中碳钢形变及冷却过程中的组织演变

热模拟单向压缩下,中碳钢形变温度低于Ad3（786℃）点时,析出形变诱导铁素体（DIF）,DIF量随形变温度降低而提高;在低于750℃形变时,DIF量远高于平衡态铁素体含量54％。DIF析出时碳原子高度富集在铁素体晶界和铁素体／奥氏体界面。形变后在低于A1（719℃）温度等温或控冷过程中。过冷奥氏体将发生不同类型的转变：高于Ad3形变试样中,奥氏体转变为铁素体＋片层状珠光体;低于Ad3点但高于Ar3（645℃）点形变时,未转变奥氏体转变为铁素体＋片层状珠光体＋晶界渗碳体;稍高于Ar3点形变时,将获得铁素体＋弥散渗碳体的球化组织。     

铌微合金化对高铁车轮钢奥氏体形核和长大的影响

 针对碳质量分数为0.47%中碳高铁车轮钢,研究了铌微合金化对前驱体为铁素体-珠光体的组织发生奥氏体逆相变的影响。结果表明,铁素体-珠光体钢的逆相变是一个由碳原子扩散控制的过程,奥氏体优先在珠光体内的铁素体与渗碳体（α/Fe3C）片层界面处形核,并且沿平行于珠光体片层方向的长大速率比垂直于珠光体片层方向更快。含铌车轮钢细化的珠光体组织可以提高奥氏体的形核率,有利于细化奥氏体晶粒。随着再加热温度的提高,含铌车轮钢的奥氏体混晶温度（960 ℃）比不含铌的钢高80 ℃,因此通过铌微合金化可扩大再加热奥氏体化温度窗口。结合Thermal-Calc热力学计算和透射电镜分析,铌在中碳钢中主要以析出物的形式存在,析出钉扎作用是其细化奥氏体晶粒、推迟混晶现象出现的主要机制。     

形变及冷却条件对35钢珠光体组织的影响

利用热模拟单道次压缩形变试验研究了35钢在Ae1温度附近形变后珠光体的演变规律。结果表明:试样形变后水淬,在铁素体与未转变奥氏体之间存在富碳的过渡区,当形变温度降低到690℃,0.92形变后水淬,出现较小的珠光体组织。试样形变后缓冷,随着形变温度的降低和形变量的增大,珠光体团减小,渗碳体片层断开。在相邻铁素体界隅及边界上出现大量颗粒状和膜片状的渗碳体。     

高碳铬钼钢贝氏体碳化物形貌及其形成机理

 取9Cr2Mo钢和GCr15钢,奥氏体化后进行中温等温转变,采用金相显微镜和QUANTA-400扫描电子显微镜研究贝氏体碳化物的形貌及其形成机理。结果表明,9Cr2Mo钢和GCr15钢的上贝氏体组织呈羽毛状,上贝氏体碳化物呈长短不一的薄片状或短棒状,分布在铁素体亚片条或亚单元之间,其排列与贝氏体铁素体片条轴向大体上平行分布;下贝氏体组织呈竹叶状或针状,下贝氏体碳化物呈细片状或纤维状等形状,分布在铁素体片中间,大多数与片条的主轴方向交角排列,但角度不等。钢中贝氏体碳化物在γ/α相界面上形核,向奥氏体中和铁素体亚单元间长大,是碳原子沿着相界面扩散的过程。     

层流冷却条件下碳钢相变过程的数值模拟

 采用数值模拟的方法,结合宝钢2050热连轧层流冷却生产线,模拟研究了不同碳当量钢种在层流冷却条件下的奥氏体转变过程,计算了前段主冷、稀疏冷却、后段主冷3种冷却模式对奥氏体转变过程的影响,定量分析了带钢厚度方向不同部位处奥氏体转变的差别。结果表明:在所选定的工艺条件下,随着碳当量的增加,铁素体开始转变时间明显推迟,铁素体开始转变温度明显降低,而珠光体开始转变时间和温度变化不大;不同冷却模式下铁素体、珠光体各相开始转变时间及演变过程差别较大,但最终各相的体积分数接近一致;带钢厚度方向各部位由于冷却速度的不同而存在明显的组织不均匀性。     

