Production and Sensitivity Evaluation of Nanocrystalline RDX‐based Explosive Compositions

The initiation sensitivity of cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) was investigated as a function of crystal size. For this study, RDX powders with mean crystal sizes of ca. 200 and 500 nm were prepared by rapid expansion of supercritical solutions (RESS) with carbon dioxide as the solvent. Initiation sensitivity testing to impact, sustained shock, and electrostatic discharge stimuli was performed on uncoated as well as wax‐coated specimens. The test data revealed that in a direct comparison to coarser grades the nanocrystalline RDX‐based samples were substantially less sensitive to shock and impact stimuli. Furthermore, the 500 nm RDX‐based specimens exhibited the lowest sensitivity values, an indication that minima in shock and impact sensitivities with respect to crystal size exist.     

炸药撞击感度试验的研究

综述了炸药撞击感度的背景知识，试验现象的判定以及撞击感度与分子结构的关系。指出了撞击感度的研究方向。     

纳米Al对RDX基炸药机械感度和火焰感度的影响

采用机械混合法制备了含纳米Al的RDX基混合炸药,测试了其机械感度和火焰感度,用扫描电镜表征了纳米Al及其炸药的表面形貌,分析了感度变化的原因。结果表明,加入纳米Al后,RDX基炸药的撞击感度、摩擦感度和火焰感度增大;随着纳米Al含量的增加,撞击感度、摩擦感度和火焰感度明显增大;且含纳米Al炸药的撞击感度、摩擦感度和火焰感度均高于含微米Al炸药。纳米Al及含纳米Al炸药均存在微量团聚现象,在一定程度上影响了含纳米Al的RDX基炸药的感度。     

DADE及其混合炸药的机械感度

为了解DADE以及含DADE的混合炸药的安全性能,用显微镜研究了DADE混合炸药降感机理。结果表明,在相同的试验条件下,DADE与TATB、NTO的机械感度相当,具有优良的安全性能;DADE粒度的大小对其感度影响很大,感度随粒度的减小而升高;在B炸药配方中,用DADE部分代替RDX后感度没有明显改变,完全代替RDX后降感效果十分明显。研究表明,DADE颗粒的合理级配以及表面包覆是降低DADE机械感度的重要途径。     

环境危害物质的分类与评估

目前,环境危害物质还没有确切的定义,GHS将危害水生环境物质和危害臭氧层物质一同归类为环境危害物质。介绍了环境危害物质的分类,包括危害水生环境物质和危害臭氧层物质的分类,并对如何评估环境危害物质进行了阐述。     

EAK基熔铸分子间炸药的能量和撞击感度

通过水下爆炸试验研究了RDX和HMX对EAK基熔铸分子间炸药水下能量的影响。结果表明,RDX和HMX对EAK基混合炸药起到明显的增能作用,但对含铝和非含铝体系有不同的作用效果。爆速和撞击感度测定表明,EAK—RDX混合炸药爆轰的理想化程度和稳定性及撞击感度随RDX含量的增加而增加。从能量和撞击感度两个方面综合考虑,RDX的较佳加入量应为20％～30％。     

Explosive Strength and Impact Sensitivity of Several PBXs Based on Attractive Cyclic Nitramines

Plastic explosives based on different cyclic nitramines with different polymeric matrices were prepared and studied. The used polymeric matrices were fabricated on the basis of polyisobutylene (PIB), acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber (ABR), Viton A, and polydimethyl‐siloxane as binders, whereas the nitramines named RDX (1,3,5‐trinitroperhydro‐1,3,5‐triazine), β‐HMX (β‐1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocine), BCHMX (cis‐1,3,4,6‐tetranitrooctahydroimidazo‐[4,5‐d]imidazole) and ε‐HNIW (ε‐2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexanitro‐2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexaazaisowurtzitane) were used as explosive fillers. Commercial Semtex 10, based on pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), was used for comparison. Impact sensitivity, loading density, ρ, detonation velocity, D, and relative explosive strength (RS) measured by ballistic mortar were determined. It was concluded that plastic BCHMX based on Viton A or PIB‐matrix exhibits higher RS compared with PBXs based on RDX and HMX. Correlations between RS and the impact sensitivity, the ρD² term and the square of the detonation velocity were studied and discussed. The results confirm the well‐known fact that increasing the performance is usually accompanied by an increase in the sensitivity of the explosives. In this connection, Viton A enables achieving a high RS, but with a relatively high sensitivity of the PBXs, whereas the polydimethyl‐siloxane matrix should perhaps give PBXs with optimum explosive strength and sensitivity parameters.     

