固定床流体流动特征数值模拟

为了研究固定床边壁效应、固定床床层数的变化以及颗粒的填充倾斜角度等参数对床内流体流动状况的影响,基于Ergun方程建立了轴对称多孔介质数学模型。同时对床内流体流动状况进行了研究:在床高确定的情况下,随着床层数的增加,压强降减少;随着颗粒填充倾斜角度的增加,压强降也减少,速度径向分布不均;在固定床边壁附近,气体速度明显增大。计算结果与实验值的比较表明模型能有效地描述固定床压强降和床内流体流动状况。     

Flow through packed bed reactors: 1. Single-phase flow

Single-phase pressure drop was studied in a region of flow rates that is of particular interest to trickle bed reactors . Bed packings were made of uniformly sized spherical and non-spherical particles (cylinders, rings, trilobes, and quadralobes). Particles were packed by means of two methods: random close or dense packing (RCP) and random loose packing (RLP) obtaining bed porosities in the range of 0.37–0.52. It is shown that wall effects on pressure drop are negligible as long as the column-to-particle diameter ratio is above 10. Furthermore, the capillary model approach such as the Ergun equation is proven to be a sufficient approximation for typical values of bed porosities encountered in packed bed reactors. However, it is demonstrated that the original Ergun equation is only able to accurately predict the pressure drop of single-phase flow over spherical particles, whereas it systematically under predicts the pressure drop of single-phase flow over non-spherical particles. Special features of differently shaped non-spherical particles have been taken into account through phenomenological and empirical analyses in order to correct/upgrade the original Ergun equation. With the proposed upgraded Ergun equation one is able to predict single-phase pressure drop in a packed bed of arbitrary shaped particles to within ±10% on average. This approach has been shown to be far superior to any other available at this time.     

Transitional packed bed flow in standpipes

A quantitative criterion distinguishing stable from unstable transitional packed bed flow in standpipes is presented. This criterion can be used as an working guideline in actual standpipe operation. A fundamental and simple model based on stress free surface (SFS) theory has been developed. This model also provides a quantitative prediction method for the standpipe voidage.     

填充床中气体流动与气固反应的相互作用

对界面化学反应和粒内扩散联合控制的气固反应,考虑到反应造成的混合气体质量和密度的变化,研究了填充床中等温条件下的快速气固反应和气体运动的相互作用,建立了相应的数学模型.数值分析表明,按耦合分析和非耦合分析得到的混合气体速度完全不同;忽略反应造成的混合气体密度变化,相当于增加一个额外的源项或汇项,因此当反应气体与惰性气体摩尔质量相差较大时,不能忽略反应造成的混合气体密度变化;按耦合分析和非耦合分析得到的浓度场也有很大差别,反应气体浓度波(物质波)阵面的差别也很大;化学反应明显地阻滞反应气体浓度波的推进;当平均压力降和其他条件相同时,反应器越长波阵面推进的量纲1距离越短;反应活跃区的发展对速度场的影响极大.     

旋转填充床内微观混合化学反应计算数学模型

在层状扩散模型的基础上, 以1-萘酚与对氨基苯磺酸重氮盐在旋转填充床内发生的竞争串联偶氮化合反应为例，探讨了填充床内的微观混合情况.引进了两个调整反应物与生成物关系的参数，对整个反应过程建立了一个计算数学模型;并进行了计算，计算预测的结果与实验数据在规律上和数值上都较好符合.     

超重力旋转填料床中天然气水合物含气量研究

研究了在旋转填料床中制备天然气水合物,主要考察了超重力因子β、液气比等因素对含气量的影响。实验结果表明,当在压力5 MPa、温度277.15 K状态下:含气量随着超重力因子β增大而增大,β大于120后对含气量的影响不明显;天然气水合物含气量随液气比的增大呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,其最佳液气比为10 L/m3。结合晶体化学方法探讨了超重力方式合成天然气水合物的机理。与传统方式相比,加快了溶解、成核及生长过程,最终含气量显著提高。     

Heat transfer of gas flow through a packed bed

This paper reports an experimental study of both the transient and steady-state heat transfer behaviour of a gas flowing through a packed bed under the constant wall temperature conditions. Effective thermal conductivities and convective heat transfer coefficient are derived based on the steady-state measurements and the two-dimensional axial dispersion plug flow (2DADPF) model. The results reveal a large temperature drop at the wall region and the temperature drop depends on the axial distance from the inlet. The 2DADPF model predicts the axial temperature distribution fairly well, but the prediction is poor for the radial temperature distribution. Length-dependent behaviour of the effective heat transfer parameters and non-uniform flow behaviour are proposed to be responsible. A comparison with previously published correlations and data in the literature shows that the relationships proposed by Bunnell et al. and Demirel et al. agree well with the measured effective radial thermal conductivity, whereas the wall-fluid heat transfer coefficient is better represented by the Li-Finlayson correlation.     

