Surface-to-suspension heat transfer model in lean gas–solid freeboard flow

Heat transfer in dense fluidized beds have been extensively studied. However, there is not much detailed information about the mechanism of surface-to-suspension heat transfer in the freeboard region. In the present work, a newly designed heating plate was used to measure the plate-surface-to-particle-suspension heat transfer coefficients in the freeboard.The experimental unit consisted of a 30 cm i.d. fluidized bed reactor packed with fluidized catalytic particles of mean particle size 90 μm. Three types of plate orientations were used to test directional effects of surface on heat transfer rate. Height of the freeboard was 171 cm, and the superficial gas velocity was varied from 0.28 to 0.64 m/s. Local solids concentrations in the freeboard were also obtained by a nozzle-type sampling probe. Data on axial distribution of solids concentration were used to find out the solids kinematics in the freeboard region. Finally, a surface-to-suspension heat transfer model was developed to elucidate the surface to particle heat transfer mechanism in this lean phase system.The model is based on the transient gas-convective heating of single particles when sliding over the heating plate and the assumption of instantaneous attachment–detachment equilibrium between particles and the plate surface.     

振动流化床与浸没水平管间局部传热系数的测试方法

本文提出了振动流化床中测试水平加热管局部传热系数的新方法。该法考虑了管体温度场的非均匀性对测量结果的影响。根据管体的材质和结构。扣除了由于分布引起热损失。从而采用较简单的测试手段就能够获得较准确的局部传热系数数据。将本所所得测试结果与其他研究者的测试结果作了比较。并上局部热系数求得的平均传热系数和实测的平均传热作了比较。结果表明,本文提出的测试方法可靠。     

振动流化床浸没水平管传热特性研究

为了深入研究振动流化床浸没水平管的传热特性,分别以沙子和玉米细颗粒作为实验物料,用水平探头测定了振动流化床中这2种床层颗粒与浸没水平管间的传热系数,分析了操作气速、振动频率、空气进口温度等因素对传热过程的影响。结果表明:在低气速下,振动是影响振动流化床中传热的主要因素,振动的引入可以明显改善流化作用,可以在低气速下得到较好的传热效果,同时达到节能的效果。通过分析实验结果,建立了振动流化床的传热关联式,模型计算值与实测值能较好吻合。研究结果可为干燥膏状物料时确定适宜的操作参数提供参考。     

齿型螺旋肋片管表面局部放热系数

对齿型螺旋肋片管管束内部沿管表面周向的局部放热系数进行了研究.采用试验与数值计算相结合的方法,求得不同角度的局部放热系数,并通过数据拟合,给出Re=2×10~4～8×10~4范围内的肋管表面平均放热系数和按周向分布的局部放热系数的计算式.     

在加热阶段滚塑模具内表面传热系数的两种研究方法

提出了获得电加热滚塑模具内表面传热系数的两种研究方法，这两种方法适用于模内粉料开始熔融前的加热阶段。第一种方法是首先在4种情形下测量该滚塑模具的外表面温度和模内温度，然后根据能量守恒原理建立一个传热模型，并通过该模型将这些实测的温度值转换为在这4种情形下模具的内表面传热系数。第二种方法是将实际的滚塑模具等效地简化为一个二维圆筒，将模内空气当成主相流体，粉料当成第二相流体，通过FLUENT软件的多相流模块中的Mixture模型进行仿真计算以得到模具内表面的传热系数。结果表明，这两种方法所得的结果在其中的3种情形下都吻合得很好。随着模内粉料的体积百分比的增加，模具的内表面传热系数先是快速增大，然后增大的速率变慢，在达到最大值61.2 W/（m²·K）后开始减小。当粉料的体积百分比不在58 %~74 %的范围内，由第二种方法仿真所得的模具内表面传热系数的相对误差不超过10 %。     

Prediction of heat transfer to liquid-solid fluidized beds

Heat transfer coefficients to a liquid-solid fluidized bed in a cylindrical tube have been measured using water as liquid phase and three types of cylindrical steel particles, as well as glass, nickel, copper and lead spheres of different sizes as solid phase. The independent varaibles included heat flux, liquid velocity and particle physical properties. The experimental results as well as a data bank containing a large number of measured heat transfer coefficients for solid-liquid fluidization over a wide range of operational parameters have been compared with the predictions of most published correlations. A model for the prediction of heat transfer coefficients is proposed which predicts the present experimental data and the data of other investigators with good accuracy.     

