Effect of bovine lactoferrin and human lactoferrin on the proliferative activity of the osteoblast cell line MC3T3-E1 in vitro

We conducted a comparative in vitro study on the proliferative effects of natural human lactoferrin (nhLF) and bovine lactoferrin (bLF) on osteoblasts. We investigated cell proliferation, cell survival, cell cycle, and mRNA and protein expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Results indicated that treatment with 100 μg/mL of bLF or nhLF promoted the proliferation and sustenance of osteoblasts, and increased the length of the G₂/M and S phases compared with the untreated osteoblasts. Results of real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot showed that mRNA and protein expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen by osteoblasts treated with bLF or nhLF were greater than those of the untreated control. At the same concentration, bLF demonstrated a greater effect on osteoblast proliferation than did nhLF. This study provides insights of significance in the utlization of bLF in healthy food formulas.     

Factors affecting the lactoferrin concentration in bovine milk

Lactoferrin (LF) concentrations in the milk with different levels of the somatic cell count score were examined using an ELISA to determine whether milk LF concentration is influenced by parity of the cow, stage of lactation, and the somatic cell count. The study animals were 198 Chinese Holstein cows randomly chosen from more than 1,600 cows in 4 dairy farms in the Beijing area. The cows had shown no sign of mastitis for 2 mo. Daily milk production was recorded, and milk samples were taken from individual cow samples. The LF concentration varied between 31.78 and 485.63 μg/mL in milk from normal animals. Lactoferrin was significantly associated with stage of lactation (r = 0.557) and daily milk production (r = −0.472). Nevertheless, there was no significant relationship with parity. Moreover, milk LF concentration tended to be correlated with the somatic cell count score (r = 0.375). This finding suggests that milk LF may be helpful as an indicator for intramammary infection in dairy cows.     

牛乳中乳铁蛋白的分离纯化研究

牛乳经酸沉淀除酪蛋白后,通过超滤、离子交换法分离纯化得到乳铁蛋白,利用考马斯亮蓝、SDS-PAGE电泳定性定量检测。结果表明:每毫升牛乳能提取乳铁蛋白0.22mg,纯度为95%。     

The effect of bovine milk lactoferrin on human breast cancer cell lines

The evidence that biologically active food components are key environmental factors affecting the incidence of many chronic diseases is overwhelming. However, the full extent of such components in our diet is unknown, as is our understanding of their mechanisms of action. Beyond the interaction of these food components with the gut and intestinal immune functions, whey proteins such as lactoferrin are being tested as anticancer agents. Lactoferrin is an iron-binding protein that has been reported to inhibit several types of cancer. In the present work, the effects of bovine milk lactoferrin on human breast cancer HS578T and T47D cells were studied. The cells were either untreated or treated with lactoferrin concentrations ranging from 0.125 to 125 μM. Lactoferrin decreased the cell viability of HS578T and T47D by 47 and 54%, respectively, and increased apoptosis about 2-fold for both cell lines. Proliferation rates decreased by 40.3 and 63.9% for HS578T and T47D, respectively. For the T47D line, cell migration decreased in the presence of the protein. Although the mechanisms of action are not fully known, the results gathered in this work suggest that lactoferrin interferes with some of the most important steps involved in cancer development.     

Effect of bovine lactoferrin addition to milk in yogurt manufacturing

The aim of this work was to study the effect of milk supplementation with lactoferrin of different iron saturation on the manufacturing and characteristics of yogurt. Bovine lactoferrin was added at concentrations of 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/mL in the holo (iron saturated) and apo (without iron) forms. Some physicochemical properties, such as pH, concentration of lactic acid, and texture of supplemented yogurts, were determined throughout the shelf-life period storage (28 d) at 4°C. We also evaluated the stability of lactoferrin in supplemented yogurt throughout the storage time. The supplementation of milk with bovine lactoferrin did not greatly affect the physical properties of the yogurt, though apo-lactoferrin slightly delayed the decrease of pH. This could be attributed to the partial inhibition observed on the growth of Streptococcus thermophilus. The integrity and immunoreactive concentration of lactoferrin, determined by Western blotting and noncompetitive ELISA, respectively, remained constant throughout the shelf life of yogurt.     