旋转填料床净化磷肥尾气中的氨气

针对当前磷肥生产工艺尾气中氨气的处理现状,采用旋转填料床代替传统塔设备,以酸性废水为吸收液,对脱除磷肥尾气中的氨气进行了中试研究.结果表明:在进气量500m3/h、气液比1000m3/m3、超重力因子90的条件下,吸收效率达到90%以上.经连续运转,系统运行稳定,处理后磷肥尾气中的氨气达到了国家排放标准.     

旋转填充床反应器流体流动可视化研究进展

旋转填充床反应器是一种典型过程强化装置,对化工过程中的传质与混合过程具有较好的强化作用。流体流动作为旋转填充床反应器中最为基础的性质,对研究、优化旋转填充床反应器的结构和性能至关重要。光学成像技术与数值模拟作为研究旋转填充床反应器中流体力学性质的重要手段在近年来得到了飞速发展。对近三十年来,旋转填充床反应器可视化研究进行了综述,从早期光学成像开始,在此基础上引入早期计算流体力学模拟,直至现在高速数码摄像可视化和基于真实结构的模拟。对旋转填充床的可视化观测从填料表面逐渐向填料内部发展,对其数值模拟从初步的数学模型发展到包含详细填料几何结构、详细流体特性的流动模拟。现有研究已对填料区、空腔区中的流体流动有了较为详细的描述。     

旋转填料床气液两相流场的仿真分析

通过合理简化旋转填料床(RPB)结构,建立了三维物理模型,利用商用软件Fluent的计算平台,采用欧拉两相流模型和多孔介质模型对旋转填料床内的气液两相流场进行了仿真分析,深入分析了其压力场分布和速度场分布,并在此基础上对比了气相压降随旋转床转速变化的仿真结果与实验结果,两者变化趋势一致,表明所建立模型能近似地模拟旋转填料床的流场分布,并指导理论研究和实验研究进一步深入。     

A general model for pressure drop prediction across a rotating packed bed

Although rotating beds show promise for intensified separations, the fundamentals of their hydrodynamics are still poorly understood. In many operating conditions, pressure drop in an irrigated bed can be considerably lower than that across a dry bed. Previously published correlations don’t provide good prediction of these phenomena. In this research, a semi-empirical correlation is developed to predict the pressure drop across the rotating packed beds. The results show the agreement of predicted pressure drop with the experimental data is acceptable. This model can also predict the pressure drop unexpected phenomena of higher pressure drop in dry beds than in wet beds.     

Investigation of fine granular material flow through a packed bed

Three different methods cut-off, time-of-flight, and Pulsed Field Gradient Nuclear Magnetic Resonance were used to study downstream flow of fine granular material through the fixed bed reactor. For describing the transport of solid particles within a fixed granular bed, a model has been developed. In time-of-flight and cut-off techniques the highest average velocity of filtration is observed at the lowest mass flow rate in all experimental traces, while upon the flow rate increase it tends to an asymptotic value. Experimental results obtained by pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance technique have revealed the bimodal character of particles velocities distribution. The average filtration velocity has a maximum at an intermediate mass flow rate close to the bed flooding, in contrast to the results obtained by cut-off and time-of-flight methods. The velocities measured using all three techniques were compared by converting them into dimensionless values. From the experimental results, the values of model parameters have been evaluated which allowed us to describe particle velocities within a bed.     

A discrete model for non-wetting liquid flow from a point source in a packed bed under the influence of gas flow

A study of non-wetting flow in a packed bed under the influence of gas flow has been carried out. Departing from the usual continuum models, a discrete and deterministic model for liquid flow has been presented to model the liquid flow from single and multiple point sources. Liquid flow is modelled based on force balance approach considering gas drag, bed resistance and gravity forces. Gas flow is modelled using k-ε model for turbulent flow. An X-ray flow visualization technique, developed by our group, is used to study the liquid flow paths in the packed bed. Liquid flow path and velocity has been obtained for various liquid and gas flow rate. Flow paths obtained from the simulation results are in good agreement to those obtained from flow visualization procedure under various conditions. Also, liquid distribution at the bed bottom is reported and compared with the experimental results.     

