Effect of wet corn gluten feed, supplemental protein, and tallow on steer finishing performance

Two trials evaluated the effects of level of wet corn gluten feed (WCGF), type of supplemental protein, and supplemental tallow on steer finishing performance. In Trial 1, WCGF was fed at 0, 25 (two diets), or 50% of the dietary DM replacing dry-rolled corn (DRC), molasses, and a portion of the supplement. The DRC control diet and one 25% WCGF diet were supplemented with a combination of protein sources. The second 25% WCGF diet was supplemented with urea alone. The 50% WCGF diet contained no additional protein supplementation. No differences in DMI (P > .10) were observed. Calves fed 25% WCGF plus a combination of protein sources or 50% WCGF gained faster (P < .10) and more efficiently (P < .10) than calves fed the DRC control. Calves fed 25% WCGF plus urea gained faster (P < .10) and tended (P = .14) to be more efficient than calves fed the DRC control. In Trial 2, WCGF was fed to replace 0 or 50% of the DRC and the molasses-urea supplement (DM basis). Both diets were fed with or without 3% tallow. Steers fed WCGF gained faster (P < .01) and more efficiently (P < .01) than steers fed DRC. Inclusion of 3% tallow increased gain (P < .05) and improved efficiency (P < .05). Feed efficiency is improved by the addition of WCGF or tallow to DRC finishing diets.     

Interactive effects of betaine, crude protein, and net energy in finishing pigs

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of betaine on growth and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs. In Exp. 1, 32 gilts were fed one of two diets: 1) a corn-soybean meal basal (B) diet or 2) B + .125% betaine diet. In Exp. 2, 122 gilts were allotted to one of eight dietary treatments in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement with two levels of betaine (0 or .125%), crude protein (adequate [ACP] or inadequate [ICP]), and net energy (NE; 0 or 6% added fat). In Exp. 1, betaine did not affect (P > .10) growth performance or carcass traits other than an increased (P < .05) dressing percentage. In Exp. 2, betaine tended to decrease ADFI during the overall experimental period (P = .11). In the late finishing period (LF), betaine increased ADG in inadequate CP low-NE diets and adequate CP high-NE diets, but decreased ADG in inadequate CP high-NE and adequate CP low-NE diets (betaine x CP x NE, P < .04). Betaine increased (P < .04) carcass length and decreased (P < .01) color score for pork quality. Other carcass measurements were unaffected (P > .10) by betaine. Betaine decreased (P < .02) serum urea N (SUN) in fed pigs during the LF period. Betaine decreased fasting SUN and albumin in pigs fed the ACP diets, but it increased fasting SUN and albumin in pigs fed the ICP diets during the LF period (betaine x CP, P = .10). Betaine increased serum total protein in the low-NE diets, but not in the high-NE diets (betaine x NE, P < .08). The serum metabolite data suggest that betaine may affect protein status of pigs, and these effects may depend on the crude protein and energy content of the diet.     

Effect of high performance sports on energy metabolism

The knowledge about metabolism and muscular fatigue has been considerably improved during the recent years. Intramuscular pH should not generally be discussed as a factor of cellular fatigue as it has been shown to increase transiently at the beginning and to be very differently affected in ST-(6,9) and FT-fibers (6,2) at the end of exercise. During maximum exercise, we assume changes of muscle membrane potential due to increasing interstitial potassium concentrations as an important performance-limiting factor. The role, lactate is playing during exercise, has to be thought over. Its production by the binding of two protons to the pyruvate molecule is necessary for an intensive anaerobic and aerobic metabolism. The lactate molecules itself represent a source of energy, which is preferentially used by the heart muscle and by ST-fibers working at lower intensity. During long term endurance events, the glycogen stores are assumed to be a limiting factor. However, no direct casual relationship between glycogen and fatigue mechanisms has been found hithertoo. The anaerobic glycolytic metabolism decreases during long lasting exercise as a result of lowered glycogen stores. Therefore, metabolic acidosis cannot be observed after ultra-long endurance events. In contrast, a respiratory alcalosis is the common finding.     

