阳极电流对纯铜裂尖表面形变和总体形变影响的对比

采用微机控制激光散斑干涉技术，对多晶纯铜平板预裂纹试样在空气及在３．５％ＮａＣｌ溶液中外加阳极电流条件下的裂纹张开位移进行了原位测量，并对比了这两种条件下，裂尖表面应变场的变化，研究了阳极溶解对裂尖材料总体形变和表面形变的影响。结果表明：加阳极电流后，裂尖表面应变量和应变范围都明显增大，而反映裂尖总体形变的张开位移变化很小。阳极溶解对金属内部材料的形变没有直接的影响，只能缓解金属表面的变形硬化，促进金属的表面变形．     

DUCTILE CRACK INITIATION AND STEADY-STATE PROPAGATION OF HIGH STRENGTH STRUCTURAL STEEL

The resistance to crack propagation at earlier stage for a high strength structural steel withcertain ductility and its correlation to microstructures,stress states,deformation history andstrain characteristics have been investigated.The resistance to crack propagation is mainly de-termined by the plastic constrain ahead of the crack tip,the elastic energy and plastic workabsorbed in the stress-strain field.These are connected with the state function of triaxialstress.The deformation history and strain characteristic during deformation of material aredescribed by the flow line in which the deformation history and strain characteristic restrainthe crack initiation at stage Ⅱ and the crack propagation at stage Ⅲ.The strain hardeningrate may sensitively reflect the stress distribution and micro-fracture mechanism in the interi-or of material.     

高强度结构钢的韧性启裂和稳态扩展

研究了具有一定韧度的高强度结构钢裂纹早期扩展阻力与材料的微观组织结构、应力状态、变形历史和应变特性之间的关系。结果表明:裂纹扩展阻力(指J_R阻力曲线中的J_i和dJ/da)主要决定于裂纹尖端的塑性约束程度和应力应变场中消耗的弹性能和塑性功。这与三轴应力状态函数σ_mσ~(1/2)有关。材料的流变曲线描述了形变过程中的变形历史和应变特性,有明显的阶段性,其中第Ⅱ阶段的变形历史和应变特性制约着裂纹的启裂过程,第Ⅲ阶段的变形历史和应变特性制约着裂纹的扩展过程。应变硬化率dσ/dε可以敏感地反映出材料内部的应力分布和微观断裂机制。     

Practical determination of friction coefficient of Al 3003 for forming of backward extruded part using simple tip test and inverse finite element analysis

The friction coefficient for aluminum alloy 3003 was determined from a specially designed tip test and finite element (FE) simulations. Measured radial tip distance after the tip test was compared to the FE simulations by iteratively changing friction coefficient and the best fitting friction coefficient was determined. To consider strain rate effect on flow stress response during large plastic deformation, a new combined Hollomon- Voce hardening law was proposed. The friction under three different surface conditions was considered by the proposed inverse FE analysis. The results showed that there was obvious strain rate effect on the predicted punch load in the tip test. Moreover, the different friction coefficients were numerically determined for punch/workpiece and die/workpiece interfaces. Two possible causes of this difference were discussed by the analysis on contact normal pressure and slip velocity distributions of the two interfaces.     

Cyclic deformation behavior of non-isoaxial copper tricrystals and bicrystals

The cyclic hardening and saturation behaviors of copper tricrystals and bicrystals were investigated in strain-controlled multiple step tests. The results show that, for the inclined grain boundary (GB) bicrystal with single slip components, the cyclic stress strain (CSS) curve exhibits a plateau or quasi-plateau region, while the CSS curve of tricrystals shows no plateau. Observations of surface morphologies indicated that owing to the strain incompatibility of three grains, at lower strain amplitude the triple junction (TJ) retards obviously the primary slip in grains and makes deformation near it smaller than that near the bicrystal GB, while at higher strain amplitude slip can be distributed near the TJ homogeneously. The probability of crack initiation at the same TJ is closely related to the loading direction. The saturation dislocation structures of tricrystal specimens under the strain amplitude of the last step were explored by the electron channeling contrast technique in SEM (ECC-SEM). Loop patches with persistent slip band (PSB) ladders embedded were found even in the TJ vicinity for all grains. Dislocation-free zones (DFZ) occurred in the vicinity of TJ and GB, and the difference in shapes between them is due to the difference in internal stress field. Misoriented cell structure and dislocation wall structure were found near the crack tip, and the formation of them is associated with the cooperative action of crack tip, GB, grain orientation and the applied strain amplitude.     