四丁基溴化铵包络化合物浆在铜管内的对流传热特性

四丁基溴化铵（TBAB）包络化合物浆是在常压下由TBAB水溶液被冷却到0～12℃时生成的，是一种理想的冷量输送和蓄冷媒体，以固液两相悬浊液的形式存在。作为冷量传输媒体，由于存在相变过程，其冷量传输密度远高于相同温差下的冷水。另一方面，TBAB包络化合物浆具有良好的流动性，可以像液态水一样方便地通过泵和管道系统输送。因此，在中央空调及区域集中供冷系统中具有很好的节能应用前景。本文研究了TBAB包络化合物浆在水平铜管内的传热特性。在定热流边界条件及不同Reynolds数下测量并分析了对流换热系数。实验中发现固相粒子的扰动和表观黏性的下降都能破坏或拉薄包络化合物浆流动的动量边界层，结果导致了传热系数的提高。在不同的Reynolds数下固相含量（Φ）对Nusselt数的影响很微弱。通过与文献的比较发现，本文所测取的包络化合物浆Nusselt数均高于冰浆甚至单相水。最后获得了Nu与Re之间的实验关联式。     

A Simple Approach to Measuring the Gas Phase Heat and Mass Transfer Coefficients in a Bubble Column

A simple experimental approach was developed to measure the gas phase volumetric heat and mass transfer coefficients in a bubble column and a slurry bubble column employing a single gas nozzle. The experimental technique was based on a transfer model that simulates humidification and direct contact evaporation models in the case of a gas bubble rising in a liquid of uniform temperature. The temperature and relative humidity of the inlet and outlet gas in the column are the only measurements required in this technique. Experiments were carried out in a 0.15 m inner diameter column using water as the liquid phase, air as the gas phase, and cation resins of 0.1 mm diameter and a specific gravity of 1.2, as the solid phase. The results showed that, when using solid concentrations in the range of 7–10 wt %, both the volumetric gas‐phase heat and mass transfer coefficients increased with an increase in the gas superficial velocity and were further enhanced by increasing the solid load after a certain minimum superficial velocity had been reached in the column (0.044 m/s in the system used). Increasing the solid load beyond 10 wt %, did not contribute to a further increase in these coefficients. Furthermore, the gas holdup in the column increased with the superficial gas velocity and was further enhanced when the solid‐phase load was in the range of 7–10 wt %. These observations agree well with previously reported findings by other investigators.     

Heat Transfer between Immersed Horizontal Tubes and Aerated Vibrated Fluidized Beds

Heat transfer coeffients between an immersed horizontal tube and an aerated vibrated fluldlzed bed are measured. There is a maximum value in the h-Г experlmental curve. The heat trander coefllcient increases with decreases in particle diameter in the fully fluidized region. The particle density has less effect on the heat transfer coetftclents. High smplltude and low frequency, or low amplitude and high frequency are favorable to heat transit. Exceedingly high gas veloclty is unfavorable to the surface-bed heat transfer. A model based on the ‘pocket‘ theory was proposed for predicting the surface-to-bed heat trausfer coefllclents in fully fluldlzed region. The predlctlons from the model were compared with observed data The reasonable fit suggests the adequacy of the model.     

基于重置温度方法的双参数介尺度气固传热模型构建

颗粒聚团等介尺度结构在气固两相流中普遍存在,这些介尺度非均匀结构直接影响气固流动特性及气固接触效率,进而影响气固相间传热、传质及化学反应过程。在更适合工业大尺度气固传热模拟的粗网格方法中缺乏准确度高、简单易用且可以考虑介尺度非均匀结构影响的传热模型。采用计算流体力学-离散单元法（CFD-DEM）研究了气固两相流相间传热,为了保证气固相间持续传热,采用了两种维持气固相间传热温差的方法,并讨论了两种方法的优缺点。方法一：给气相能量方程添加热源项;方法二：每间隔一段时间重置气相温度,重置温度后气固两相自由传热,两种方法中均保持固相温度不变。结果表明聚团界面位置的局部单位体积气固传热量最大,重置温度方法在稀相和界面位置的局部单位体积传热量与总单位体积传热量之比大于热源项方法,而在浓相位置的局部单位体积传热量与总单位体积传热量之比小于热源项方法。通过过滤CFD-DEM计算数据,为重置温度方法构建了双参数（过滤固含率、过滤尺度）传热系数修正因子模型,通过先验分析评价了模型的表现,研究表明所构建模型在过滤网格尺度为5~40倍颗粒直径范围内优于文献中已有的双参数模型。     

