平面双足机器人虚拟斜坡行走步态生成算法研究

在平面双足机器人上应用虚拟斜坡行走方法设计了具有4个参数的步态生成算法．根据虚拟斜坡行走成立的基本条件研究了步态参数之间的关系,最终将独立参数减少到3个．步态参数具有明确的物理意义,可以实时地、便捷地调节行走速度．在平面机器人Stepper上采用所提出的步态生成算法,实现了1.243.88腿长秒的连续速度切换．     

立方体机器人自抗扰平衡控制方法

针对立方体机器人动力学模型多变量、强耦合的问题,提出一种基于自抗扰控制的平衡控制器设计方法.引入虚拟控制量,并在控制量与输出向量之间并行地嵌入多个自抗扰控制器,从而实现对多变量系统的解耦控制,将系统的动态耦合和外部扰动视为各自通道上的自抗扰控制器的总扰动,在为期望姿态安排过渡过程基础上,设计扩张状态观测器对总扰动进行估计并实时补偿.综合采用经验试凑法和带宽法对控制器参数进行整定,对自抗扰控制器系统进行稳定控制、姿态跟踪、抗扰性和鲁棒性实验,并与PID控制系统进行定量对比分析.仿真结果表明,所设计的自抗扰控制器不仅能有效实现立方体机器人的平衡控制,而且较PID控制器具有更好的响应速度、控制精度和强鲁棒性.     

复杂条件下倒立摆摆角控制设计与实验研究

首先,研究复杂条件下倒立摆系统的自抗扰摆角控制,将实际系统存在的周期扰动、模型不确定性和间隙迟滞非线性等效成控制系统的输入端扰动．然后,利用扩张状态对输入端扰动进行建模和估计,通过设计扩张状态观测器和状态反馈实现复杂条件下倒立摆系统的摆角控制．最后,针对一类直线倒立摆进行仿真和实验研究．实验结果表明,倒立摆系统的自抗扰摆角控制能够克服三类影响因素对系统性能的影响,并保持良好的控制效果．     

抗扰控制中的不变性原理

不变性原理是抗扰控制理论的基本原理,抗扰性能是不变性原理的外在表现.本文对双通道扰动补偿控制、内模控制、基于扰动观测器的控制和自抗扰控制中的不变性原理进行分析;给出了这些抗扰控制方法之间的内在联系;指出自抗扰控制为内含由两种不变性实现的三自由度结构.自抗扰控制采用总扰动的估计和补偿实现了广义被控对象的动态模型的不变性;采用状态误差反馈控制率实现了准滑动模控制,从而进一步实现对扰动的不变性.按照不变性原理可以更好地把握抗扰控制的本质、简化控制思想的描述和指导工程实践.     

基于微分预报的机载雷达稳定平台自抗扰控制系统

为了进一步提高机载雷达稳定平台的抗干扰能力,以满足其愈来愈高的精度需求;提出一种基于“先微分,后预报”的机载雷达稳定平台自抗扰控制方案;对比于传统自抗扰控制器,此方案将扩张状态观测器的扰动观测输出通过微分预报之后在补偿系统的扰动,有效地减少了扰动估计滞后的现象,显著提高了对系统扰动补偿的实时性;通过Matlab仿真实验表明,“先微分,后预报”自抗扰控制方案的超调量仅有1.11%,稳态时间只有0.52 s,远远小于PID控制,而其对扰动的响应幅值仅为PID控制的12.8%,且与PID控制相比,其对连续扰动的抑制能力更为优秀。     

基于重置状态观测器的加热炉随机扰动自抗扰控制方法

针对钢坯加热过程中炉温控制存在严重的外部随机扰动问题,提出一种基于重置状态观测器的加热炉随机扰动自抗扰控制方法,其核心思想是将随机扰动对炉温控制系统状态的影响归结为对输出的影响,并进行主动补偿.首先,设计一个自适应重置状态观测器来快速跟踪系统的状态;其次,设计一个随机扰动估计器来估量这些扰动,并补偿于系统的输入通道;最后,设计基于重置状态观测器的加热炉随机扰动自抗扰控制系统,并进行数值仿真验证所提出方法的有效性和优越性.     

非仿射纯反馈非线性系统的自抗扰控制

针对一类具有外部扰动的不确定非仿射纯反馈非线性系统,结合反演和自抗扰技术,提出了一种新的控制设计方案,该方案中反演设计的每一步引入了自抗扰设计,同时采用微分器和扩展状态观测器分别估计虚拟控制的导数和系统的未知部分.与现有设计方法不同,它不是直接利用逼近定理来构建理想的控制器.该方案设计过程简单,并且通过输入状态稳定性分析证明了系统状态能渐近收敛到原点的任意小邻域内.仿真结果证实了该方法的有效性.     