Effect of roasted soybeans and corn on performance and ruminal and blood metabolites of dairy calves

Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) has been used as a non-invasive estimate of vagal tone to determine whether the reduction in resting heart rate commonly seen when humans are exposed to increases in the ambient pressure is associated with changes in vagal autonomic control. Two sets of divers (n = 4) were examined during two simulated saturation dives, one to 46 atmospheres absolute (ATA) and another to 37 ATA. A significant reduction in resting heart rate was seen in both dives upon exposure to high pressure compared with controls at 1 ATA. The reduction in heart rate seen at increased pressure was consistent regardless of respiratory rate, indicating that moderate changes in respiratory rate do not affect heart rate under these conditions. No changes in the overall magnitude of RSA were observed over a range of respiratory rates during either dive compared with control values at 1 ATA. During both dives, RSA was significantly larger (P < 0.05) at low respiratory rates compared with higher rates for both 1 ATA controls and at high pressure. The presence of a hyperbaric bradycardia strongly suggests that vagal tone is altered during hyperbaric exposure; however, the lack of change in the magnitude of RSA at high pressure brings into question the viability of using RSA as an accurate indicator of vagal tone and this lack of correspondence deserves further investigation.     

Effect of a commercially available nonspecific immunomodulating biologic product on health of neonatal calves

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether treatment with a commercially available nonspecific immunomodulating biologic product would alter the clinical course of disease in neonatal calves. DESIGN: Systematically randomized, controlled cohort study. ANIMALS: 200 Holstein bull calves 1 to 5 days old. PROCEDURE: Assessments were performed that included evaluation of fecal consistency, attitude, appetite, and hydration status. Calves with abnormal results were enrolled in the study. Calves were systematically assigned to control or treatment groups (100 calves/group). Calves in the treatment group were given a single i.v. injection of the biologic product at the time of enrollment, whereas control calves were not given the product. Calves were assessed daily for 5 days to evaluate fecal consistency, attitude, appetite, hydration status, and rectal temperature. Assessments were made without knowledge of group assignment. RESULTS: Treatment with the immunomodulating product was not associated with a decrease in the number of calves that had moderate or severe departures from clinically normal conditions for attitude, appetite, or hydration on days 1 though 5, compared with control calves. Fecal consistency scores were significantly greater for treated calves on days 1 (P = 0.03) and 5 (P = 0.02), compared with scores for control calves. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Administration of the nonspecific immunomodulating biologic product did not significantly affect outcome of clinical disease for calves in the treated group, compared with calves in the control group. On the basis of results of this study, we cannot recommend use of the nonspecific immunomodulating biologic product for the treatment of undifferentiated diarrheal disease in neonatal calves.     

Effect of dietary neutral detergent fiber concentration and forage source on performance of lactating cows

'Mott' dwarf elephantgrass, forage sorghum, 'Tifton 81' bermudagrass, and whole corn plant were stored as silage and fed as the only forage source in diets formulated to 31, 35, and 39% NDF. The 12 diets were fed for ad libitum intake as a TMR to midlactation Holstein cows, primarily to determine the effect of NDF concentration and forage source on DMI and milk production. Increased dietary NDF concentration linearly decreased DMI (3.69 to 3.35%) and OM intake (3.39 to 3.06%) as a percentage of BW and linearly increased NDF intake as a percentage of BW (1.15 to 1.32%). Production of milk (23.0 to 21.7 kg/d) and 4% FCM (20.7 to 19.6 kg/d) and percentage of milk protein (3.16 to 3.07%) decreased linearly as dietary NDF concentration increased. Cows fed dwarf elephantgrass silage or corn silage, which were higher quality forage sources based on greater rates and extents of fiber digestion, consumed more DM and produced more milk than cows fed sorghum silage or bermudagrass silage. Cows fed diets containing sorghum silage had the lowest DMI and milk production. Apparent digestibility of NDF and ADF from corn silage and dwarf elephantgrass silage was greater than that of sorghum silage and bermudagrass silage. In addition to dietary NDF concentration, digestibility of dietary fiber influences DMI and milk production.     

Effects of pimozide on escape and discrimination performance in a water-escape task.

Three experiments studied the effects of pimozide (0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg) on discrimination learning of 255 male CD1 mice in a water-escape paradigm in which the degree of motor difficulty was manipulated by varying water temperature. The drug marginally affected escape latencies in relatively warm water (25°C) but markedly disrupted escape latencies when the task was more demanding (e.g., 15 and 20°C water). The escape deficits, however, were not accompanied by disturbances in the acquisition of position discrimination or cue discrimination responses when Ss were required to make the highly prepared response of swimming to light or the contraprepared response of swimming to dark. Data suggest that in tasks involving aversive motivation, pimozide influences performance through its effects on response maintenance but does not appear to affect either associative or motivational processes. (20 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effect of severity of stress on whole-body protein kinetics in surgical patients receiving parenteral nutrition

