常化后冷却工艺对1600MPa级超高强钢组织性能的影响

为改善高强度钢的塑性和韧性,对中碳低合金马氏体高强度钢分别采用常化后空冷＋回火和常化后控冷＋回火工艺,研究常化后冷却工艺对钢中残余奥氏体及力学性能的影响.采用扫描电镜获得钢的组织形态,利用X射线衍射和电子背散射衍射技术分析钢中残余奥氏体的体积分数、形貌和分布.发现两种工艺下均得到板条马氏体＋残余奥氏体组织,残余奥氏体均匀分布在板条之间,随工艺参数不同,其体积分数在3%~10%变化.常化后加速冷却能显著细化马氏体板条,提高钢的屈服强度和抗拉强度100 MPa以上,冲击功下降4 J.残余奥氏体的体积分数随常化控冷终冷温度的升高呈现先升高后降低的变化,常化后的控制冷却也可以作为进一步改善马氏体类型钢组织和性能的方法      

热成形用钢热冲压过程中碳配分行为研究

利用Formastor-FⅡ全自动相变仪、扫描电镜、透射电镜及电子探针等,研究一种热成形用钢热冲压过程中的碳配分行为。结果表明,典型热冲压模拟过程可获得马氏体和残余奥氏体两相组织,且马氏体板条较长,残余奥氏体以薄膜状分布在马氏体板条间;马氏体的边缘处有碳的偏聚,富碳区域的尺寸和残余奥氏体尺寸相吻合,即实验钢在400℃以下的缓慢冷却过程中发生了碳配分。     

1.6 GPa级中碳高强贝氏体钢残余奥氏体调控机理

 为了研究中碳高强贝氏体钢中的残余奥氏体体积分数在不同等温情况下的变化规律,通过X射线衍射试验、热模拟试验和扫描电子显微镜观察等,分析了等温淬火条件对中碳高强贝氏体钢中残余奥氏体体积分数和组织的影响。结果表明,最终残余奥氏体的体积分数受贝氏体相变和马氏体相变的共同影响。贝氏体相变量决定了未转变奥氏体的体积分数及其化学稳定性,从而影响随后的马氏体相变量及最终残余奥氏体体积分数。此外,随着相变温度的升高,开始由于贝氏体相变量逐渐减少,残余奥氏体体积分数先增加(300~350 ℃),随后由于马氏体相变量增加,残余奥氏体体积分数减少(350~400 ℃)。     

临界热处理对中碳 Q&P 钢组织与性能的影响

摘要：对中碳钢采用Q&P（淬火 碳分配）和I&QP（临界热处理,淬火 碳分配）热处理工艺,通过对试样的显微组织,残余奥氏体的体积分数及其碳含量,硬度及其拉伸性能进行分析,研究了临界加热对中碳Q&P钢组织和性能的影响。实验结果表明,经临界热处理的Q&P钢组织中,除了马氏体和残余奥氏体,还存在部分铁素体,同时残余奥氏体的体积分数较少,马氏体板条更加细小。在相同的碳分配时间下,I&QP试样的硬度和抗拉强度都比Q&P试样低,但由于I&QP试样中软相铁素体的存在以及残余奥氏体能发挥更好的TRIP效应,使得临界热处理的实验钢的伸长率更高,加工硬化指数增加,强塑积更大。     

1800MPa级低合金超高强度工程机械用钢显微组织与力学性能

 设计了一种新型的超高强度工程机械用钢,在中试轧机上进行了不同工艺模拟轧制,对比研究了工艺1（80%变形量+直接淬火+250℃回火）、工艺2（90%变形量+层流冷却快冷至650℃/1h+空冷+250℃回火）和工艺3（90%变形量+空冷至650℃/1h+空冷+250℃回火）3种不同控轧控冷工艺对试验用钢的显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明：工艺1条件下试验钢的抗拉、屈服强度最高,塑韧性最好,分别可达到1816,1473MPa,伸长率为9.5%,断面收缩率为45%,室温冲击功为28J,-40℃冲击功为21J,硬度值达到50HRC,认为获得的是板条马氏体+残余奥氏体的复相组织和析出的复合微合金碳化物、ε-碳化物强韧化机制的综合作用;工艺2,3分别得到的是板条马氏体+块状贝氏体+残余奥氏体、板条马氏体+针状铁素体+片层状珠光体+残余奥氏体,力学性能下降明显;第二相析出物主要是Nb,V,Ti的复合析出颗粒。     

