2019年饲料原料霉菌毒素污染状况调查

目的 调查分析2019年饲料原料霉菌毒素污染状况。方法 采用胶体金免疫层析法或上转发光免疫分析(up-conversion immunoassays, UPT)法对安佑集团各分子公司所采购的大宗饲料原料中呕吐毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮和黄曲霉毒素B1含量进行快速检测, 2019年度共检测饲料原料样品20918份。结果 对比安佑集团企业标准, 2019年饲料原料霉菌毒素污染总超标率为3.2%。饲料原料霉菌毒素污染整体情况由重转轻, 上半年污染较重主要是由于麸皮及次粉霉菌毒素污染超标所致, 下半年霉菌毒素污染程度整体较轻, 但9月玉米和玉米干酒糟及其可溶物(distillers dried grains with soluble, DDGS)的玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone, ZEN)污染情况较重, 其中DDGS达重度污染; 从产地来源看, 2019年全国各产地麸皮和次粉呕吐毒素(vomitoxin, DON)污染较重; 河南产地米糠黄曲霉毒素B1(aflatoxins B1, AFB1)及四川产地米糠ZEN达重度污染; 山东、江苏、云南、安徽产地玉米AFB1及安徽产地玉米DON达重度污染; 且饲料原料中的霉菌毒素并非单一存在, 多数情况下是多种毒素共存。结论 与2018年饲料原料霉菌毒素污染调查数据(未公开发表)相比, 2019年原料污染程度较轻。     

12种植物性饲料原料中霉菌毒素污染状况的调查分析

对采集的12种植物性饲料原料中的59份样品进行玉米赤霉烯酮、黄曲霉毒素B1、B2、G1、G25种霉菌毒素的检测,结果表明,玉米赤霉烯酮共10种原料26份样品有检出;黄曲霉毒素B1共7种原料10份样品有检出;黄曲霉毒素B2共2种原料2份样品有检出;黄曲霉毒素G1、G2未检出。饲料原料受玉米赤霉烯酮、黄曲霉毒素B1污染较多,应加以重视。     

10种植物性饲料原料中3种霉菌毒素的污染分析和危害控制

通过对97份10种植物性饲料原料中黄曲霉毒素B1、玉米赤霉烯酮、呕吐毒素3种霉菌毒素的采样检测,分析了解3种霉菌毒素的污染状况,为饲料生产企业和养殖企业掌握植物性饲料原料中3种霉菌毒素的污染情况,减少霉菌毒素污染危害采取的应对措施提供参考。     

2017年上半年我国部分地区饲料及饲料原料中霉菌毒素的污染状况分析

应用酶联免疫吸附法结合高效液相色谱对我国部分地区饲料及原料中黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)、玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)和脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)3种霉菌毒素的含量进行检测。结果表明：356份样品中AFB1、ZEN和DON检出率分别是87.8%、95.0%和98.3%,平均含量分别为11.2、689.0和1 855.2 μg/kg,说明我国部分地区饲料及饲料原料霉菌毒素污染比较普遍。玉米、玉米副产物、配合饲料和粕类中ZEN和DON污染较严重,AFB1污染主要存在于粕类中,青贮料及发酵料中3种霉菌毒素的污染程度相对较轻,但污染范围较广,建议饲料生产企业应加强对饲料和饲料原料的品控管理。     

2022年第一季度粕类样品中真菌毒素污染分析

本研究对2022年第一季度收集的57份粕类(不含豆粕与花生粕)样品进行真菌毒素检测分析,采用高效液相色谱法对样品中黄曲霉毒素B₁、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(呕吐毒素)及玉米赤霉烯酮3种真菌毒素的含量进行检测,并参照GB 13078—2017、GB 2761—2017两类限量及相关产品标准对检测结果进行分析与评价。结果显示粕类样品中玉米赤霉烯酮、呕吐毒素处于中风险范围,黄曲霉毒素处于低风险范围。粕类样品中应重点关注玉米胚芽粕,此类样品有33%处于呕吐毒素中风险范围,有13%处于呕吐毒素高风险范围,有38%处于玉米赤霉烯酮中风险范围,有62%处于玉米赤霉烯酮高风险范围。粕类样品中多毒素共污染情况,除呕吐毒素/玉米赤霉烯酮两种毒素共污染的比例为37%外,其余共污染比例均小于10%。     

