VOLATILE CONSTITUENTS OF VINEGAR. IV. FORMATION OF VOLATILES IN THE FRINGS PROCESS AND A CONTINUOUS PROCESS OF MALT VINEGAR MANUFACTURE

Gas liquid chromatography was used to fractionate and measure volatiles formed during the Frings process and during a continuous process of malt vinegar manufacture. Acetaldehyde, ethyl alcohol, iso-amyl alcohol, acetic acid, n-propyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, n-amyl alcohol, and also sec-butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate and n-amyl acetate were detected during the alcoholic fermentation but propionic acid, isobutyric acid and acetoin were produced during acetification. The increase in the number and concentration of the volatiles of these processes has been compared with those found for the Quick method.     

Discrimination of Chinese vinegars based on headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography mass spectrometry of volatile compounds and multivariate analysis

Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was applied for the determination of the characteristic volatile profiles of Chinese vinegars. Multivariate statistical techniques, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA), were used to characterize the different Chinese vinegars by types, fermentation method, and production area. A total of 56 volatile compounds were identified, including 15 esters, 10 aldehydes, 5 acids, 12 alcohols, 5 ketones, 4 volatile phenols, 2 pyrazines, and 3 miscellaneous compounds. The major compounds in Chinese vinegars were furfural, acetic acid, ethyl acetate, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, 3-methyl-1-butanol, isopentyl acetate, benzaldehyde, phenylethyl alcohol. The PCA results showed that characterizing the Chinese vinegars by HS-SPME-GC-MS was highly related to their type, fermentation method, and production area, and all these influencing factors were not independent. The CA results indicated that the fermentation method had a greater effect than vinegar type and production area. The results showed that HS-SPME-GC-MS together with chemometrics could provide practical reference for characterization of Chinese vinegars. Practical Application: HS-SPME coupled with GC-MS was applied for the determination of the characteristic volatile profiles of Chinese vinegars. The major compounds in Chinese vinegars were furfural, acetic acid, ethyl acetate, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, 3-methyl-1-butanol, isopentyl acetate, benzaldehyde, phenylethyl alcohol. HS-SPME-GC-MS together with chemometrics was an efficient tool for evaluating vinegar authenticity.     

WORT COMPOSITION AND BEER FLAVOUR. II. THE INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT CARBOHYDRATES ON THE FORMATION OF SOME FLAVOUR COMPONENTS DURING FERMENTATION

Wort, to which was added various amounts of solutions of glucose, fructose, sucrose or maltose, was fermented, and in the resulting beers the concentrations of the following flavour components were determined by gas chromatography: ethyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, iso-amyl acetate, 2-phenyl ethyl acetate, ethyl caproate, ethyl caprylate, n-propanol, isobutanol, amyl alcohols, 2-phenyl ethanol, caprylic acid and capric acid. The concentrations of these compounds were affected in different ways by the various amounts of sugar added, and some differences were observed etween the different carbohydrates.     

基于顶空固相微萃取技术结合气相色谱质谱联 用法的川法小曲白酒挥发性成分研究

目的明确川法小曲白酒主体挥发性成分组成。方法应用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)技术结合气相色谱质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析技术分析川法小曲白酒主体挥发性成分组成。结果 4种不同地区川法小曲白酒(江津、永川、开江、自贡)中共检出64种挥发性成分,其中江津检出29种、永川31种、开江44种、自贡45种。4种不同产区酒中的共有物质为乙酸乙酯、正丙醇、异戊醇、癸酸乙酯等15种成分。主成分分析结果显示正丙醇、异戊醇、乙酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯、癸酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯等15种成分在挥发性成分体系中贡献率较大。定量结果显示,4种不同地区川法小曲酒中的乙酸乙酯含量为0.4170~2.0880 g/L;乳酸乙酯含量为0.1115~0.2809 g/L;正丙醇含量为0.5416~0.9729 g/L;异丁醇含量0.3327~0.6371 g/L;异戊醇含量为0.7721~1.1701 g/L。结论 4种样品酒中异戊醇与正丙醇的比值分别为:1.0、1.2、1.1、1.5,异戊醇与异丁醇的比值分别为2.5、1.8、2.2、2.4,可作为川法小曲白酒特有的标志。     