Impingement heat transfer under a confined slot jet. Part I: Effect of surface throughflow

Local and average heat transfer coefficients were measured for a confined turbulent slot jet impinging on a permeable surface at which there may be throughflow. Local Nusselt number was obtained using a unique porous sensor designed for measurement of local heat transfer at a permeable surface which is subjected to rapidly and widely varying heat transfer. Measurements were performed for a wide range of jet Reynolds number and throughflow rates. Convective heat transfer coefficients was found to be enhanced by throughflow, and the enhancement factor in terms of Stanton number to be independent of jet Reynolds number and of extent of heat transfer area.     

Heat transfer between an isolated bubble and the dense phase in a fluidized bed

Heat transfer between the bubble and dense phases of a bubbling fluidized bed plays a very important role in the system performance, especially for applications involving solids drying and gas‐phase combustion. However, very few experimental data are available on this subject in the literature. An experimental and modelling investigation on the heat transfer behaviour of isolated bubbles injected into an incipiently fluidized bed is reported in this paper. A new single‐thermocouple technique was developed to measure the heat transfer coefficient. The effects of bed particle type and size, and bubble size on the heat transfer coefficient were examined. The heat transfer coefficient was found to exhibit a maximum as the bubble size increased in the bubble size range investigated. The bed particle size had a comparatively small effect on the heat transfer coefficient. A simple mathematical model was developed which provides good agreement with experimental data.     

石蜡乳状液高温潜热输送材料的传热特性

石蜡乳状液高温潜热输送材料是一种在80～90℃之间存在相变的流体。由于相变潜热的存在,石蜡乳状液在相变区间内的储热、载热密度远大于水,且集储热与潜热输送于一体,适用于余热利用、太阳能利用和集中供热等领域,具有广阔的应用前景。研究了定热流条件下石蜡乳状液在管内的强制对流换热特性。结果表明,与纯水相比,虽然石蜡乳状液的有效比热大,但其对流传热系数低,且浓度越高,对流传热系数越低。实验发现入口温度对石蜡乳状液对流传热系数的影响不大,但随着入口温度升高,对流传热系数有增大的趋势。最后获得了石蜡乳状液对流换热量纲1关系式。     

管内对流换热系数的瞬态测量方法

<正>1前言 直接测定对流换热系数的方法分稳态法和瞬态法,前者对实验条件要求苛刻.近年来,瞬态法倍受人们关注”-”.Hausen和Kast’‘·”相继阐述了利用周期变化的流体温度在固体壁内的传播特性确定对流换热系数的原理,即根据流体与固体温度变化之间的相位角滞后（或振幅衰减）确定对流换热系数.Roetzel‘”提出了一套适用于任意形式周期振荡流体温度的瞬态测量方法. 对实测的流体温度波Tf（t）,利用傅里叶级数分析方法把Tf＊）展开为傅里叶级数,其一次谐波正弦和余弦函数项的系数表述为 u。——一Ill（t）Slnwtdt.u。——一11’（）cosnddt（l）则一次谐波可表达为 01。“fslflO此十贝）（2）式（2）中,振幅u;一 Vu: + ug,相位角9一 arc ig（uc/us）,一次谐波的周期 P—Zt。,角速度。一。八。2 测量基础2.1 模型A——霉壁面导热热阻 忽略管壁导热热阻,管壁的能量方程为 厂dL川t一。S叮f一几）一兄凡（几一瓦）（3）若求得的管壁周期振荡温度的一次谐波为Tw（t）一u。sinnd,则流体温度超前相位角9和振幅U;分别为 .y.,o\ It【._o\“工_P_\“ 9”sfCtg WN .Ut=U。。l---- W l e -- （4）一旦实际测得相位角差贝或振幅比ff八。,即可确定对流换热系数。;.显然,当ac《a时,管外对流换热的影响甚小.当液体在管     

Heat transfer and gas holdup studies in a bubble column: Air-water-sand system

Air-holdup and heat transfer coefficient data are reported for the air-water and air-water-sand system as a function of air velocity in the temperature range 297-343 K as measured in a 0.305 m diameter bubble column operating in semi-batch mode and equipped with either a five- or seven-tube bundle. A 65 μm average size sand powder is used at concentrations of 5 and 10 mass percent in the slurry. Available correlations of gas holdup and heat transfer coefficients are examined on the basis of these data. These are found inappropriate and inadequate for representing these experimental data. Gas holdup data are well represented by an approach based on Nicklin's (1962) work, and heat transfer data are adequately represented by a simple semi-empirical expression. Accurate experimental data on additional systems are needed to develop a reliable heat transfer theory particularly for process representation at temperatures higher than ambient.     