A study was conducted to clarify the quantitative relationship between the alteration of protein metabolism and the severity of surgical stress to further understand the mechanisms of body nitrogen losses in surgical trauma. Twenty-one patients undergoing esophagectomy for esophageal cancer (group E), and 22 undergoing gastrectomy or colorectal operations for gastric or colorectal cancer (Group GC) were studied. All patients were fed exclusively by parenteral nutrition (PN) providing 1.5 g protein.kg-1.d-1 and 35 kcal.kg-1.d-1 before and after the operation. The measurements of whole-body protein turnover, synthesis, and breakdown were performed preoperatively and on postoperative days (PODs) .3 and 10. Urinary excretion of total nitrogen and total catecholamines was also measured. Urinary excretion of the total catecholamines of group E was twice as high as that of group GC on the POD 3 and well reflected the severity of surgical stress. Negative correlation of nitrogen retention to urinary excretion of the total catecholamines was also observed (r = 0.64; P < 0.01). The correlations between the urinary excretion of the total catecholamines and the whole-body protein flux, synthesis, and breakdown were statistically significant (r = 0.57, 0.27, and 0.57, respectively; P < 0.01 in all). Rate of elevation in breakdown according to the stress level was greater than that of synthesis. Consequently the progressive aggravation of nitrogen balance according to the severity of surgical stress was observed.     

Alfalfa and escape protein supplements for grazed corn residues

Two calf corn-residue grazing trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementing with two alfalfa hays (Medicago sativa), varying in their amount of CP and ADF, with and without escape protein (EP). In Trial 1, heifers (204 kg) grazed (1.36 heifers/ha) non-irrigated fields for 92 d. No difference (P > .05) in ADG was found when medium-protein (16.3% CP) and high-protein (18.0% CP) alfalfa hays were provided at 2.7 kg of DM.heifer-1.d-1. In Trial 2, 60 steers (257 kg) were supplemented individually with medium-protein (17.6% CP) alfalfa hay, 1.86 (MPL) and 2.27 kg DM (MPH), and one level of high-protein (18.7% CP) alfalfa hay, 1.86 kg DM (HPL). In a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments, steers were fed with or without EP (113 g.steer-1.d-1 from blood meal and corn gluten meal). Steers grazed a non-irrigated corn residue field (2.58 steers/ha) for 57 d and were watered and individually supplemented overnight. Diet quality and composition was estimated by collecting extrusa samples twice each week using four esophageally fistulated steers. No effects of alfalfa protein content or level (P > .05) were reflected in gain: 357, 309, and 326 g.steer-1.d-1 for steers receiving MPL, MPH, or HPL alfalfa treatments, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Controllability and safety signals exert dissimilar proactive effects on nociception and escape performance.

In the present experiments we assess the ability of exteroceptive safety signals to proactively mimic shock controllability. In Experiment 1, animals were given escapable shock, yoked inescapable shock, restraint, or yoked shock with a stimulus coincident with shock offset on Day 1 and then given inescapable shock on Day 2. Safety signals attenuated the hypoalgesia following the first shock session. On Day 2, however, animals that had been preshocked with safety signals were not less hypoalgesic than those previously restrained. Conversely, shock controllability did not attenuate the hypoalgesia following the first session but proactively attenuated hypoalgesia during the second. Unlike animals preexposed to controllable shock, those given safety signals evidenced shuttle escape deficits 24 hr following the Day 2 inescapable shock treatment. Safety signals therefore failed to exert "immunization" effects. By employing identical preshock and shuttle test procedures, in Experiment 2 we demonstrated that safety signals completely block development of the escape deficit which otherwise results from the initial inescapable shock exposure. Thus, safety signals effectively reduce the impact of shock delivered in the same session but are ineffective in reducing the effect of subsequent shock. These results suggest that distinct processes underlie the effects of controllability and safety signals. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effect of energy shortage and oxidative stress on amyloid precursor protein metabolism in COS cells

The standard method for assessing the carcinogenicity of lubricating oil base stocks is the mouse skin-painting bioassay. This assay has the advantage of directly measuring the endpoint of interest, dermal carcinogenicity, but has the drawback of being time-consuming and expensive. For this reason, a variety of biological and chemical assays have been developed as predictive alternatives to the in vivo assay. This publication describes the application of three such methods to the assessment of carcinogenic potential of hydrotreated, re-refined oils: the modified Ames test, the analytical determination of 3-7-ring polycyclic aromatic compound content and the 32P-postlabeling assay for DNA adduct induction.     