Influence of volatile compounds produced by yeasts predominant during processing of Coffea arabica in East Africa on growth and ochratoxin A (OTA) production by Aspergillus ochraceus

The effects of volatile compounds produced during coffee processing by Pichia anomala, P. kluyveri and Hanseniaspora uvarum on growth of Aspergillus ochraceus and production of ochratoxin A (OTA) were studied. On malt extract agar (MEA) and on coffee agar (CA), exposure of A. ochraceus to the gaseous phase of malt yeast glucose peptone (MYGP) plates inoculated with P. anomala, P. kluyveri and H. uvarum inhibited fungal growth, with the two Pichia spp. showing the strongest effect. The main esters and alcohols produced by the three yeasts were ethyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, 2-phenyl ethyl acetate, ethyl propionate and isoamyl alcohol. The individual esters and alcohols were found to affect fungal growth. The most effective compound in inhibiting fungal growth was 2-phenyl ethyl acetate; which at 48 microg/l headspace completely inhibited growth of A. ochraceus. Exposure of A. ochraceus to the gaseous phase of MYGP plates inoculated with P. anomala, P. kluyveri and H. uvarum prevented production of OTA. On CA medium, only the headspace of P. anomala and P. kluyveri prevented OTA production. Furthermore, when A. ochraceus was exposed to the headspace of the individual volatile compounds, 2-phenyl ethyl acetate was the most effective in preventing OTA production. Prevention of OTA seems to be due to reduction of fungal biomass.     

Classification of Brazilian vinegars according to their H NMR spectra by pattern recognition analysis

This work describes using ¹H NMR data and pattern recognition analysis to classify vinegars. Vinegar authenticity is linked to raw ingredient source and manufacturing conditions. Application of PCA and HCA methods resulted in the natural clustering of the samples according to the raw material used. Wine vinegars were characterized by a high concentration of ethyl acetate, glycerol, methanol and tartaric acid, while glycerol and ethyl acetate signals were not visible in alcohol/agrin vinegars. Apple vinegars showed to be richer in alanine. The KNN, SIMCA and PLS-DA methods were used to build predictive models for classification of vinegar type wine, apple and alcohol/agrin (27 samples - 22 as training set). The models were tested using an independent set (5 samples), no samples were wrongly classified. Validated models were used to predict the class of 21 commercial samples, which, as expected, were correctly classified. Eight commercial vinegars (honey, orange, pineapple and rice) were discriminated from these samples using PCA method. Honey vinegars did not present ethanol signals and pineapple vinegars presented the largest amount of tartaric acid. Rice and orange vinegars are richer in lactic acid and did not present the methanol signal. Alanine signals were not visible in orange vinegars.     

催陈处理对干红葡萄酒香气成分含量的影响

以中国长城葡萄酒有限公司提供的干红葡萄酒为实验材料,采用超声波处理、臭氧处理、橡木保温处理等方法对葡萄酒进行人工催陈实验,研究了葡萄酒人工催陈过程中乙酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯、正丙醇、异丁醇和异戊醇含量的变化规律。实验结果表明,葡萄酒经超声波催陈18min时,乙酸乙酯和乳酸乙酯含量显著高于对照(p<0.05),正丙醇、异丁醇和异戊醇含量显著低于对照(p<0.05);在臭氧产量为200mg/h时处理葡萄酒18min,乙酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯含量显著高于对照(p<0.05),正丙醇、异丁醇、异戊醇含量显著低于对照(p<0.05);当采用橡木片催陈时,在500mL葡萄酒中加入烘烤过的橡木片50g,在50℃条件下恒温保藏4d,有利于提高葡萄酒中乙酸乙酯和乳酸乙酯含量,降低正丙醇、异丁醇和异戊醇含量。     