Approximate Method for Calculating the Impact Sensitivity Indices of Solid Explosive Mixtures

An approximate method is proposed to calculate the impact sensitivity indices (critical initiation pressure and critical charge thickness) for solid explosive mixtures (explosive compositions and mixtures of an oxidizer with a fuel). The calculation is based on some model concepts of the physicochemical and explosive properties of reactive mixtures. Test calculations of the sensitivity indices were performed for mixtures of HMX and TNT and mixtures of ammonium perchlorate with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and TNT, and the results are compared with data of laboratory experiments on an impactor.     

燃料空气炸药武器威力评价指标研究

在对既有的燃料空气炸药（FAE）武器威力评价方法进行分类评价的基础上,结合FAE武器的爆炸场特性,综合考虑该武器的各种爆炸作用形式,兼顾科学与实用的原则,提出了FAE武器自身威力评价的具体方法。研究表明,用FAE爆轰能和广义TNT当量两个指标来评价FAE武器自身威力能全面反映FAE武器爆炸场特性,适合于FAE武器间的威力对比以及FAE武器与HE武器的威力对比,该评价方法具有普适性。     

纳米LaCoO3对RDX基混合炸药的热分解特性和感度的影响

用DSC和DTA研究了LaCoO3对含AP的RDX基混合炸药热分解特性的影响。结果表明,纳米LaCoO3对含有AP的RDX基爆炸混合物的热分解具有一定的催化作用;纳米LaCoO3使RDX基混合炸药的撞击感度和热感度降低,摩擦感度增大。     

The Initiation Threshold Sensitivity of HNS Explosive as a Function of its Grain Size

The initiation threshold sensitivity of HNS versus explosive grain size has been measured, using an electric gun, with two flyer thicknesses. The initiation threshold, (kinetic energy of flyer plate), versus explosive grain size shows that the threshold curve increases dramatically at grain size over 5.4 m̈m (for flyer thickness 76.2 m̈m at explosive density 1.6 g/cm³). Minimum critical energies were calculated to be 12.15 ± 0.5 J/cm² and less than 7.0 J/cm², for flyer thicknesses 76.2 m̈m and 20.0 m̈m, respectively.     

冲击波作用下炸药安全性QMU评估

为了对炸药冲击波感度进行量化评估,根据裕度和不确定度的量化(QMU)评估的通用框架和关键要素,研究了炸药安全性的QMU评估方法。按序贯试验方法设计了炸药的安全性试验,统计分析了炸药的起爆临界阈值、试验方差和响应概率,建立了隔板试验中冲击波作用下炸药安全性的QMU评估模型。通过隔板试验研究了炸药爆炸的临界隔板厚度和其他参数,利用Bruceton升降法试验和大样本量的Monte-Carlo模拟,得到炸药安全性的QMU评估的系列公式,计算了PBX-C炸药冲击波安全性要求的临界阈值Xth、均值μ、方差σ和XP估计的标准差,导出了给定置信水平时爆炸概率P相应点XP估计的不确定度区间,对冲击波作用下PBX-C炸药的安全性进行了初步QMU评估。     

The Initiation Threshold Sensitivity of LX-15 Explosive as a function of its grain size

The effect of the explosive binder 5 w/o-Kel-F-800 on the initiation threshold sensitivity of LX-15 had been measured. The initiation threshold (kinetic energy of flyer plate) versus explosive grain size shows constant difference of 5.5 ± 0.5 J/cm² between threshold curves of HNS and LX-15 explosives (HNS plus 5 w/o-Kel-F-800). This result can be explained by hot spots model.     