牛乳铁蛋白对中华绒螯蟹免疫功能的影响

为测定牛乳铁蛋白对中华绒螯蟹免疫功能的影响,在基础饲料中分别添加0(对照)、0.1、0.3、0.7、1.0、2.0和5.0 g/kg的牛乳铁蛋白粉,制成颗粒饲料后投喂中华绒螯蟹4周。在试验开始后第1、2、3和4周,分别测定中华绒螯蟹血清酚氧化酶(PO)、超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和溶菌酶(LSZ)活性。结果表明:试验剂量的牛乳铁蛋白能显著增强中华绒螯蟹血清PO、SOD和POD活性(P<0.05),对血清LSZ活性无显著影响(P>0.05)。本试验适宜的添加量为0.3 g/(kg饲料)。     

Screening of Bifidobacterium spp. based on in vitro growth responses to bovine lactoferrin

In the present study, we investigated the in vitro growth responses of fourteen strains of four Bifidobacterium spp. (Bifidobacterium infantis, B. breve, B. bifidum, B. longum) against bovine lactoferrin (bLf) at various concentrations. Bacterial strains were grown in deMan, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) broth with or without bLf, and growth was monitored by measuring absorbance at 660 nm. A dose‐dependent and strain‐dependent growth response was observed. Bifidobacterium spp. were ranked into high, medium and low according to their calculated relative growth response levels against lactoferrin (Lf). Strains showed better growth responses against holo‐type Lf. However, no inhibitory effects at high concentrations (4 mg mL^?1) or with apo‐type Lf were observed. These results strongly suggest that the growth response of Bifidobacterium spp. against bLf may be a selection criterion for their use in fermented products. In addition, use of holo‐type Lf in fermented food products may be more effective for probiotic growth, and could also be used as a source of iron to the host.     

Effect of bovine colostrum on the growth inhibition and differentiation of human leukemic U937 cells

BACKGROUND: Colostrum is the breast milk of female mammals produced within in a short time after giving birth. It is thought to protect neonates from infection as well as to facilitate immune system maturation. In this study the effect of bovine colostrum on the proliferation and differentiation of human leukemic U937 cells was investigated to understand more about its immunomodulatory activity. RESULTS: Human mononuclear cells (MNCs) were stimulated with bovine colostrum (CS) and then filtered to obtain a conditioned medium (CM) (CS‐MNC‐CM). CS‐MNC‐CMs prepared with day 1 to day 4 colostrums inhibited U937 cells by 39.4–64.4%. The expressions of surface markers CD11b and CD14 on U937 cells in the treated groups were 30.6–33.5% and 40.0–42.6% respectively. High levels of cytokines IL‐1β, IFN‐γ and TNF‐α were detected in CS‐MNC‐CMs. CONCLUSION: Evidence indicates that colostrums stimulate human MNCs to secrete cytokines IL‐1β, IFN‐γ and TNF‐α which subsequently inhibit the growth of U937 cells and induce their differentiation into mature monocytes and macrophages. There is a possibility for bovine colostrum to be processed into an anti‐leukemia ingredient for use in health foods. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Osteogenic effects of the peptide fraction derived from pepsin-hydrolyzed bovine lactoferrin

Osteoporosis is a common disease that frequently occurs in the older population, particularly in postmenopausal women. It severely compromises the health of the older population, and the drugs commonly used to treat osteoporosis have a variety of adverse effects. Lactoferrin (LF) is a protein present in milk that has recently been found to exhibit osteogenic activity. Lactoferrin is nontoxic and harmless, suggesting that it may have excellent biocompatibility and tolerability after human consumption. Oral consumption of LF in an ovariectomized rat model has been found to ameliorate osteoporosis. However, the mechanism underlying this effect remains to be clarified. In this study, bovine LF (bLF) was first hydrolyzed by pepsin for 1 h, and the hydrolyzed mixture was freeze-dried and collected. The hydrolyzed mixture was then separated into 5 components (E1–E5), of which E3 had the greatest effect in promoting proliferation of osteoblasts (MC3T3-E1). Component E3 was further isolated into 21 components with preparative reversed phase HPLC, and the E3-15 component had maximal bioactivity. With HPLC-mass spectrometry and peptide sequencing, E3-15 was identified to contain amino acids 97 to 208 from the bLF N terminus. Then, E3-15 was divided into 6 different peptide segments (P1–P6), and the corresponding segments were generated by solid-phase synthesis. Only the P1 peptide (amino acids 97–122 from the N terminus of bLF) significantly promoted osteoblast proliferation. The bioactivity of P1 toward osteoblast cells and alkaline phosphatase activity were tested as a function of P1 concentration, and a nonlinear effect was observed.     