2013年小麦类饲料原料中霉菌毒素污染情况调查

霉菌毒素污染情况调查共检测608个样品,通过酶联试剂盒初筛和液质联用仪验证两种方法进行4种霉菌毒素的检测。结果发现,小麦类样品受呕吐毒素的污染最严重,受玉米赤霉烯酮污染程度较轻,赭曲霉毒素A和T-2毒素全年未检出超标样品,污染程度最轻。单一样品中同时存在多种霉菌毒素超标的情况严重。粮食类副产物受霉菌毒素污染比粮食更严重。从地区来看,各区域饲料原料受到霉菌毒素污染程度不同,且污染程度存在季节性差异。     

2017年DDGS中霉菌毒素污染分析报告

收集了来自全国市场的311份DDGS样本,进行了黄曲霉毒素B1、呕吐毒素和玉米赤霉烯酮毒素的测定,研究2017年DDGS霉菌毒素的污染严重程度及变化规律。检测值的样本数是289~293个,阳性检出率是75.43%~95.17%,平均值分别是11.39、1 550、248.53 μg/kg。样本中……     

免疫亲和柱同时净化-HPLC法测定植物油中黄曲霉毒素和玉米赤霉烯酮

建立了免疫亲和柱同时净化-高效液相色谱法检测植物油中的黄曲霉毒素B1、B2、G1、G2和玉米赤霉烯酮的分析方法.黄曲霉毒素B1、B2、G1、G2的方法的定量限均为0.1 μg/kg,玉米赤霉烯酮的方法的定量限为5.0μg/kg,相对标准偏差低于10.4％,回收率为82.0％ ～95.5％.该方法简便快速、灵敏准确、重现性好,可以用于对植物油中黄曲霉毒素B1、B2、G1、G2和玉米赤霉烯酮进行快速定量检测.     

粮食加工品中玉米赤霉烯酮和呕吐毒素污染 情况调查

目的初步了解粮食加工品中玉米赤霉烯酮和呕吐毒素的污染情况。方法对北京地区和网购的200批次样品进行随机抽检,分别采用液相色谱法、免疫亲和层析净化高效液相色谱法对粮食加工品中的玉米赤霉烯酮和呕吐毒素进行了检测。结果初步调查发现玉米碾磨加工品中的玉米赤霉烯酮和小麦粉中的呕吐毒素检出率较高,分别达34%和74%;散装样品中玉米赤霉烯酮含量不合格率和检出率明显高于预包装样品。结论建议监管部门加强对散装玉米碾磨加工品和小麦粉等粮食加工品中毒素指标的监控力度和监测频次,同时针对我国特殊敏感人群加快设定合理限值。     

不同质量玉米中3种真菌毒素含量分析

本文运用酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA),测定了各质量玉米中3种真菌毒素(玉米赤霉烯酮、呕吐毒素与黄曲霉毒素B1)的含量,现就实验过程及结果进行探讨。     

Distribution of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol in milling fractions from fusarium-infected Japanese wheat cultivars

The fate of the Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol and nivalenol during the milling of Japanese wheat cultivars artificially infected with Fusarium was investigated. Grain samples with different mycotoxin concentrations were milled using a laboratory-scale test mill to produce eight fractions: three breaking flours (1B, 2B, and 3B), three reduction flours (1M, 2M, and 3M), wheat bran, and wheat shorts. Patent flour for human consumption was made from the 1B, 2B, 1M, and 2M flours, and low-grade flour was made from 3B and 3M flours. The four resulting samples (patent flour, low-grade flour, bran, and shorts) were analyzed for deoxynivalenol and/or nivalenol with an in-house validated analytical method using high-performance liquid chromatography with UV absorbance detection. In samples with different mycotoxin concentrations, the distribution of those toxins differed among the milling fractions. Grains with a lower level of contamination produced bran and shorts samples with a high relative concentration of nivalenol. A high percentage of nivalenol was found in patent flour, followed by bran. Contrary to the less-contaminated sample, the concentration of nivalenol in moderately contaminated grain was high only in the shorts sample. The highest percentage of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol was observed in the patent flour. The results of this study indicate that the distribution of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol in milled Japanese wheat could be influenced by the contamination level of the original grain, and the milling process is not always effective for removal of toxins from wheat grains.     