Effects of loading mode and water chemistry on stress corrosion crack growth behavior of 316L HAZ and weld metal materials in high temperature pure water

The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) growth rates of 316L weld heat-affected zone (HAZ) and weld metal materials in high temperature pure water at 288 °C were measured using contoured double cantilever beam (CDCB) specimens and an alternating current potential drop (ACPD) in situ crack-length monitoring system. The effects of loading mode and dissolved oxygen and hydrogen on crack growth rate (CGR) were experimentally quantified. Typical intergranular SCC was found in the HAZ specimen and interdendritic SCC was identified in the weld metal specimen. The HAZ specimen and the weld metal specimen showed quite a similar response to the applied loading modes and the water chemistry, even though their absolute CGR values were different. The crack growth rates under trapezoidal loading were moderately higher than those under constant loading by several tenths percent. Switching the water chemistry from the oxygen-bearing water to the hydrogen-bearing water drastically decreased the electrochemical potential and the crack growth rate, and vice versa. A time-lag period for crack growth was observed after switching the water chemistry back to the oxygen-bearing water, where the crack growth rate was low even the dissolved oxygen concentration and the electrochemical potential had become high. Strain hardening and the resultant uneven distribution of deformation contribute to the enhanced intergranular SCC growth behavior in the HAZ area. The crack growth kinetics is analyzed based on the deformation/oxidation interaction at the crack tip, considering the importance of the electric-charge transfer, mass transport kinetics and the crack tip strain rate.     

Evaluation of Crack-tip Stress in Titanium Oxide Film Using Piezo-spectroscopy Methods

The biaxial piezo-spectroscopic coefficient of 530 nm cathodoluminescence band of polycrystalline anatase titanium oxide film was measured using a local calibration procedure. Firstly, the crack-tip stress intensity factor in titanium oxide was measured from the crack opening displacement of a Vickers indentation crack using both Irwin‘s formula and Fett‘s formula, and the validity of these two formulas was evaluated. The obtained value was about Ktip =1 MPa√m， In such a brittle material, the fracture toughness can be considered to be very close to the stress intensity factor measured in an equilibrium indentation crack (Ktip= Kc). From the Ktip value, we calculated the stress distribution ahead of the crack tip using principles of linear elastic fracture mechanics. An important finding was that the cathodoluminescence 530 nm band that originated from excitons self-trapped on TiO6 octahedra, is sensitive to stress. Using the shift of this peak and the calculated stress from linear elastic fracture mechanics, the biaxial piezo-spectroscopic coefficient of this band was determined (40 nm/GPa with a 20% error rate). Using this piezo-spectroscopic coefficient, approximate stress maps can be collected of unknown stress fields within thin films with high spatial resolution into the scanning electron microscope. The present experiments provide a vivid example of quantitative micromechanical stress analysis by piezo-spectroscopic techniques.     

FATIGUE CRACK GSOWTH AND CRACK CLOSURE OF SIMULATED OVER-MATCHED WELDED JOINTS

1.~onItiswellknownthatthefatigUefailureisoneofthecornmonfailuresinmetalstructuresincludingweldedstmctures.VariousformulaehavebeensuggestedtopredictfatigUecrackgrowthrates,andthosewidelyusedinpracticeareasfollows:da/dN=cI(AK)acda/dN=c2(ACOD)?/dN=c3(AJ)%FortnulaeaboverelatedfatigUecrackgrowthrate(da/dN)eitherwiththerangeofstressintensityfactor(isK),orwiththerangeofcrackopeningdisplacement(ACOD),orwiththerangeofJ--intendvalue(6J)ofafatigUeloadcycle.However,sincethediscoverybyW.Elb..['…     

强度失配焊接接头的裂纹尖端张开位移数值分析

采用有限元方法对平面应变条件下含裂纹不同强度失配的平板拉伸焊接接头进行了弹塑性分析,研究了焊缝与母材强度失配、裂纹长度、母材应力应变曲线类型等因素对焊接接头裂纹尖端张开位移的影响.结果表明,强度失配系数增大,焊接接头裂纹尖端张开位移值降低,裂纹长度越短,强度失配的影响越显著.母材无屈服平台时,裂纹尖端张开位移随外加应变的增大呈单调上升趋势,母材有屈服平台时,在高匹配或者裂纹长度较短时,裂纹尖端张开位移曲线会出现阶段性变化,这主要是由于母材形变硬化滞后焊缝变形所产生的.     