Effect of processing soybeans on their use by calves

Changes in the fine structure of the hyphae were studied in the course of spore formation by Micropolyspora fascifera. Sporulating hyphae differ from vegetative hyphae by a less dense cytoplasm, a large zone of the nucleoid with distinctly fibrillar structure, and a thin layerless cell wall. Spore formation is accompanied with autolysis of the vegetative hyphae, which consists in vacuolization of the hyphae and appearance of a large number of tubular membrane structures within them. Spores are formed, like in Actinomyces spp., by simultaneous division of the hyphae with septa; the structure of sporulating septa is similar to that of the fragmenting mycelium in Nocardia; the structure of mature spores is similar to that in some Actinomyces spp. Therefore, M. fascifera differs from other Micropolyspora spp. not only by the chemical composition of the cells (the presence of nocardiomicolic acids) but also by their structure. Taxonomic position of the species is discussed.     

Helplessness and escape performance: Glutamate-adenosine interactions in the frontal cortex.

Adenosine has been implicated as a proximate mediator of escape deficits in the learned helplessness paradigm, suggesting that neuronal overactivation--a typical precursor to adenosine release--precedes the inescapable shock-induced impairment (T. R. Minor, W. C. Chang, & J. L. Winslow, 1994). In the present experiments, glutamate (100 μg) injection into the rat frontal cortex produced a deficit in escape performance. Pretest treatment with the adenosine receptor antagonist caffeine (7 mg/kg ip) reversed the effect of glutamate when infused 1 hr, but not 72 hr, after glutamate injection. Finally, microinjection of 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (5 ng) into the frontal cortex prior to inescapable shock prevented the escape deficit. These findings are consistent with the involvement of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation in the frontal cortex in the helplessness effect. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

高能球磨对LiVPO_4F/C的合成及电化学性能的影响

本文采用高能球磨法制备了Li VPO4F/C正极材料,并研究了不同球磨时间以及预烧结的次序对Li VPO4F/C晶体结构、物理和电化学性能的影响。实验结果表明,先球磨后预烧结合成的Li VPO4F/C的颗粒细小、均匀,形貌为类球形;Li VPO4F/C的颗粒大小随着球磨时间的增加先减小后团聚长大;Li VPO4F/C在0.1 C下的首次放电比容量和50次循环后的容量保持率随着球磨时间的增加先增大后减少;球磨后预烧结和球磨前预烧结两种方式合成的Li VPO4F/C正极材料在0.1 C下的首次放电容量分别为133.2 m Ah/g和128.3 m Ah/g,库伦效率分别为97.5%、94.7%,50次循环后,容量衰减率分别为1.8%、4.6%。     

Effect of phenylbutazone and repeated endotoxin administration on hemostasis in neonatal calves

Twenty newborn Holstein calves were allotted at random to 4 groups: group A received 0.9% sterile saline solution; group B received phenylbutazone (5 mg/kg of body weight, IV) and 0.9% sterile saline solution; group C received progressively increasing doses of endotoxin (0.1 to 15 micrograms/kg); and group D received phenylbutazone and endotoxin similarly as did calves of groups B and C, respectively. Phenylbutazone was given once daily and saline solution or endotoxin were given every 8 hours for 5 days. Clinical variables--PCV, plasma total protein and fibrinogen concentrations, platelet count, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and fibrin degradation products concentration were measured at 24-hour intervals. Necropsy was performed on each calf. Phenylbutazone suppressed the clinical response to endotoxin challenge until large doses (7.5 to 15 micrograms/kg) were administered. Calves of groups C and D remained stable until they abruptly developed severe dyspnea necessitating euthanasia. Thrombocytopenia and leukopenia developed after the initial endotoxin dose. Prothrombin time was prolonged and PCV suddenly decreased at 96 hours. Necropsy revealed consistent lesions in the vascular endothelium and lungs. Phenylbutazone administration did not enhance or ameliorate endotoxin-induced hemostatic alterations or pathologic lesions.     

Ventromedial septal lesions in rats reduce the effects of inescapable shock on escape performance and analgesia.

In 2 experiments with 104 male Sprague-Dawley rats, lesions of the ventromedial septum (VMS) reduced or eliminated several effects of exposure to inescapable shock, but lesions of the dorsolateral septum did not. Exp I demonstrated that VMS lesions reduced the loss in body weight produced by inescapable shock and eliminated the subsequent (24 hrs later) interference with escape performance (learned helplessness). Exp II demonstrated that VMS lesions reduced the analgesia that occurs immediately following inescapable shock and the analgesia reinstated by exposure to escapable shock 24 hrs later. Findings indicate that VMS lesions reduce several responses to inescapable shock and suggest the possibility that all of these effects may reflect a unitary deficit. It is hypothesized that VMS lesions reduce these effects of exposure to inescapable shock either by reducing the ability of the rats to learn that their responses and shocks were uncorrelated or by reducing the emotional impact of this lack of correlation. (52 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)