基于线性自抗扰的开关磁阻电机调速控制研究

开关磁阻电机调速系统是复杂的非线性时变系统,负载扰动大,变量之间耦合严重,针对上述系统的性能特点提出采用线性自抗扰控制策略对系统进行控制的方法。首先为克服负载扰动变化,电机磁链呈非线性以及电流、位置等参数耦合的内外部干扰问题,设计扩张状态观测器对系统内扰和外扰进行准确估计并实时补偿。然后设计PD（比例-微分）控制器抑制系统给定与扩张状态观测器反馈的观测对象状态变量之间的跟踪误差。最后在仿真平台上对设计的控制系统进行试验并与传统PID控制方案进行对比,结果显示,对于给定的阶跃信号线性自抗扰控制器只需0.09s即可达到稳态且无超调,而PID控制器需要3s才能实现稳定跟踪。因此相比于传统PID控制,线性自抗扰控制器拥有更优的动静态性能,并且系统在外部负载扰动和内部模型参数变化的情况下也有良好的控制效果,表现出了很好的鲁棒特性。     

运动平台上光电跟踪系统的自抗扰控制器设计

针对运动平台上光电跟踪系统既要有很强的抗扰动性能,又要能快速跟踪运动目标的特点,设计了稳定平台的自抗扰控制器.通过对闭环带宽的分析,改进了自抗扰控制器的结构,使闭环系统有较高的带宽.设计了扩张状态观测器对平台的扰动进行观测、补偿,并分析了系统鲁棒稳定性对扩张状态观测器的限制条件.实验结果显示,与采用PI控制相比,自抗扰控制器的稳定跟踪能力和扰动抑制能力都有一定的提高.其中,对阶跃信号的稳态跟踪误差不到PI的一半,而在2Hz附近扰动抑制比有6dB的提高.     

高精度轨迹跟踪的6-PRRS并联机器人自抗扰控制研究

针对6-PRRS并联机器人控制系统的非线性、耦合等特性,采用分散控制策略。在关节空间设计强鲁棒性的自抗扰控制器对其进行控制．该自抗扰控制器由非线性跟踪微分器、扩张状态观测器、非线性PD和扰动补偿4部分组成．具有模型补偿功能的扩张状态观测器可以获得系统的状态估计和未知外扰的实时作用量,使系统性能得到有效补偿．该控制器以离散的形式进行设计,易于工程实现．仿真结果证明了所提出的控制策略具有强鲁棒性,跟踪性能良好．     

面向变高度连续台阶的双足欠驱动步行稳定控制

针对欠驱动双足机器人在已知变高度台阶上的稳定控制,提出了一种基于自适应前馈算法的稳定步行控制策略．首先,考虑地面变形,将地面等效为“弹簧-阻尼”系统,并建立“机器人-台阶”耦合动力学模型．其次,将“机器人-台阶”这一“多输入-多输出”模型简化为由质心位移和速度构成的“单输入-单输出”模型．然后,使用变坡度斜坡等效变高度台阶,根据台阶高度确定等效斜坡倾角和机器人理想步长;同时引入自适应控制系数,并根据等效斜坡倾角调整该控制系数,实现质心对参考速度的跟踪．最后,在台阶高度变化小于0.032 m的环境中进行数值仿真试验,验证控制策略的有效性．仿真结果表明：本文提出的控制策略可以实现已知变高度台阶上的稳定步行．     

变长度弹性伸缩腿双足机器人半被动起步行走仿人控制

传统双足机器人行走使用轨迹跟踪控制,而人类行走大部分时间处于被动状态.针对半被动变长度弹性伸缩腿双足机器人从静止状态开始起步行走的问题,提出了一种起步行走仿人控制方法.首先,使用串联弹性驱动双足弹簧负载倒立摆(B-SLIP)模型;然后,利用拉格朗日方法建立行走动力学方程,并利用模型的自稳定性在双支撑阶段采用能量误差比例...     

High-speed and energy-efficient biped locomotion based on Virtual Slope Walking

In our previous work, we have presented results on Virtual Slope Walking, that is when a robot walks on level ground down a virtual slope by leg length modulation, based on the potential energy restoration in Passive Dynamic Walking. In this paper, we introduce the model of Virtual Slope Walking with Trajectory Leg Extension (TLE) and equivalent Instantaneous Leg Extension (ILE) under the Equivalent Definition. The analytic solution of the model’s fixed point is obtained to analyze the essence of Virtual Slope Walking. We systematically investigate the characteristics and illustrate the effect of model parameters: the length-shortening ratio β, the equivalent extension angle q^*_II\theta^{*}_{\mathrm{II}}, and the inter-leg angle ϕ ₀. We examine the energy efficiency and walking speed to demonstrate that Virtual Slope Walking is effective in generating high speed and energy-efficient walking. The high energy efficiency of the proposed model is theoretically confirmed. And the fast walking is validated by the experiments of a planar biped robot Stepper-2D, which achieves a sufficiently fast relative speed of 4.48 leg/s.     

足式机器人SLIP模型向上跳跃台阶的运动控制

由于存在地势起伏,台阶对足式机器人运动稳定性会带来较大挑战.弹簧负载倒立摆模型(SLIP)作为研究足式机器人的优良模板,能否完成向上跳跃台阶的动作与其腿部摆角,起跳位置和跳跃高度都有密切的关系.由于调整模型腿部摆角规律容易引发运动失效,故本文在算法中引入虚拟弹簧腿,根据虚拟弹簧腿的运行规律确定合理起跳位置,根据起跳位置来控制系统跳跃高度进而完成跳跃台阶的动作.最后利用仿真软件进行多组仿真,结果表明本文算法对起跳区间划分合理,对起跳高度控制精准,能够实现SLIP模型跳跃台阶前后的稳定运动.     