In situ investigation of the effect of Hydrogen on the plastic deformation ahead of the crack trip and the crack propagation for 0.15C-1.5Mn-0.17V-0.012N steel

The influence of hydrogen on the deformation ahead of the crack tip and the crack propagation were observed and studied in situ under transmission electron microscopy with dynamic tensile deformation for bridge steel. The results show that hydrogen can promote local plastic deformation ahead of the crack tip and change the mode of crack propagation so that the crack will propagate in a zigzag path.     

铝合金搭接搅拌摩擦焊接头拉伸变形的数值模拟

通过对2A12铝合金搭接搅拌摩擦焊接头的强度试验,研究了搭接搅拌摩擦焊接头的断裂行为,应用有限元方法对2A12铝合金板材搭接搅拌摩擦焊接头的拉伸力学响应进行了模拟计算,获得了搭接搅拌摩擦焊接头在外载作用下的局部应力应变分布与变形规律.结果表明,在搭接接头的搭接面上存在两个类裂纹的未焊接区域,塑性变形首先在搭接界面裂纹尖端区域发生,上板受拉侧裂纹尖端周围区域的塑性变形最大,是导致搭接搅拌摩擦焊接头上板的前进侧热影响区断裂的主要原因.     

An alternative to the Shoji crack tip strain rate equation

Fundamentally derived crack tip strain rate (CTSR) equations are being sought for use in modelling stress corrosion crack growth. The CTSR equation derived by Shoji and coworkers is gaining prominence in modelling the effects of cold work on stress corrosion cracking of nuclear reactor materials due to an ability to model the effects of yield stress and strain hardening on CTSR. However, the Shoji equation is compromised by assumptions that are inconsistent with the Gao-Hwang (GH) crack tip strain equation that was used in derivation of Shoji’s equation. Moreover, the GH equation appears to have been incorrectly derived. As a result, the Shoji equation cannot be considered fundamentally supported. An alternative to the Shoji equation is developed here by extending the Rice, Drugan and Sham CTSR equation to include strain hardening.     

氢在面心立方金属裂纹尖端变形过程中的作用SCIEI

选用高纯度Ni单晶体,利用扫描电镜原位拉伸,观察了充氢后Ni单晶裂纹尖端的变形过程。发现氢的存在不改变在混合型载荷作用下,裂纹尖端的塑性变形特征。用网格法加计算机处理系统,测出氢显著促进裂纹尖端区域内的局部塑性变形。     

高温水环境中镍基合金力学性能对裂尖力学化学效应的影响

力学与化学相互作用引起的力学化学效应会加速核电站中镍基合金的应力腐蚀开裂行为。焊接接头材料力学性能的不均匀性,将间接影响材料的力学化学效应。本文采用标准紧凑拉伸试样和有限元方法,研究得到了高温水环境中600合金屈服强度和硬化指数对裂纹尖端表面力学化学效应的影响,分析了弹性和塑性变形对裂纹尖端力学化学效应的作用。结果表明600合金裂尖表面的力学化学效应受到屈服强度的变化的影响,但硬化指数对裂尖表面力学化学效应的影响不明显。     

Development of a Non-collinear Nonlinear Ultrasonic-Based Technique for the Assessment of Crack Tip Deformation

Non-collinear nonlinear ultrasonic (NCNLU) wave mixing technique has been established to study the localized plastic deformation at the crack tip during fatigue. A pair of ultrasonic shear wave was mixed non-collinearly to obtain a longitudinal wave of frequency equal to the sum of the two shear wave frequencies under a resonant condition. Experiments were carried out on notched 9Cr-1Mo 3-point bend specimen during high-cycle fatigue. The variation of the NCNLU parameter with the stress accumulation at the crack tip during the fatigue crack initiation and propagation and mapping of the deformation zone around the crack tip are described in this paper.     