影响广东米香白酒饮后代谢与舒适度的关键酒体风味成分研究

为了探讨影响广东米香白酒饮后代谢与舒适度的关键成分,通过动物行为学和酒精代谢生物标志物,对4款市售广东米香白酒饮后代谢与舒适度进行评价,并对影响广东米香白酒代谢与舒适度的关键成分进行主成分分析。结果表明,各实验组在灌胃后的停滞时间比、血清中乙醇及乙醛含量方面存在显著差异性（P<0.05）,异丁醇组、异戊醇组、乙醛组、己酸和乙酸乙酯组小鼠饮用后的行为抑制程度比食用酒精和其他酒样明显增强,表现为适度抑制,差异显著（P<0.05）,而血液中乙醇积累量最高达到4 094 mg/kg,初步推测酒体中异戊醇、异丁醇、乙醛、己酸和乙酸乙酯是影响米香型白酒饮后代谢的关键成分。     

基于气相色谱—离子迁移谱分析杨梅酒和糯米杨梅酒的风味特征

采用气相色谱—离子迁移谱比较新品糯米杨梅酒与杨梅酒的挥发性成分,同时进行感官评定.结果表明,杨梅酒的挥发性物质主要有丁酸乙酯、异丁酸乙酯、正己酸乙酯、丙酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯、戊醛和2-甲基丁醛等;糯米杨梅酒的挥发性物质主要有:异戊酸乙酯、戊酸乙酯、乙酸异丁酯、乙酸叶醇酯、乳酸乙酯、丙醛、辛醛、反式-2-己烯醛、3-羟基-2...     

EFFECTS OF PROTEOLYTIC ACTIVITY ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF AROMATIC RED RICE WINE

The quality of rice wine made from uncooked, unpolished aromatic red rice grain was improved by use of a commercial preparation of acid protease from Aspergillus niger during ethanol fermentation. The fermentation rate of the mash which contained the acid protease was much higher than that of mash that did not contain the preparation of acid protease. The rice wine made from uncooked, polished aromatic red rice, which usually had a less acceptable aroma, was improved by use of the preparation of acid protease, and large amounts of isobutyl alcohol, n-propyl alcohol and ethyl acetate were detected in the resultant rice wine. By contrast, the quality of rice wine made from the bran fraction of aromatic red rice was not improved by the preparation of acid protease. The polished rice fraction of aromatic red rice was affected by the acid protease and the aromatic quality of the rice wine was improved. The aromatic characteristics of red rice wine made from cooked, unpolished aromatic red rice grains, which was rather inferior in terms of both aroma and color, were also improved by the addition of the preparation of acid protease during ethanol fermentation. Thus acid protease has beneficial effects on the production of aromatic red rice wine.     

不同原料发酵原醋中挥发性风味物质成分分析

以八种不同原料发酵的原醋为研究对象，采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用（SPME-GC-MS）技术对其挥发性物质成分进行分析。结果表明，八种原醋中共检测出128种挥发性成分，其中大枣、葡萄、山楂、桑葚、柿子、大米、梨、香蕉原醋分别检出60种、51种、47种、47种、38种、37种、35种、29种。八种原醋中共有成分6种，为苯甲醛、乙酸乙酯、乙醇、苯乙醇、醋酸、3-乙酰基-2-丁酮。结合相对气味活度值（ROAV）分析，筛选出31种对八种原醋风味有重要贡献的关键化合物，其中，酯类和酸类物质对八种原醋的风味有着最重要的贡献，是发酵原醋中独特香味来源的主要物质。     