铌高性能结构钢相变规律的研究

利用MMS-100热／力模拟机，研究了不同冷却速度下铌高性能结构钢奥氏体动态转变规律及不同终轧温度和不同压缩比对显微组织的影响。结果表明：在冷却速度为1～5℃／s得到完全的铁素体和珠光体，且随冷速增大，晶粒明显细化，珠光体细小分散，当冷却速度大于15℃/s时，得到完全贝氏体组织；随变形温度的降低，铁素体晶粒细化，珠光体的球团和片层间距减小，组织的均匀性改善；随变形程度的升高，铁素体体积分数增加，且组织细小均匀。铌裔陛能结构钢终轧后冷却速度应控制在5℃/s左右，终轧温度选择850℃。     

15CrMoR钢的显微组织与时效冲击性能

 为探索原始组织形态对15CrMoR钢时效过程低温冲击性能的影响,明确15CrMoR钢具有高时效冲击性能稳定性的原始组织形态,通过控制奥氏体化后的冷却方式获得了15CrMoR钢的3种原始组织,使用OM、SEM、EPMA和EBSD等材料结构表征方法和低温冲击测试研究了15CrMoR钢的显微组织和时效态低温冲击性能。结果表明,15CrMoR钢奥氏体化后分别以炉冷、空冷和风冷的方式冷却至室温,分别获得了粗大铁素体+片状珠光体组织、铁素体+退化珠光体组织和粒状贝氏体组织。片状珠光体组织中碳化物主要呈层片状,退化珠光体中的碳化物主要呈断续短杆状和颗粒状,粒状贝氏体中的富碳M-A岛主要沿晶界分布。3种原始组织形态的15CrMoR钢在循环时效过程中均发生了晶界碳化物析出和长大,导致低温冲击性能不断恶化。当晶界碳化物呈链状分布时,15CrMoR钢的低温冲击性能较差。粗大的铁素体+片状珠光体组织晶界面积较少,导致晶界碳化物容易呈链状分布;粒状贝氏体中主要沿晶界分布的富碳M-A岛也容易导致晶界碳化物呈链状分布。因此,原始组织为铁素体+退化珠光体的15CrMoR钢在循环时效过程中具有较好的冲击性能稳定性,经历6次循环时效后,-10 ℃平均冲击吸收功仍高达196 J;而原始组织为铁素体+片状珠光体和原始组织为粒状珠光体的15CrMoR钢,经历4次循环时效后,晶界处已形成呈链状分布的碳化物,-10 ℃平均冲击吸收功均仅为18 J。     

渗碳体形态对珠光体钢丝拉拔形变的影响

利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜、拉伸试验机、硬度计对比研究了渗碳体分别为层片状与球状时对珠光体钢丝拉拔形变过程和性能的影响。层片状渗碳体在拉拔形变过程中表现出一定的变形能力,随应变量的增加,层片状珠光体逐渐演变为纤维状,且组织中未发现明显缺陷。球状渗碳体在形变过程中自身并不发生变形,但会向拉拔方向转动,并在渗碳体/铁素体的两相界面处出现微观缺陷,而这与球状渗碳体钉扎位错引起的应力集中有关。2种珠光体钢丝的强度和硬度均随着拉拔应变量的增加而不断提高,层片状珠光体的拉拔硬化率更高。随着拉拔的进行,钢中开始形成110织构。与球状珠光体相比,层片状珠光体组织的110织构强度更强,且随着应变量的增大,二者织构强度差越来越大。     

首钢SWRH82B线材异常组织成因分析

 首钢第一线材厂在生产SWRH82B线材过程中,盘条检测芯部出现异常组织现象：珠光体与残余奥氏体共存、索氏体与网状铁素体共存、索氏体与马氏体共存。通过对生产数据跟踪和扫描电镜观测发现,在冶炼、连铸过程中不稳定操作,铸坯中溶质元素碳、锰和铬元素偏析,钢液铬合金元素熔解不均匀,碳、锰和铬综合作用明显提高奥氏体的稳定性,大大推迟了奥氏体向珠光体的转变时间,在A1～Acm温度之间时间相对较长,形成残余奥氏体组织和珠光体、索氏体共存的局面;钢中溶质元素富集造成吐丝温度与相变之前冷速过快,形成片层间距不同的屈氏体和马氏体快冷低温组织。     

珠光体钢在拔丝过程中显微组织和织构的累积变化

用扫描电镜和X射线衍射研究了珠光体钢拔丝过程中显微组织和织构的变化,拔丝导致铁素体晶粒延伸冰伴随〈110〉纤维织构的变化,随应变增大渗碳体层片也有沿线轴向自适应的倾向,用粘塑性一致模拟方法模拟了铁素体相中织构的变化。     