固--固换热器传热特性研究

在自制的固—固套管式换热器中,以催化裂化催化剂为原料,对系统的循环特性、传热系数进行了实验研究。分析了床层密度、提升风量、床层温度、催化剂粒径等因素对传热过程的影响。实验结果表明,随着提升风量增加,表观气速增大,床层密度下降,传热系数下降;提高床层温度,减小催化剂的粒径,传热系数增加。     

流化床内自由移动石墨球表面的传热系数

密相区内自由移动的煤颗粒表面传热系数是循环流化床锅炉设计和运行的重要参数。利用石墨球模拟煤颗粒,在小型流化床实验台上对由粒度较小的石英砂颗粒组成的密相区内自由移动的石墨球表面传热系数进行了测量。测量结果显示,随着流化风速的增加,石墨球表面传热系数首先升高,当流化风速达到某一临界值时,继续增大流化风速,传热系数将保持不变,从传热的角度证明了流化床内煤颗粒基本停留在乳化相内。在多数情况下,石墨球表面传热系数随床料粒度的增大而减小。而在较低流化风速的情况下,随着床料粒度的增大,石墨球表面传热系数呈先下降后升高的趋势。当流化风速和床料粒径保持不变时,石墨球表面传热系数随着石墨球直径的增大而减小,且下降的趋势随石墨球直径的增大而减弱。而随着床层高度的增加,石墨球表面传热系数将会略有 升高。     

石油焦煅烧回转窑综合传热过程数值模拟

研究了石油焦煅烧回转窑内的物理和化学反应过程对回转窑内传热过程的影响,并在对回转窑内的物料输送过程、传质过程和传热过程具体分析的基础上,建立了石油焦煅烧回转窑的综合传热数学模型. 应用数值计算方法对传热数学模型进行计算求解,预测了窑内气体、物料和窑壁内外表面的轴向温度分布. 结果表明,窑内的高温区域主要集中在挥发分大量燃烧的区段上,三次风的注入会引起窑内气相温度的明显下降,但不会造成料床温度的明显变化;在物料与气体、窑内壁之间热交换过程中,物料与被覆盖的窑内壁表面之间的对流换热和气体与料床表面间的辐射换热为主要的传热机制. 计算预测的结果与测量数据在规律上和数值上都能较好地符合,从而为石油焦煅烧回转窑的优化设计和经济运行提供了指导和依据.     

竖直多孔管降膜蒸发传热实验

研究了内表面烧结型多孔管对降膜蒸发换热效果的影响。采用单管降膜蒸发器,由壳程的蒸汽加热管程的水降膜传热。在热通量q=13~90 kW·m^-2,传热温差ΔT=2.87~9.5℃,液体Reynolds数Re_L=4500~15000 范围内,求不同工况下管内降膜传热系数,并将其与相对应的光管换热性能进行比较。比较数据可知:多孔管的管内降膜传热系数是光管的2.03 倍,总传热系数是光管的1.78 倍,多孔管强化传热效果明显。     

CFD simulations of hydrodynamic/thermal coupling phenomena in a bubble column with internals

CFD simulations have been carried out in a full three‐dimensional, unsteady, Eulerian framework to simulate hydrodynamic/thermal coupling in a bubble column with internals. A first part of the study, dedicated to the hydrodynamic/thermal coupling in liquid single‐phase flows, showed that assuming constant wall temperature on the internals constitutes a reasonable approximation in lieu of comprehensive simulations encompassing shell flow and coolant flow together. A second part dealing with the hydrodynamics of gas–liquid flows in a bubble column with internals showed that a RNG k–ε turbulence model formulation accounting for gas‐induced turbulence was a relevant choice. The last part used these conclusions to build a hydrodynamic/thermal coupling model of a gas–liquid flow in a bubble column with internals. With a per‐phase RNG k–ε turbulence model and assuming constant wall temperature, it was possible to simulate heat transfer phenomena consistent with experimentally measured heat transfer coefficients. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010