活氧处理对葡萄酒酯类物质和高级醇含量的影响

为加速葡萄酒的陈酿,利用活氧的氧化能力加速酒的氧化反应和酯化反应。采用TLJ-6Ab型活氧灭菌消毒机处理干红葡萄酒,利用岛津GC-17A气相色谱仪测定甲酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、正丙醇、异丁醇、乙酸异戊酯、异戊醇和乳酸乙酯含量,并对其进行感官分析。试验结果表明:葡萄酒经活氧处理5min后,甲酸乙酯和乙酸乙酯等4种酯的含量从17.75mg/100mL增加至18.27mg/100mL,后者显著高于前者(p<0.05);异丁醇等3种高级醇的含量从14.96mg/100mL降低至12.74mg/100mL,后者显著低于前者(p<0.05);感官评定分数从63分增加到83分。     

不同固定化酵母载体对啤酒风味成分影响研究

采用气相色谱分析法,主要考察了山毛榉木片、多孔陶瓷和海藻酸钠3种固定化酵母载体对啤酒风味物质成分的影响。结果表明,不同固定化酵母载体对啤酒风味物质成分的形成有较大影响,其中海藻酸钠载体固定化酵母的牢固程度最好,且载体正丙醇、异丁醇和异戊醇含量分别高于成品啤酒9%、8%和12%,啤酒含醇量较高,适于醇厚型啤酒发酵;山毛榉木载体生成的酯类物质较多,载体乙酸异丁酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯和己酸乙酯含量分别高于成品啤酒20.1%、14.3%、12.5%和17.4%,含酯量较高,适于淡爽型啤酒发酵;与另两种载体相比,多孔陶瓷载体双乙酰含量达到0.14 mg/L,不适合用于啤酒发酵。     

用热脱附方法分析哈密瓜香气成分

为探究哈密瓜主要香气成分,该文采用热脱附方法对哈密瓜果肉、哈密瓜果汁的香气进行富集,经气相色谱质谱法(GC-MSD)联机进行检索分析.结果显示,哈密瓜果肉、哈密瓜果汁香气成分和含量存在一定的差异,并从中检测出56种香气成分,其中哈密瓜肉香气成分有31种,哈密瓜汁的香气成分有46种,共同香气物质为乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、丙酸...     

Quantitative analysis of volatile flavor components in Korean alcoholic beverage and Japanese sake using SPME-GC/MS

Quantitative analysis of the volatile flavor components in Korean alcoholic beverages (makgeolli and yakju) and Japanese sake was carried out using SPME-GC/MS. Fusel oils (n-butyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, isoamyl alcohol, and phenethyl alcohol), ethyl esters (ethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, ethyl caproate, ethyl caprylate, and ethyl caprate) and aldehydes (furfural and benzaldehyde) were analyzed quantitatively by an 85 μm SPME fiber (carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane) using internal standards (1-pentanol-1-¹³C and methyl nonanoate). Phenethyl alcohol (85-216 ppm) and isoamyl alcohol (38-115 ppm) constituted the majority of fusel oils in all the samples. Acetic acid was detected in sour makgeolli at a high level (0.02-0.14 ppm) compared with yakju and sake. A very high level of total ethyl esters (ethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, ethyl caprate, and phenethyl acetate), having fruit and flower flavor, was found in makgeolli. Processing the volatile flavor data by multivariate partial least squares discriminant analysis, makgeolli, yakju, and sake showed cluster separation.     

Composition of Montmorency Cherry Essence. 2. High-boiling Components

SUMMARY: Volatile components of commercial Montmorency cherry essence boiling above ethanol were extracted from the essence by ether and concentrated by distillation. This concentrate was fractionated by gas chromatography. Individual components were identified using the methods of functional group analysis, gas co-chromatography, infrared analysis and mass spectrometry. The concentrations of the components in the original essence were estimated. The major components identified were n-propyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, isoamyl alcohol, and benzaldehyde. Minor components identified include n-butanol, n-hexanol, a hexenol, benzyl alcohol, α-terpineol, furfural, isoprene, myrcene and numerous higher terpenes, methyl benzoate, ethyl benzoate, benzyl acetate, ethyl caprylate, ethyl caprate, n-propyl benzoate, isobutyl benzoate, isoamyl benzoate and di-butyl phthalate.     