Effect of cementite morphology on pearlitic wire drawing deformation

A comparative study was conducted on the effects of lamellar cementites and globular cementites on the cold drawing process and the mechanical properties of pearlitic wire steel, with the help of metallographic microscope, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, tensile tester and hardness tester. The lamellar cementites showed the deformation capacity to some extent during the cold drawing process. As the drawing strain increased, the pearlitic wire with globular cementites evolved into the fibrous form gradually and no obvious defects were found in the microstructure. The globular cementites turned to the drawing direction without any deformation of itself during the deformation process. And micro- cracks occurred in the cementite/ferrite interface due to stress concentration caused by pinning dislocations in spherical cementites. The strength and hardness of both pearlitic wires gradually increased as the drawing strain rose. And the pearlitic wire with lamellar cementites had a higher drawing hardening rate. The ferrite <110> texture formed in both pearlitic wires during the cold drawing process. Compared with the globular pearlite, the pearlitic wire with lamellar cementites had higher ferrite <110> texture intensity. And the difference of their ferrite <110> texture intensity became bigger and bigger as the drawing strain increased.     

Influence of Lamellar Direction in Pearlitic Steel Wire on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure Evolution

During cold drawing of pearlitic steel wire,the lamellar structure becomes gradually aligned with the draw-ing axis,which contributes to the ultra-high strength.A direct simulation about the mechanical behaviors and micro-structural evolution of pearlitic lamellae was presented.A representative volume element (RVE)containing one pearlitic colony was established based on the real transmission electron microscope (TEM)observation.The deform-ation of pearlitic colony during tension,shear and wire drawing were successfully simulated.The numerical results show that this metallographic texture leads to a strong anisotropy.The colony has higher yielding stress when the la-mellar direction is parallel and perpendicular to the tensile direction.The lamellar evolution is strongly dependent on the initial direction and deformation mode.The formation of typical period shear bands is analyzed.In the wire draw-ing,the pearlitic colony at the sub-surface experiences a complex strain path:rotation,stretching along the die sur-face,and rotation back.     

A study of the deformation of patented steel wire

Comparisons of transmission electron micrographs of transverse sections of heavily drawn patented steel wire with existing metallographic and strength data were made with the aid of a computer. Both fragmentation of the cementite and the local deformation mode within the wire,i.e., plane strain elongation, an effect of the <110> wire texture of the ferrite, were taken into account in order to obtain a model for large-strain deformation of pearlitic or bainitic microstructures which is consistent with the observed microstructural changes and strain hardening rate. The functional dependence of this model on true strain and original substructural spacing is similar to the equation of Embury and Fisher for the strain hardening of drawn pearlite because their assumptions (no fragmentation of the cementite and homogeneous, axially symmetric elongation) produced offsetting errors. The present model allows for additional sensitivity of the strain hardening rate of drawn patented steel wire to metallurgical and processing variables over and above the simple dependence on original substructural scale predicted by the model of Embury and Fisher.     

Reverse transformation of ferrite and pearlite to austenite in an ultrafine-grained low-carbon steel fabricated by severe plastic deformation

Reverse transformation characteristics of a low-carbon steel consisting of ultrafine-grained (UFG) ferrite and severely deformed pearlite by severe plastic deformation were investigated and compared to those of the steel having coarse-grained (CG) ferrite and undeformed pearlite by austenitization and subsequent air cooling. Coarse-grained steel exhibited two serial transformation stages, i.e., pear-lite → austenite followed by ferrite → austenite. Contrarily, UFG steel transformed with the three serial stages, i.e., probably carbon-supersaturated ferrite → austenite, not-fully-dissolved pearlite → austenite, and ferrite → austenite transformations.     

Delamination of Pearlitic Steel Wires: The Defining Role of Prior-Drawing Microstructure

This article reports the occasional (< 10 pct of the actual production) delamination of pearlitic wires subjected to a drawing strain of ~ 2.5. The original wire rods which exhibited post-drawing delamination had noticeably lower axial alignment of the pearlite: 22 ± 5 pct vs 34 ± 4 pct in the nondelaminated wires. Although all wires had similar through-thickness texture and stress gradients, delaminated wires had stronger gradients in composition and higher hardness across the ferrite–cementite interface. Carbide dissolution and formation of supersaturated ferrite were clearly correlated with delamination, which could be effectively mitigated by controlled laboratory annealing at 673 K. Direct observations on samples subjected to simple shear revealed significant differences in shear localizations. These were controlled by pearlite morphology and interlamellar spacing. Prior-drawing microstructure of coarse misaligned pearlite thus emerged as a critical factor in the wire drawing-induced delamination of the pearlitic wires.     

Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of as-Drawn and Laboratory Annealed Pearlitic Steel Wires

Near eutectoid fully pearlitic wire rod (5.5 mm diameter) was taken through six stages of wire drawing (drawing strains of 0 to 2.47). The as-drawn (AD) wires were further laboratory annealed (LA) to re-austenitize and reform the pearlite. AD and LA grades, for respective wire diameters, had similar pearlite microstructure: interlamellar spacing (λ) and pearlite alignment with the wire axis. However, LA grade had lower hardness (for both phases) and slightly lower fiber texture and residual stresses in ferrite. Surprisingly, essentially identical tensile yield strengths in AD and LA wires, measured at equivalent spacing, were found. The work hardened AD had, as expected, higher torsional yield strengths and lower tensile and torsional ductilities than LA. In both wires, stronger pearlite alignment gave significantly increased torsional ductility.     

Macro- and Micromechanics of Pearlitic-Steel Deformation in Multistage Wire Production

Ninefold drawing of pearlitic steel wire is investigated. On the basis of multiscale computer models, the behavior of pearlite colonies at the surface of the wire and in its central layer is analyzed. The key factors are the orientation of the cementite lamellae relative to the drawing axis, the interlamellae distance, and the shape of the cementite inclusions. On the basis of finite-element models, the laws governing the reorientation of the pearlite colonies, change in shape and size of the cementite lamellae, and localization of the deformation in the ferrite are determined. The model results are verified by means of metallographic results and industrial experiments.     

奥氏体组织对低碳中锰钢冷弯性能的影响

摘要：采用冷弯直径0～60mm，弯曲角度180°，研究了20mm厚度低碳中锰钢的冷弯性能，冷弯后外表均无可见裂纹，判定合格。利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜、电子背散射衍射（EBSD）、X射线衍射仪等手段分析了显微组织，尤其是奥氏体组织在冷弯过程中对冷弯性能的影响。结果表明，冷弯前显微组织由板条马氏体和奥氏体组成，其中原始奥氏体晶界明显；冷弯直径为0mm变形后，样品弧顶部分奥氏体的体积分数由12.3%降至1.1%，维氏硬度由295HV1增至364HV1，晶粒尺寸由4.07μm增至4.30μm。主要原因是在冷弯过程在中奥氏体组织发生塑性变形，奥氏体晶界变形消失，沿冷弯方向呈拉伸带状组织形貌，冷弯形变时奥氏体发生TRIP效应显著。     

Carbide refining heat treatments for 52100 bearing steel

The life of through-hardened 52100 anti-friction bearing components is improved if the excess carbides, undissolved during austenitization, are small and uniformly dispersed. One kind of carbide-refining heat treatment consists of 1) dissolving all carbides, 2) isothermally transforming the austenite to pearlite or bainite, and 3) austenitizing, quenching and tempering in the usual manner. Each step in this sequence of treatments was investigated, and the behavior of pearlitic and bainitic microstructures during subsequent austenitization was contrasted with the behavior of ferrite/spheroidized-carbide microstructures. It was shown that: 1) The usual hardening treatments given spheroidize-annealed bearing components result in an inhomogeneous microstructure, possibly due to the faster dissolution of carbides near austenite grain boundaries. 2) Austenitization of pearlite or bainite produces very uniform dispersions of ultra-fine carbides on the order of 0.1 μm diameter or less. 3) Specimens with ultra-fine carbides tend to have more retained austenite. 4) The rate of coarsening of ultra-fine carbides at austenitizing temperatures of 840°C and below, is slow enough so that conventional furnace heat treatments are satisfactory for producing this microstructure.     

Intercritical Austenitization of Two Fe-Mn-C Steels

With the introduction of dual phase steels, it is increasingly becoming important to obtain a thorough understanding of intercritical austenitization phenomena. Quantitative microscopy techniques were used to study the process of intercritical austenitization (740°C) of two Fe-Mn-C steels, one of them being microalloyed with Nb. The two steels showed essentially the same kinetics,viz., three stages of intercritical austenitization: (i) austenite growth into pearlite until complete pearlite dissolution, (ii) growth of austenite into ferrite, and (iii) equilibration of ferrite and austenite. However, compared to data published by other researchers, the maximum amount of austenite, in our case, was reached much faster. Ferrite-ferrite interface processes and preferred nucleation at particles in the ferrite boundaries accelerated the austenite growth. Austenite growth out of pearlite colonies was asymmetric due to the fast ferrite-ferrite interface processes.