Modified apple polysaccharides could induce apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells

Multiple studies have pointed out that dietary components could inhibit cancer progression and metastasis, and it has been proven that many ingredients of apple have benefits for cancer prevention. We, therefore, extracted modified apple polysaccharides (MAP) from apple and hypothesized that MAP have a cancer-preventive effect as do other ingredients of apple. Three human colorectal cancer cell lines: SW-1116, HT-29, and Caco-2 were exposed to different concentrations of MAP (0% to 0.1%). Inhibition of cell proliferation was measured by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. DNA fragmentation was visualized by agarose-gel electrophoresis. The amount of apoptotic cells was assessed by flow cytometry, and protein level of caspase 3, 8, 9, Bax, and Bcl-2 was evaluated by Western blot. At the concentrations of 0.01% to 0.1%, MAP showed growth-inhibiting and apoptosis-inducing effects on cancer cells. It increased the expression of caspase 3, 8, 9, and Bax, while decreased of Bcl-2, which denoted that MAP may induce apoptosis through both the mitochondrial-mediated and death receptor-mediated apoptotic ways. These data indicate that MAP has the potential for clinical prevention and treatment for colon cancer.     

基因拷贝数对重组毕赤酵母的牛乳铁蛋白功能片段表达及细胞存活率的影响

为了提高牛乳铁蛋白功能片段(bovine lactoferrin functional fragment,BlfFf)产量,研究了基因拷贝数对重组毕赤酵母蛋白表达及酵母存活率的影响。将未折叠蛋白响应(unfolded protein response,UPR)激活因子基因HAC1、信号肽切割酶基因Kex2导入重组毕赤酵母BlfFf G01,并以核糖体r DNA非转录基因间隔区同源整合的方法结合PTVA(posttransformational vector amplification)法扩增重组菌株的基因拷贝数。利用SDS-PAGE、Western Blot、ELISA及流式细胞术分析多拷贝重组菌株发酵产物。分析表明,重组蛋白产量随着BlfFf基因拷贝数的增加而增加,但并非线性递增。HAC1拷贝数为3的BlfFf G12菌株产量相比单拷贝的BlfFf G10提高了150%,但更高的HAC1基因拷贝数降低了重组蛋白产量。流式细胞术分析显示,发酵末细胞存活率随着重组菌株中BlfFf基因拷贝数增加而下降,而HAC1基因拷贝数增加可一定程度上提高细胞存活率。摇瓶中BlfFf产量最高的BlfFf...     

Zearalenone induces apoptosis in bovine mammary epithelial cells by activating endoplasmic reticulum stress

Zearalenone (ZEA) is a common mycotoxin produced by fungi within the genus Fusarium. However, few studies have examined the direct effects of the toxin on the mammary glands. In the present study, the effects of ZEA treatment on bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T) from dairy cows were investigated. The cells were treated with different concentrations of ZEA to evaluate the effect of the toxin on cell viability, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations, mitochondrial membrane potential, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and the expression of apoptosis-related genes. The results indicated that different concentrations (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 50, 60, or 100 μM) of ZEA were able to inhibit growth of MAC-T cells. After exposing the MAC-T cells to 30 μM ZEA, compared with the control group, ROS levels increased, mitochondrial membrane potential decreased, and mRNA expression of the ER-specific stress-related genes GRP78, HSP70, ATF6, EIF2A, ASK1, and CHOP was upregulated in the ZEA-treated group. Further, we analyzed the increase in apoptotic rate by flow cytometry. At the mRNA level, compared with the control group, the expression of the apoptosis-promoting gene BAX was increased in the ZEA-treated group, the expression of the inhibitory gene BCL2 decreased, and the expression of the gene CASP3 increased. We observed a significant increase in caspase-3 activity in ZEA-treated MAC-T cells. Furthermore, the apoptotic rate of the cells in the ZEA group treated with 4-phenylbutyric acid (ER stress inhibitor) decreased and the mRNA expression levels of ER stress markers GRP78 and CHOP decreased. Compared with the ZEA treatment group, the mRNA expression level of the apoptosis-related gene BAX was decreased and the expression level of BCL2 was increased in the ZEA + 4-phenylbutyric acid cotreatment group. These findings indicate that ZEA-induced ER stress increases apoptosis in MAC-T cells. The treatment of MAC-T cells with ZEA reduced cell viability, increased ROS content, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, increased ER stress marker expression, and induced apoptosis.     