调质低碳贝氏体钢的组织和性能

研究了C-Mn-Mo-Cu-Nb-Ti-B系低碳微合金钢915℃淬火和490~640℃回火的调质工艺对钢的组织及力学性能的影响.用扫描电镜和透射电镜对实验钢的组织、析出物形态和分布以及断口形貌进行观察,采用X射线衍射仪分析钢中残余奥氏体的体积分数.结果表明:调质后,实验钢获得贝氏体、少量马氏体及残余奥氏体复相组织,贝氏体板条宽度只有250 nm,残余奥氏体的体积分数随着回火温度的升高而降低,经淬火与520℃回火后残余奥氏体的体积分数为2.1%.调质后析出物的数量激增,6~15 nm的析出物占70%以上.实验钢经过915℃淬火与520℃回火后,其屈服强度达到915 MPa,抗拉强度990 MPa,-40℃冲击功为95 J.细小的析出物及窄的板条提高了钢的强度.板条间有残余奥氏体存在,改善了实验钢的韧性.      

细晶强化和位错强化对中锰马氏体钢的强化作用

 研究了碳和锰含量对淬火中锰马氏体钢的位错密度、残余奥氏体含量、晶粒尺寸等组织结构以及室温力学性能的影响。借助于SEM、EBSD、TEM和XRD表征了材料的微观组织,探讨了马氏体钢的强化机制。结果表明:随着碳含量增加,淬火中锰钢的位错密度和残余奥氏体体积分数逐渐增加,板条束和板条块尺寸逐渐细化,大角晶界百分数逐渐增加,强度逐渐升高;增加锰含量能够提高马氏体钢的位错密度和抗拉强度。分析认为,位错强化和细晶强化是淬火中锰马氏体钢的主要强化机制。马氏体板条尺寸是马氏体抗拉强度的结构控制单元,而原奥氏体晶粒尺寸则是马氏体屈服强度的结构控制单元。     

P110级石油套管淬火组织形态对残余应力的影响

以降低P110级石油套管淬火冷却过程中的热应力和组织应力为目的,提出了水淬+空冷和水淬+空冷+水淬两种冷却方式。利用逐层钻孔法测试了不同工艺下的残余应力,分析了淬火组织特征和残余应力对裂纹产生和扩展的影响。结果表明:直接淬火工艺的淬火组织为板条马氏体和孪晶马氏体共存,且孪晶马氏体的含量较多。水淬+空冷和水淬+空冷+水淬两种工艺的淬火组织为板条马氏体、下贝氏体和不同程度的残余奥氏体,水淬+空冷+水淬工艺中还有少量孪晶马氏体。水淬+空冷、水淬+空冷+水淬两种冷却方式和直接淬火工艺相比,钢管内的切向和轴向残余应力均减小,从而易减小钢管的变形,以及降低和缓解了钢管内微裂纹的产生和扩展趋势。     

高铝TRIP钢的微观组织与残余奥氏体稳定性研究

主要研究了高Al TRIP钢的显微组织与残余奥氏体的稳定性。通过光学显微镜、SEM、TEM观察了其微观组织。通过TEM观察了钢中马氏体与贝氏体的形貌。通过电子衍射斑分析,得出了残余奥氏体与马氏体的位向关系为K-S位向关系,奥氏体母相与贝氏体的位向关系为N-W位向关系。为研究残余奥氏体机械稳定性,对试验用钢进行了不同应变量的单向拉伸,用X射线测量了残余奥氏体体积分数。结果表明,真应变小于0.11时残余奥氏体体积分数随应变量增加而减少。真应变量大于0.11后,残余奥氏体体积分数随应变量增加变化不大。为了研究残余奥氏体热稳定性,将试验用钢冷却至不同的温度。发现高Al TRIP钢残余奥氏体热稳定性很高,深冷至-196℃条件下不发生马氏体转变。     