IN-SITU OBSERVATION OF CRACK TIP DEFORMATION IN A DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL

The development of dislocation structures in the plastic zone ahead of a crack tip has been in-vestigated in a duplex stainless steel during in-situ deformation experiments in a scanningtransmission electron microscope.It was found that the dislocation distribution wassignificantly different in the ferrite and in the austenite.In the ferrite grains,the dislocationsemitted by the crack tip may cross-slip out of the original slip planes and form a broad plasticzone.However,in the austenite,the dislocation free zone is small and the dislocations emittedby the crack pile up in its slip plane.The selection of slip systems at the crack tip depends onthe crack tip Schmid factors in both phases.But after large deformation,the selection of thesecond slip systems at the craek tip in austenite does not depend on the Schmid factors.     

预应变对工业纯钛TA2疲劳裂纹尖端应变场的影响

钛制承压设备在制造和服役过程中会产生塑性变形,影响其抗疲劳性能。为了研究预应变对工业纯钛TA2疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响,本文对原始材料、预应变量为10%、20%和30%的材料进行疲劳裂纹扩展试验,结合数字图像相关(Digital image correlation, DIC)技术获取裂纹尖端应变场,研究预应变对裂纹尖端应变场的影响。结果表明：随着预应变量的增加,稳态疲劳裂纹扩展阶段的扩展速率减小,裂纹张开位移减小,裂纹张开载荷增大,裂纹尖端塑性区、塑性变形量以及循环塑性应变累积量均减小。因此预应变抑制了裂纹尖端的塑性变形及循环塑性累积,致使裂纹闭合效应愈加明显,从而抑制了裂纹的扩展。研究结果对钛制承压设备的安全评定具有参考意义。     

安全端焊接接头镍基合金600SCC裂纹扩展行为研究

镍基合金作为压水堆一回路安全端焊接接头焊缝的常用材料,由于严苛的服役环境以及焊缝处材料力学性能的不均匀使得镍基合金极易发生应力腐蚀开裂现象,对核电安全运行造成很大影响。为了解材料宏观结构参量变化(包括材料塑性性能以及应力强度因子K)对SCC裂纹扩展速率的变化,本文通过建立镍基合金600不同宏观结构参量下的SCC裂纹扩展有限元模型,分析了镍基合金600不同塑性以及载荷参数变化对裂尖塑性区和拉伸塑性应变的影响,结果表明塑性区尺寸及裂尖拉伸应变受到裂尖应力强度因子、屈服强度及硬化指数的影响,其中裂尖应力强度因子的影响较大,同时与屈服强度成反比,应力强度因子和硬化指数成正比;通过比较不同应力强度因子下计算所得SCC扩展速率结果和高温水环境下SCC扩展速率实验,获得了符合镍基合金600的特征距离r₀的取值范围;研究结果能为核电镍基合金600的高温水环境下SCC速率预测提供一定的科学依据。     

不同疲劳载荷下工业纯钛再结晶热处理对疲劳裂纹扩展行为影响

本文开展热处理后工业纯钛TA2不同载荷水平下疲劳裂纹扩展实验,考虑裂尖塑性变形程度,研究疲劳裂纹扩展规律以及热处理状态对疲劳裂纹扩展不同阶段的适应性。结果表明,不同疲劳载荷下热处理对疲劳扩展速率产生不同的影响。A类加载热处理后的疲劳裂纹扩展速率下降是由于近门槛区有效载荷的降低,以及近门槛值的提高。B类加载下热处理对有效载荷以及裂尖塑性变形几乎没有什么影响。C类与D类加载下热处理后裂尖塑性变形受到限制,而导致疲劳裂纹扩展速率下降。     

30MnCrNiMoB低合金钢绝热剪切带的形成机制与微结构

研究了３０ＭｎＣｒＮｉＭｏＢ低合金钢在穿甲弹冲击下绝热剪切带（ＡＳＢ）的形成机制。指出在高速变形（冲击）条件下ＡＳＢ的形成是应变硬化、热软化和位错动态发时导致的应变软化等因素相互耦合产生的塑性失稳现象。进一步确认ＡＳＢ内具有周期性微观结构，并说明ＡＳＢ中周期性开裂与微结构的关系。