食醋中苯乳酸的提取、鉴定及含量比较

采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用（LC-MS/MS）结合核磁共振（NMR）法从山西老陈醋的乙酸乙酯萃取物中分离提取并鉴定出一种新型抗菌物质苯乳酸（PLA）。进一步分析发现,PLA主要在食醋酿造的醋酸发酵阶段产生。对77种来自不同国家食醋中的PLA含量进行分析,结果表明73种食醋中都检测到PLA,且谷物醋中PLA的含量均明显高于果醋中的PLA含量。     

Some Volatile Components of Vitis Vinifera Variety White Riesling. 3. Neutral Components Extracted from Wine

SUMMARY— The neutral components of a table wine made from Vitis Vigzifern variety White Riesling were isolated by methylene chloride extraction. Free acids were removed by basic extraction leaving the neutrals in the methylene chloride solution. Individual components were separated by preparative scale gas chromatography and identification was accomplished through comparisons of relative retention times of knowns and unknowns on several different gas chromatographic columns and by infrared spectroscopy. The neutral essence consisted principally of alcohols; the maior ones: ethanol, n-propanol, isobutanol, 2-methylbutanol, 3-methyl butanol, n-hexanol, levo-2,3-butanediol, and 2-phenethanol. Present in smaller amounts were: 3-methylpentanol, 4-methyl-pentanol, meso-2,3-butanediol and linalool. The second most common class of substances in the essence was esters; the major ones: ethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, ethyl n-caproate, ethyl n-caprylate, n-hexyl acetate, 1,3-propanediol monoacetate, and 2-phenethyl acetate. Present in smaller amounts were: n-propyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, 2-methylbutyl acetate, levo-2,3-butanediol monoacetate, ethyl lactate, ethyl 3-hy-droxybutyrate, ethyl 2.hydroxyisocaproate, ethyl n-caprate, ethyl 9.decenoate, diethyl succinate, diethyl malate, dimethyl phthalate, and diethyl phthalate. Components of functionality other than alcohols or esters were: y-butyrolactone, N-ethylacetamide, diethyl acetal, and acetaldehyde.     

Selection of Volatile Aroma Compounds by Statistical and Enological Criteria for Analytical Differentiation of Musts and Wines of Two Grape Varieties

ABSTRACT: Aroma compounds in Airen and Macabeo musts and wines were submitted to multivariate analysis of variance and only those significantly depending (p < 0.05) on grape variety, prefermentative treatment, and exhibiting no significant interaction were selected for discriminant analysis. Benzyl alcohol, Z‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol, hexanoic acid, benzaldehyde, β‐ionone, and E‐nerolidol contents in musts were used to calculate 2 discriminating functions, which allow classifying 100% of all must by variety and treatment. Discriminant analysis carried out with 1‐propanol, isoamyl alcohol, 2‐phenylethanol, ethyl acetate, ethyl propanoate, ethyl lactate, isobutyl acetate, and 7‐butyrolactone contents in wines, allows to establish 2 other functions, which led to accurate classification of 100% of the wine samples.     

ORGANOLEPTIC THRESHOLD VALUES OF SOME ALCOHOLS AND ESTERS IN BEER

In a Norwegian all-malt pilsener beer the organoleptic threshold values were determined for the following alcohols and esters: n-propanol, isobutanol, amyl alcohols (2-methyl butanol + 3-methyl butanol), 2-phenyl ethanol, ethyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, iso-amyl acetate, 2-phenyl ethyl acetate, ethyl caproate and ethyl caprylate. In addition, threshold values for a number of combinations of these alcohols and esters were determined, and in each case an additive effect was found.