锌、铁饱和乳铁蛋白体外抗HBsAg分泌的研究

目的:探讨锌饱和乳铁蛋白(Zn2+-BLF)、铁饱和乳铁蛋白(Fe2+-BLF)体外抑制乙型肝炎表面抗原分泌作用,为锌、铁乳铁蛋白应用于临床治疗乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染提供理论和试验依据。方法:以天然HBV感染HepG2细胞为模型,通过应用ELISA法测定细胞上清中的HBsAg水平来检测Zn2+-BLF、Fe2+-BLF的抗HBsAg分泌效果,并用MTT法对Zn2+-BLF、Fe2+-BLF对HepG2细胞的毒性进行研究。结果:Zn2+-BLF、Fe2+-BLF对细胞的最大无毒剂量(TD0)分别为1.5g/L、3.0g/L;先用HBV对HepG2细胞进行感染,再分别加入Zn2+-BLF、Fe2+-BLF,各浓度组Zn2+-BLF均对HBsAg分泌有一定抑制作用,Zn2+-BLF浓度1.0g/L时对HBsAg的抑制率达60.49%;浓度为1.0g/L、0.5g/L的Fe2+-BLF能显著抑制HBsAg的分泌,但0.1g/L的Fe2+-BLF不能显著抑制HBsAg的分泌。结论:当HepG2细胞感染HBV后,Zn2+-BLF、Fe2+-BLF可以显著抑制HBsAg的分泌,Zn2+-BLF对HBsAg的抑制作用强于Fe2+-BLF,但其作用机理有待深入研究。     

Evaluating the in vitro efficacy of bovine lactoferrin products against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern

Bovine lactoferrin (bLF), a naturally occurring glycoprotein found in milk, has bioactive characteristics against many microbes, viruses, and other pathogens. Bovine lactoferrin strongly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro through direct entry inhibition and immunomodulatory mechanisms. This study reports on the anti-SARS-CoV-2 efficacy of commercially available bLF and common dairy ingredients in the human lung cell line H1437 using a custom high-content imaging and analysis pipeline. We also show for the first time that bLF has potent efficacy across different viral strains including the South African B.1.351, UK B.1.1.7, Brazilian P.1, and Indian Delta variants. Interestingly, we show that bLF is most potent against the B.1.1.7 variant [half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) = 3.7 µg/mL], suggesting that this strain relies on entry mechanisms that are strongly inhibited by bLF. We also show that one of the major proteolysis products of bLF, lactoferricin B 17–41, has a modest anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity that could add to the clinical significance of this protein for SARS-CoV-2 treatment as lactoferricin is released by pepsin during digestion. Finally, we show that custom chewable lactoferrin tablets formulated in dextrose or sorbitol have equivalent potency to unformulated samples and provide an option for future human clinical trials. Lactoferrin's broad inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 variants in conjunction with the low cost and ease of production make this an exciting clinical candidate for treatment or prevention of SARS-CoV-2 in the future.     

Selenomethionine activates selenoprotein S,suppresses Fas/FasL and the mitochondrial pathway,and reduces Escherichia coli-induced apoptosis of bovine mammary epithelial cells