高钢级X100管线钢中的M-A岛

通过显微组织分析方法,研究了冷却开始温度及冷却速度对高钢级X100管线钢热模拟试样中M-A岛的体积分数和尺寸的影响.结果表明降低冷却开始温度和提高冷却速度都可以细化组织,导致M-A岛的体积分数降低,使M-A岛由尺寸较大的块状、条状转变成尺寸较小且弥散分布的块状、条状.利用透射电镜观察了热轧后以不同冷却速度冷却所得试样组织中M-A岛的形貌.发现在低的冷却速度下,M-A岛由残余奥氏体、尺寸及取向均不同的马氏体板条组成.在马氏体板条中存在孪晶,证明了碳的扩散,也说明M-A岛中M是孪晶马氏体.在高的冷却速度下,转变为针状、薄膜状的M-A岛弱化了铁素体板条的界面,降低了管线钢的韧性.因此只有控制冷速在一定范围内,才能获得尺寸细小、弥散分布的M-A岛.      

不同工艺下低碳Mn-Si钢的组织与力学性能

通过Gleeble-1500热模拟压缩试验,借助光学显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射及拉伸试验等,研究一种低碳Mn-Si钢在基于热轧动态相变的热轧TRIP钢工艺和基于贝氏体等温处理工艺下的组织与力学性能,比较了通过两种工艺获得的不同复相组织状态对材料的加工硬化能力的影响.结果表明:实验钢在基于动态相变的热轧TRIP钢工艺下获得了以细晶铁素体为基体和贝氏体、残余奥氏体组成的复相组织,而在基于贝氏体等温处理工艺下得到了以板条贝氏体为基体和残余奥氏体组成的复相组织,前者中残余奥氏体含量较高且其碳含量也较高.实验钢具有以板条贝氏体为基体的复相组织时屈服强度和抗拉强度较高;但由于残余奥氏体稳定性较差,实验钢的加工硬化能力较弱,导致其均匀延伸率和总延伸率较小.      

基于退火路径的中锰钢组织转变与力学性能

为了更好地指导中锰钢工业试制,利用扫描电镜、电子背散射衍射、透射电镜和拉伸试验机等研究了不同退火路径下低碳中锰钢的组织转变及合金元素配分行为,并评价了其对力学性能的影响.结果表明,热轧中锰钢的显微组织主要由铁素体、板条马氏体、粒状贝氏体和残余奥氏体构成.经冷轧变形后,原组织中的铁素体和马氏体晶粒破碎,残余奥氏体和M/A...     

Microstructure Evolution and Precipitation Behavior of 0Cr16Ni5Mo Martensitic Stainless Steel during Tempering Process

The microstructure,morphology of precipitates and retained austenite and the volume fraction of retained austenite in 0Cr16Ni5 Mo stainless steel during the tempering process were analyzed using optical microscope(OM),transmission electron microscope(TEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD)and scanning transmission electron microscope(STEM).The results show that the microstructure of the tempered steel is mainly composed of tempered martensite,retained austenite,and delta ferrite.In the case of samples tempered from 500 to 700 ℃,the precipitates are mainly M_(23)C_6,which precipitate along the lath martensite boundaries.The precipitate content increases with the tempering temperature.During the tempering process,the content of retained austenite initially increases and then decreases,the maximum content of retained austenite being 29 vol.% upon tempering at 600 ℃.TEM analysis of the tested steel reveals two morphology types of retained austenite.One is thin film-like retained austenite that exists along the martensite lath boundary.The other is blocky austenite located on packet at the boundary and the original austenite grain boundary.To further understand the stability of reversed austenite,the Ni content in reversed austenite was measured using STEM.Results show a significant difference in nickel concentrations between reversed austenite and martensite.     

