably different from that of tubes without copper foam. There is a corresponding Reynolds number (about Re=2400) for the maximum CCP of each condition. And the heat transfer can be enhanced dramatically and sustained at 8000 ≤ Re ≤ 12000.     

基于两相流流型的平行流冷凝器整体仿真模型与实验验证

引言平行流冷凝器作为一种新颖的换热器加之其不同于传统翅片管换热器的结构,因此其传热流动性能尚处研究之中。尤其是平行流冷凝器制冷剂侧微通道两相流机制及其转变不同于常规的管子,以往关于平行流冷凝器整体仿真模型的研究中,微通道两相流数值模拟大都采用传统大管径模型或者修正     

圆弧切线波纹换热管内流动与传热性能的数值模拟

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高效波纹管换热器工业化试验

经单管和工业试验，证明了波纹管传热管件是一种强化管内外传热系数特别是管内传热系数的传热元件。标定安装在北京燕山石化公司炼油厂的波纹管换热器，总传热系数约为光管换热器的１．８２倍，压降约为２．２４倍。     

双波纹板束逆流传热与流动的数值模拟和实验研究

利用Fluent软件对一种全焊式双波纹板式换热器的板束传热与流动性能进行数值模拟,运用场协同原理进行强化传热机理分析的同时对双波纹板式换热器进行传热实验,验证数值模拟和理论分析的合理性。结果表明：双波纹结构使得流体在流道形成湍流,减薄板片的层流边界层并且改善了主流区域的速度与温度梯度的协同程度,强化传热。双波纹板束本身的传热系数受到板束热侧入口尺寸的影响,并且在固定尺寸上达到峰值,增大冷热流体入口速度可以提升板束的传热能力,同时也受到压降增大的影响。     

内壁填充环状金属泡沫的管内流动凝结换热

通过采用在圆管内壁填充环状金属泡沫的方法强化管内对流凝结换热,实验研究了制冷剂R134a在内壁填充环状金属泡沫管内的流动凝结的压降和换热,克服了完全填充金属泡沫管流动阻力大的缺点。用于计算传热系数的管壁温度通过热电偶测量得到。综合分析了质量流速和两相流体干度对流动凝结压降及传热系数的影响。研究结果表明内壁填充环状金属泡沫管压降远大于光管,压降随质量流速和干度的增加而迅速增大且呈非线性。通过壁面温度分布和温度波动对内壁填充环状金属泡沫管内的两相流型进行判别,发现影响该类强化管凝结换热的两种主要流型：分层流和环状流。内壁填充环状金属泡沫管的凝结传热系数大于光管,且随着质量流速和干度的增加传热系数增大,该类强化管流动凝结传热系数是光管的2倍左右。