Large Scale Fast Cook-off Sensitivity Results of a Melt Castable General Purpose Insensitive High Explosive

A melt castable General Purpose (GP) Insensitive High Explosive (IHE) formulation was developed and subjected to a number of performance and sensitivity tests. The formulation consisted of a thermoplastic binder with 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) as the primary insensitive explosive. Other ingredients include: aluminum powder (Al), ammonium perchlorate (AP) and cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX). The detonation velocity of the explosive was measured at 7080 m/s at a density of 1.79 g/cm³ at a confined diameter of 20.3 cm. This paper is concerned with the fast cook-off (FCO) thermal sensitivity response of this composition (identified as TE-T7005) in a large scale/heavily confined test apparatus to simulate large storage quantities.     

油田储层敏感性评价实验研究

应用岩心流动实验评价了渤中25-1油田储层的敏感性.结果表明,渤中25-1油田储层存在中等偏强水流速敏感性、中等偏弱水敏感性、弱碱敏感性、无酸敏感性、无盐敏感性.     

大庆油田A区块应力敏感性评价实验

储层敏感性指的是对储层造成伤害的各种因素的敏感程度。分析储层敏感性的目的在于研究各种因素对储层的伤害程度,及时提出预防措施,最终提高采收率。对岩心做了大量的室内实验研究,参考储层评价标准对大庆油田A区块进行了敏感性评价。结果显示,该区块应力敏程度中等偏弱,3类岩心应力敏感性最大,2类岩心应力敏感性大于1类岩心敏感性。     

LH油田WZ区块储层敏感性评价

LH油田WZ区块属于低孔低渗储层,由于该区块M31下和M32层的储层物性极差导致产油量低,为了对该井采取正确合理的增产措施,需要对M31下和M32层岩心进行敏感性评价实验.结果表明:该区块M31下和M32层具有弱速敏性、极弱水敏性、弱盐敏性、中等偏弱盐酸敏感性、中等偏强土酸敏感性.因此,建议在后期开采时应添加黏土抑制剂...     

Large-Scale Fragment Impact Sensitivity Test Results of a Melt Castable,General Purpose,Insensitive High Explosive

The thermoplastic explosive (TE-T7005) was developed as a General Purpose (GP) Insensitive High Explosive (IHE) candidate due to a number of factors including: low small scale sensitivity characteristics; low processing cost; theoretical high performance; re-meltability (with associated economic and environmental benefits); and potential endothermic characteristics during cook-off. Theoretical high performance and excellent cook-off characteristics were verified with subsequent large scale tests^(1-4). This paper will report on large-scale fragment impact sensitivity test results for the composition TE-T7005. Fragment cubes measuring 1.27 cm×1.27 cm×1.27 cm were fired at and impacted two separate test units (loaded with the explosive TE-T7005) at an average velocity of 8670 ft/s (2643.6 m/s). Each reaction was judged to be a brief burning that was not sustained. No blast pressures from the reaction of the test units were detected, indicating that no significant reaction occurred. The reaction response was somewhat milder compared with HTPB analogs of TE-T7005⁽⁵⁾.     

消耗臭氧层物质在化学加工过程中使用的研究与评价

本文以联合国环境规划署化学加工助剂专家组（ＰＡＷＧ）最近开展的研究工作为背景，综述了消耗臭氧层物质（ＯＤＳ）在化学加工过程中使用及其替代技术的现状与趋势。     

熔铸混合炸药用载体炸药评述

介绍了TNT、3号炸药、DNTF、TNAZ、DNAN、DNP等典型熔铸载体炸药的物化性能、爆炸性能、安全性能、结晶和凝固性质铸装质量,分析了作为载体炸药所存在的优点和不足,提出了利用优势克服不足的途径.认为TNT通过改性仍然是熔铸炸药的主要载体炸药;3号炸药具有系统研究的必要;DNTF通过降低冲击波感度和强化结晶控制研...