Influence of Tempering Process on Mechanical Properties of 00Cr13Ni4Mo Supermartensitic Stainless Steel

To investigate the influence of tempering process on microstructural evolutions and mechanical properties of 00Cr13Ni4Mo supermartensitic stainless steel(SMSS),specimens were tempered in the temperature range of 520-720 ℃ for 3 h followed by air cooling and an optimized tempering temperature was chosen to prolong holding time from 3 to 12 h.After heat treatments,microstructure examination was conducted by scanning electron microscope,X-ray diffraction examinations,hardness measurements and tensile tests.The results revealed that the superior mechanical properties were achieved by quenching at 1040 ℃ for 1 h+water cooling and tempering at 600 ℃ for 3 h+air cooling.Increasing isothermal tempering time could improve the toughness notably.It was believed that the property was correlated with the microstructure of tempered lath martensite and retained austenite.More retained austenite content is beneficial to the higher toughness of the SMSS.     

30SiMnCrB5热成形钢的微观组织和力学性能

为了提高热成形钢的综合性能,设计了一种C-Si-Mn-Cr-B系热成形钢,采用热膨胀仪测定并研究了30SiMnCrB5热成形钢的连续冷却转变曲线和相变规律.分析了经轧制、退火及热成形模拟后钢板的微观组织形貌和力学性能,结合等密度线极图的方法,判定了热成形模拟后钢板中马氏体变体与母相的取向关系.30SiMnCrB5热成形钢具有较好的淬透性,临界冷速为5℃·s-1,有效抑制了珠光体和贝氏体的形成,完全马氏体组织的硬度可达600 HV以上.热成形模拟后的微观组织由板条马氏体和残余奥氏体构成,残余奥氏体主要以薄膜状分布在马氏体板条间,质量分数为6%~8%,抗拉强度为1800 Mpa左右,总伸长率可达10%以上,强度和塑性的匹配较好.热成形模拟后30SiMnCrB5热成形钢板中马氏体变体与母相的取向关系更接近N-W关系,12种变体没有都出现在原始奥氏体内.      

Influence of Heat Treatment Temperature on Micro-structure and Property of 00Cr13Ni5Mo2 Su-permartensitic Stainless Steel

The microstructural evolution and mechanical property of 00Cr13Ni5Mo2supermartensitic stainless steel(SMSS)subjected to different heat treatments were investigated.Room tensile tests,hardness tests,scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were conducted on the heat-treated steels.It is found that the microstructure of the heat-treated steel is composed of tempered lath martensite,retained austenite andδ-ferrite.The austenitizing temperature and tempering temperature have a significant effect on the microstructural changes,which leads to the complex variations of mechanical properties.The fine tempered lath martensite and more dispersed reversed austenite in the microstructure facilitate improving the comprehensive mechanical properties of the studied steel.The optimal heat treatment process of 00Cr13Ni5Mo2SMSS is obtained by austenitizing at 1 000℃for 0.5h+air cooling followed by tempering at 630℃for 2h+air cooling,where the excellent combination of tensile strength,elongation and hardness can be achieved.     

The mechanical stability of austenite in maraging steels

Two different types of retained austenite were encountered in maraging steels: one obtained by the usual overaging/reversion process, and was found to be mechanically unstable at room temperature; the other, obtained in a sequence of isothermal heat treatments leading to the formation of microsegregational content zones of molybdenum and cobalt in the lath-martensite, and was found to be mechanically stable at room temperature (RT). In the unstable case the austenite transformed to martensite upon cold working at RT. In the stable case, as was shown by careful Mössbauer-effect spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction studies, the amount of retained austenite was not affected by the cold-working at RT, whereas some amount of the martensite was transformed into a ferromagnetic-type of austenite. Complementary studies by electron diffraction have shown that both Kordjumov-Sachs and Nishiyama crystallographic orientation relationships may exist between austenite and martensite, depending on the local molybdenum and cobalt segregational contents in the lath martensite. The appearance of ferromagnetic austenite, as well as other segregational effects observed by the Mössbauer-effect spectroscopy are discussed.