Escherichia coli is a major environmental pathogen causing bovine mastitis, characterized by cell death and mammary tissue damage. Apoptosis, a form of cell death, has an important role in the pathogenesis of mastitis. Selenium, an essential trace element, protects against mastitis by acting through several biochemical pathways, potentially including prevention of apoptosis. Our objective was to investigate whether selenomethionine (SeMet) attenuated E. coli-induced apoptosis in bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMEC). These cells were cultured in vitro and treated with 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 μM SeMet for 12 h, with or without E. coli (multiplicity of infection of 5) for 8 h. Treatment with SeMet/Z-IE(OMe)TD(OMe)-FMK (ZIK)/Z-LE(OMe)HD(OMe)-FMK (ZLK, specific inhibitors of caspase-8 and -9, respectively) significantly counteracted effects of E. coli on bMEC. Specifically, SeMet upregulated selenoprotein S (SeS) and increased mitochondrial membrane potential and the ratio of Bcl-2 and Bax. Furthermore, it decreased protein expressions of Fas, FasL, FADD, cleaved caspase-8, cytochrome c, cleaved caspase-9, and cleaved caspase-3, namely, decreasing protein expression of the Fas/FasL and mitochondrial pathways. Furthermore, it downregulated total apoptosis indexes in E. coli-infected bMEC. Although ZIK and ZLK (specific inhibitors of caspases 8 and 9, respectively) significantly inhibited Fas/FasL and the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and apoptosis indexes, respectively, substantial apoptosis still occurred. In conclusion, SeMet attenuated E. coli-induced apoptosis in bMEC by activating SeS, associated with Fas/FasL and mitochondrial pathways.     

Effects of highly ripened cheeses on HL-60 human leukemia cells: Antiproliferative activity and induction of apoptotic DNA damage

To establish cheese as a dairy product with health benefits, we examined the multifunctional role of cheeses. In this report, we clarify whether different types of commercial cheeses may possess antiproliferative activity using HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cell lines as a cancer model. Among 12 cheese extracts tested, 6 (Montagnard, Pont-l’Eveque, Brie, Camembert, Danablue, and Blue) revealed strong growth inhibition activity and induction of DNA fragmentation in HL-60 cells. Based on the quantification of nitrogen contents in different cheese samples, a positive correlation between the ripeness of various cheeses and their antiproliferative activity tested in HL-60 cells was displayed. Four varieties of Blue cheese ripened for 0, 1, 2, or 3 mo demonstrated that the Blue cheese ripened for a long term was capable of causing the strong suppression of the cell growth and the induction of apoptotic DNA damage as well as nucleic morphological change in HL-60 cells. Collectively, these results obtained suggest a potential role of highly ripened cheeses in the prevention of leukemic cell proliferation.     

金钗石斛脂溶性生物碱提取物诱导人结肠癌 HT-29 细胞凋亡

目的:研究金钗石斛脂溶性生物碱提取物对人结肠癌HT-29细胞生长的抑制作用及其诱导细胞凋亡的分子机制。方法:MTT法检测金钗石斛脂溶性生物碱提取物对HT-29细胞存活率的影响,Hoechst33342染色法观察细胞形态学变化,流式细胞仪检测胞内活性氧水平、线粒体膜电位、细胞周期和细胞凋亡率变化;蛋白免疫印迹检法测蛋白Caspase-3,9和胞内细胞色素C的表达。结果:金钗石斛脂溶性生物碱提取物能降低HT-29结肠癌细胞存活率,呈剂量和时间效应,48 h半数抑制浓度（IC50）为0.72 mg/m L;金钗石斛脂溶性生物碱提取物能诱导HT-29细胞凋亡,并诱导细胞周期阻滞于G2期;金钗石斛脂溶性生物碱提取物诱使线粒体膜电位降低,胞内活性氧浓度升高;激活型Caspase-9,3与胞内细胞色素C表达水平增高。结论:金钗石斛脂溶性生物碱提取物对HT-29结肠癌细胞的生长具有抑制作用并诱导细胞凋亡,其可能通过线粒体凋亡途径诱导细胞凋亡。      

葛根黄酮提取物对HL-60细胞bc1-2和bax基因表达的影响

目的：探讨葛根黄酮提取物对HL-60细胞bcl—2和bax基因表达的影响。方法：用RT—PCR和蛋白质免疫印迹技术检测葛根黄酮提取物、葛根素和大豆甙元处理HL-60后，对bcl—2和bax基因的mRNA和蛋白表达的影响。结果：葛根黄酮提取物、葛根素和大豆甙元处理HL-60细胞后能够上调bax mRNA表达水平，下调bcl-2蛋白表达和上调Bax蛋白表达，且随着处理时间的延长其诱导下调和上调能力增强。结论：葛根黄酮提取物诱导HL-60细胞凋亡与其下调bcl-2mRNA和蛋白表达水平和其上调bax mRNA和蛋白表达水平有关。