山东地区饲料原料真菌污染状况调查

目的调查山东地区饲料原料真菌污染状况。方法从山东地区代表性饲料生产企业采集豆粕、棉籽粕、麦麸、可溶性干酒糟(distillers dried grains with soluble,DDGS)和玉米粉5种饲料原料样品,密封送至实验室采用平板稀释法接种分离,并对不同样品的真菌进行鉴定。结果 5种饲料原料的真菌检出率分别为豆粕(76.19%)、棉籽粕(68.75%)、麦麸(85.71%)、DDGS(21.62%)和玉米粉(100%)。玉米粉带菌量最高,达4.75×105 cfu/g;豆粕带菌量最低,均小于103 cfu/g。污染真菌种类多样,共检出曲霉属8种、镰刀菌属3种、青霉属7种、其他真菌19种,其中以黄曲霉、串珠镰刀菌和串珠镰刀菌胶孢变种最为常见。结论山东地区饲料原料受真菌污染较普遍,不同种类饲料原料受真菌污染水平不同。污染的黄曲霉和镰刀菌可能含产毒菌株,值得关注。     

Mycotoxins in wheat flour and intake assessment in Shandong province of China

In the present study, the occurrence and contamination levels of eight mycotoxins were investigated in wheat flour samples (n = 359) from Shandong Province of China. Samples were determined using a multi-mycotoxin method based on isotope dilution ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The results indicated that the most frequently found mycotoxins were deoxynivalenol (DON) (97.2%), nivalenol (40.4%) and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (33.4%), and mean contamination levels in positive samples were 86.7, 3.55 and 3.34 µg kg^?1, respectively. The obtained data were further used to estimate the daily intake of the local population, and indicated that wheat flour consumption contributes little to DON exposure. However, with the aim to keep the contamination levels under control and to establish a more precise evaluation of the mycotoxin burden in Shandong Province, more sample data from different harvest years and seasons are needed in the future.     

河南省粮食及其制品中真菌毒素污染情况调查

目的了解河南省市售粮食及其制品中真菌毒素污染的种类和程度。方法 2018—2019年采集河南省市售粮食及其制品,采用同位素稀释超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)法测定16种真菌毒素含量,检测结果按照GB 2761—2017《食品安全国家标准食品中真菌毒素限量》进行评价分析。结果 100份玉米面、玉米渣及玉米粒中伏马菌素、玉米赤霉烯酮、黄曲霉毒素、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇是主要污染真菌毒素,检出率范围为0.0%～95.7%;220份小麦粉、面条和馒头中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇检出率分别为78.0%(124/159)、64.3%(18/28)和87.9%(29/33);其他真菌毒素含量较低或未检出。结论河南省粮食及其制品中存在不同程度的真菌毒素污染问题,尤其是玉米及其制品中伏马菌素有较高的检出率,应及时开展溯源调查,尽快采取相应控制措施。     

真菌毒素在赤霉病小麦研磨及其湿法加工中的分布研究

小麦赤霉病不仅会导致粮食减产,更会引起多种真菌毒素的高污染风险。将染病小麦进行实验室制粉并湿法分离统粉中的粗淀粉、谷朊粉,采用酶联免疫吸附测定法(Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay,ELISA)测定各系统的呕吐毒素(Deoxynivalenol,DON)、黄曲霉毒素B1(Aflatoxin B1,AFB1)、玉米赤霉烯酮(Zearalenone,ZEN)以及赭曲霉毒素A(Ochratoxin A,OTA)的含量,以探究赤霉病小麦在制粉及其湿法加工中四种常见真菌毒素的分布变化规律。结果显示:研磨制粉及湿法加工对真菌毒素的分布影响显著。制粉加工后,皮磨和心磨系统粉的DON、AFB1、ZEN和OTA含量比原粮显著降低,降低率分别为1.38~16.24%、20.47~71.77%及26.71~69.51%;湿法加工产物中,DON消减为相应统粉的4.88~12.11%,AFB1与OTA浓缩富集,富集率分别可达统粉的2.55、3.65倍,粗淀粉中ZEN消减为统粉的12.70~15.83%,谷朊粉则富集为统粉的4.11倍。研究表明,在工业生产中,可根据赤霉病小麦的感染类型及程度,适当选用研磨或湿法加工等合适的方法加工处理。     