Swing-Leg Retraction for Limit Cycle Walkers Improves Disturbance Rejection

Limit cycle walkers are bipeds that exhibit a stable cyclic gait without requiring local controllability at all times during gait. A well-known example of limit cycle walking is McGeer's ldquopassive dynamic walking,rdquo but the concept expands to actuated bipeds as involved in this study. One of the stabilizing effects in limit cycle walkers is the dissipation of energy that occurs when the swing foot hits the ground. We hypothesize that this effect can be enhanced with a negative relation between the step length and step time. This relation is implemented through an open-loop strategy called swing-leg retraction; a predefined time trajectory for the swing leg makes the swing leg move backwards just prior to foot impact. In this paper, we study the effect of swing-leg retraction through three bipeds; a simple point mass simulation model, a realistic simulation model, and a physical prototype. Their stability is analyzed using Floquet multipliers, followed by an evaluation of how well disturbances are handled using the Gait Sensitivity Norm. We find that mild swing-leg retraction is optimal for the disturbance rejection of a limit cycle walker, as it results in a system response that is close to critically damped, rejecting the disturbance in the fewest steps. Slower retraction results in an overdamped response, characterized by a positive dominant Floquet multiplier. Likewise, faster retraction results in an underdamped response, characterized by a negative Floquet multiplier.     

Constraint and exploitation of redundant degrees of freedom during walking

What kind of leg trajectories are selected during human walking? To address this question, we have analyzed leg trajectories from two points of view: constraint and exploitation of redundant degrees of freedom. First, we computed the optimal leg swing trajectories for forward and backward walking that minimize energy cost for the condition of having some stretch of elastic components at the beginning of the leg swing and found that the optimal trajectories explain the characteristics of measured trajectories. Second, we analyzed how and when leg joints cooperate to adjust the toe position relative to the hip position during walking and found that joint coordination (i.e., joint synergy) is exploited at some control points during human walking, e.g., the toe height when it passes through its lowest position from the ground and the leg posture at the beginning of the double-support phase. These results suggest that the basic constraint in selecting a leg trajectory would be the minimization of energy cost; however, the joint trajectory is not strictly controlled over the entire trajectory and redundant degrees of freedom are exploited to adjust the foot position at some critical points that stabilizing walking.     

4足步行机器人斜坡运动的研究

在4足步行机的运动环境中,上下坡是一种基本的典型环境.本文研究了缩放式4足步行机在上下坡环境中运动的一些基本规律,得出了上下坡时4足步行机在不同坡度下的最大步长,最佳机体高度.对4足步行机上下坡时能保持稳定运动的边界环境条件也进行了研究.     

Demonstration and Analysis of Quadrupedal Passive Dynamic Walking

Animals, including human beings, can travel in a variety of environments adaptively. Legged locomotion makes this possible. However, legged locomotion is temporarily unstable and finding out the principle of walking is an important matter for optimum locomotion strategy or engineering applications. As one of the challenges, passive dynamic walking has been studied on this. Passive dynamic walking is a walking phenomenon in which a biped walking robot with no actuator walks down a gentle slope. The gait is very smooth (like a human) and much research has been conducted on this. Passive dynamic walking is mainly about bipedalism. Considering that there are more quadruped animals than bipeds and a four-legged robot is easier to control than a two-legged robot, quadrupedal passive dynamic walking must exist. Based on the above, we studied saggital plane quadrupedal passive dynamic walking simulation. However, it was not enough to attribute the result to the existence of quadrupedal passive dynamic walking. In this research, quadrupedal passive dynamic walking is experimentally demonstrated by the four-legged walking robot 'Quartet 4'. Furthermore, changing the type of body joint, slope angle, leg length and variety of gaits (characteristics in four-legged animals) was observed passively. Experimental data could not have enough walking time and could not change parameters continuously. Then, each gait was analyzed quantitatively by the experiment and three-dimensional simulation.     

基于VR设备中IMU的无手交互方法研究

随着头戴式显示设备的发展,在基于虚拟现实(VR,virtual reality)的教育培训中,存在用户与设备间进行交互的场景;针对用户与VR视频中对象的模拟靠近与躲避问题,提出了姿态感知与步态识别相结合的方法;通过姿态感知算法解算用户头部姿态,通过步态识别算法识别出人体的静止与行走状态,进而在行走状态时,将计算所得航向角和固定步长代入三角函数公式进行位置更新,在静止状态时,保持位置不变;实验证明,提出的姿态感知算法可以有效的计算出使用者头部的姿态,与商用惯性测量单元提供的姿态角相比具有1.1×10-2的平均姿态偏差;提出的步态识别算法可以有效地识别出人体的静止与行走状态;所提出的两者结合的交互方法,可以有效地实现虚拟的靠近与躲避.