Carbon dioxide absorption in a cross-flow rotating packed bed

This work investigates the feasibility of applying the cross-flow rotating packed bed (RPB) to the removal of carbon dioxide (CO₂) by absorption from gaseous streams. Monoethanolamine (MEA) aqueous solution was used as the model absorbent. Also, other absorbents such as the NaOH and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) aqueous solutions were compared with the MEA aqueous solution. The CO₂ removal efficiency was observed as functions of rotor speed, gas flow rate, liquid flow rate, MEA concentration, and CO₂ concentration. Experimental results indicated that the rotor speed positively affects the CO₂ removal efficiency. Our results further demonstrated that the CO₂ removal efficiency increased with the liquid flow rate and the MEA concentration; however, decreased with the gas flow rate and the CO₂ concentration. Additionally, the CO₂ removal efficiency for the MEA aqueous solution was superior to that for the NaOH and AMP aqueous solutions. Based on the performance comparison with the conventional packed bed and the countercurrent-flow RPB, the cross-flow RPB is an effective absorber for CO₂ absorption process.     

Analysis of flow in rotating packed beds via CFD simulations—Dry pressure drop and gas flow maldistribution

Three-dimensional unsteady-state turbulent rotating single-phase flows were simulated in rotating packed beds (RPB) and were validated using overall dry pressure drop measurements for three RPB designs [Liu, H.-S., Lin, C.-C., Wu, S.-C., Hsu, H.-W., 1996. Characteristics of a rotating packed bed. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 35, 3590-3596; Sandilya, P., Rao, D.P., Sharma, A., Biswas, G., 2001b. Gas-phase mass transfer in a centrifugal contactor. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 40, 384-392; Zheng, C., Guo, K., Feng, Y.D., Yung, C., 2000. Pressure drop of centripetal gas flow through rotating bed. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 39, 829-834]. Analysis of the radial and tangential velocities highlighted the impact of gas feed entrance effects on the peripheral gas maldistribution in the rotating packing module. Recommendations were formulated for an optimum design with the aim to reduce gas flow maldistribution in RPBs. Breakdown of the overall pressure drop in its modular components for the housing, the rotating packing module, the free inner rotational zone, and the gas disengagement showed that the dissipation in the rotating packing could be a minor contributor to the overall pressure drop which may be undesirable in terms of RPB mass transfer and reaction efficiencies. Analysis of the simulated pressure drops allowed development of CFD-based Ergun-type semi-empirical relationships in which the gas-slip and radial acceleration effects, the laminar and inertial drag effects, and the centrifugal effect were aggregated additively to recompose the pressure drops in the rotating packing module.     

多级雾化超重力旋转床中气液间的传热

多级雾化超重力旋转床是一种新型的传质设备,具有阻力损失小、传质效率高、结构紧凑、质量轻、投资省的优点,已经应用于锅炉烟气脱硫中.在进行脱硫反应时,低温的吸收液与高温的烟气相接触,烟气的温度下降、湿度上升;而吸收液的温度上升,水分蒸发.根据喷雾理论和Lewis方程,可对整个过程进行模拟,喷雾区的气液两相出口参数可通过计算的方法进行模拟.计算结果和实验测定值吻合良好.     

并流旋转床压降与传质特性的研究

利用水-空气系统对并流旋转床的气相压降进行了研究,并与逆流旋转床气相压降进行了对比。研究结果表明：并流较逆流旋转床的气相压降低;并流旋转床的气相压降随气体流量的增大而增大,随液体流量的增大而减小,随转速的增大明显降低;而逆流旋转床的气相压降随转速的增大明显升高。利用水吸收SO2的实验对并流旋转床的传质特性进行了研究。研究结果表明：并流旋转床填料层内各点的体积传质系数随着气体流量、液体流量和转速的增大而增大;填料层半径由70mm增大至90mm时,并流旋转床的体积传质系数迅速增大,而后并流旋转床的体积传质系数随半径的增大而减小。对并流和逆流旋转床填料层内体积传质系数进行了对比。结果表明：填料层半径由70mm增大至130mm时,并流旋转床的体积传质系数较逆流时大;当半径大于130mm后,逆流旋转床的体积传质系数大于并流旋转床的体积传质系数,且随半径增大而增大。根据研究结果,提出了降低系统压降的设想,即并流与逆流旋转床串联操作。     

Slow non-newtonian flow through packed beds: Effect of zero shear viscosity

The slow non-Newtonian (inelastic) flow through packed beds of mono-size spherical particles has been simulated by solving the equations of motion numerically. The inter-particle interactions have been modelled by using a simple cell model. Theoretical estimates of pressure, friction and total drag coefficients as function of the pertinent physical (l≥n≥ 0.2; 0.3 ≤ e ≤ 0.5) and kinematic parameters (0.01 ≤ '≤ 100) for a fixed value of Reynolds number {Re = 0.001) have been obtained. The theoretical predictions reported herein have been validated using the suitable experimental results available in the literature, and the importance of including the zero shear viscosity in analyses for the creeping flow problems is convincingly demonstrated.