河北省小麦、玉米及其制品中16种真菌毒素污染水平调查与分析

目的调查分析河北省小麦、玉米及其制品中16种常见真菌毒素污染状况。方法收集河北省37份鲜(冻)玉米/玉米粒、74份玉米、玉米面制品以及240份小麦样品。样品经乙腈:水:甲酸(79:20:1, V:V:V)溶液超声离心提取后,通过同位素内标稀释法处理,采用液相色谱-串联质谱法进行检测。结果伏马毒素小麦检出8份,玉米、玉米面制品检出66份,检出范围为ND~3889.9μg/kg;玉米赤霉烯酮检出小麦检出2份,玉米、玉米面制品检出69份,检出范围为ND~323.2μg/kg;脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇小麦检出122份,玉米、玉米面制品检出68份,检出范围为ND~4183.4μg/kg;3-乙酰基-脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇小麦检出5份,玉米、玉米面制品检出18份;15-乙酰基-脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇小麦检出12份,玉米、玉米面制品检出38份;其他毒素均为未检出。鲜(冻)玉米/玉米粒中16种真菌毒素均未检出。结论伏马毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮和脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇为小麦、玉米及其制品的主要污染物,其污染状况应引起关注。     

Occurrence of the mycotoxins ochratoxin A, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol in feed components.

The mycotoxin contamination of feed components used by the Dutch cooperative feed industry was surveyed to estimate the risk for animal production losses. Of 89 randomly and 6 selectively taken samples of raw materials harvested in 1988 and 1989 27% were contaminated with ochratoxin A (OCHRA), 31% with zearalenone (ZEA) and 20% with deoxynivalenol (DON). The mean content (microgram/kg) of all positive randomly taken samples was 18 (OCHRA), 62 (ZEA) and 630 (DON). The highest level (microgram/kg) for all samples was 120 (OCHRA) in barley, 3100 (ZEA) in corn cob mix and 1900 (DON) in maizegluten feed. The results of this survey show that feed components are often contaminated with mycotoxins. However, the contamination level could only sporadically cause production losses in animal husbandry.     

Distribution of Fusarium mycotoxins in UK wheat mill fractions

The EU has set maximum limits for the Fusarium mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON). The maximum permitted level decreases from unprocessed wheat, through intermediary products, e.g. flour, to finished products such as bakery goods and breakfast cereals. It is, therefore, important to understand the effects of processing on the mycotoxin distribution in mill fractions. Between 2004 and 2007, samples were taken at commercial flour mills at various points in the milling process and analysed for trichothecenes and ZON. Samples with a range of mycotoxin concentrations harvested in 2004 and 2005 were processed in a pilot mill and the mycotoxins in the different mill fractions quantified. In the commercial samples, DON was the predominant mycotoxin with highest levels detected in the bran fraction. Analysis of the pilot mill fractions identified a significant difference between the two years and between mycotoxins. The proportion of DON and nivalenol in the mill fractions varied between years. DON and nivalenol were higher in flour fractions and lower in bran and offal in samples from 2004 compared to samples from 2005. This may be a consequence of high rainfall pre-harvest in 2004 resulting in movement of these mycotoxins within grains before harvest. There was no significant difference in the distribution of ZON within mill fractions between the two years. For DON, higher concentrations in the grain resulted in a greater proportion of DON within the flour fractions. Understanding the factors that impact on the fractionation of mycotoxins during milling will help cereal processors to manufacture products within legislative limits.     

Mycotoxin occurrence in feed and feed raw materials worldwide: long‐term analysis with special focus on Europe and Asia

During an 8‐year period, 17 316 samples of feed and feed raw materials from all over the world were analysed for contamination with aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and fumonisins. Overall, 72% of the samples tested positive for at least one mycotoxin and 38% were found to be co‐contaminated. Mycotoxin concentrations were generally low and the majority of the samples were compliant with the most stringent EU guidance values or maximum levels for mycotoxins in feed. However, in their present state these regulations do not address co‐contamination and associated risks. Long‐term trends are difficult to establish as strong yearly variations were observed regarding mycotoxin prevalence and contamination levels. In some cases unusual weather conditions can be linked with high observed mycotoxin loads. An exception to this rule is South‐East Asia, where a steady increase of aflatoxin prevalence has been observed. The percentage of aflatoxin‐positive samples in this region rose from 32% in 2005 to 71% in 2011. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry