含腐蚀凹坑缺陷管道的安全评定方法

对含腐蚀凹坑缺陷的压力管道进行了有限元弹塑性分析和试验研究 ,得到了含不同球形凹坑缺陷压力管道在内压和弯矩联合作用下的极限载荷 (弯矩 ) ,在此基础上提出了在役含球形凹坑缺陷管道的工程安全评定方法     

含局部减薄缺陷压力管道的塑性极限载荷数值分析和安全评定研究

局部减薄是压力管道一种常见的体积型缺陷。对含体积型缺陷管道,一般采用塑性极限载荷评价其承载能力和安全性。因此准确预测含局部减薄缺陷压力管道的极限载荷,对于压力管道的安全评定具有重要意义。通过有限元分析的方法,对承受内压、弯矩及弯矩和内压组合作用下的局部减薄压力管道极限载荷开展了研究工作。研究结果表明,在内压单独作用时,局部减薄缺陷的深度和轴向长度压力管道极限载荷影响显著,而周向长度的影响较小;在弯矩单独作用时,局部减薄缺陷的深度与周向长度对压力管道极限弯矩的影响显著,而轴向长度的影响较小。根据计算结果,得到了含局部减薄缺陷管道在内压和弯矩载荷联合作用下的安全评定方法。     

带体积型缺陷压力管道极限载荷的有限元分析

利用有限元弹塑性分析方法,对含体积型缺陷的压力管道进行了非线性分析,研究了腐蚀缺陷的长度、宽度和深度对压力管道极限载荷的影响。并和含腐蚀缺陷管道的全尺寸爆破试验结果以及ASME B31G计算的结果进行对比,证明有限元方法在分析腐蚀缺陷管道的可行性。     

含相互作用缺陷海洋立管极限载荷数值分析

对含相互作用缺陷的海洋立管极限载荷进行分析,考虑了相邻缺陷间轴向距离对含缺陷管道极限载荷的影响,由于材料和缺陷尺寸的非线性,采用有限元分析软件ANSYS进行分析计算,得到管道极限载荷与缺陷尺寸和距离的关系曲线,研究表明相邻缺陷间轴向距离对缺陷管线的影响较大,特别是当缺陷间距离较近时。结果与国内外相关的海洋管道腐蚀缺陷评价标准中的规定是一致的,证明含相互作用缺陷海洋立管极限载荷的分析计算采用有限元非线性分析是可行的。     

环焊缝含错边缺陷压力管道的极限载荷分析

压力管道是石油天然气工业中的特殊设备,在管道安装中,由于施焊条件的限制,管道连接环焊缝往往存在一些焊接缺陷,错边缺陷是常见的也是难以避免的缺陷之一.文中针对环焊缝含错边缺陷的压力管道,建立有限元模型,计算管道的极限载荷.在有限元计算结果的基础上,将极限载荷拟合为管道直径、壁厚及缺陷大小的函数.数值验算表明,拟合关系公式...     

外载荷作用下含腐蚀缺陷高钢级管道失效研究

为研究弯矩、轴力等外部载荷以及缺陷参数对含腐蚀缺陷高钢级管道失效压力的影响，采用非线性有限元方法，建立弯矩、轴力载荷与内压共同作用下管道有限元模型，分析了弯矩、轴力载荷大小、腐蚀缺陷参数以及管道径厚比等因素对管道失效压力的影响规律。结果表明：弯矩和轴力载荷均会降低管道失效压力，轴力载荷作用下失效压力的下降幅度更大。缺陷参数各影响因素对管道失效压力下降趋势影响从强到弱依次为缺陷深度、缺陷长度、缺陷宽度。失效压力随缺陷深度增大呈线性下降。缺陷长度系数大于6时，失效压力下降趋势逐渐减缓。随缺陷宽度增大，较大的轴力载荷能显著降低失效压力。管道的径厚比越大，管道失效压力越大。     

失效评定图在含缺陷压力管道断裂评定中的应用

提出了用失效评定图评定承受复合载荷的含缺陷压力管道的评定方法，并利用失效评定图辅助确定含缺陷压力管道允许的最大裂纹长度。     

含凹坑压力管道受轴向弯矩时的极限载荷分析

采用ANSYS有限元分析软件对含外壁凹坑的压力管道受轴向弯矩时的极限载荷进行了研究,建立了压力管道有限元模型,检验了有限元模型的计算结果。研究结果给出了管道结构塑性区扩展过程,分析了凹坑几何尺寸对管道极限载荷值的影响规律,结果表明,有限元模型计算结果与实测值比较吻合。     

环焊缝含不同心缺陷压力管道的极限载荷分析

针对环焊缝含不同心缺陷的压力管道,建立有限元模型,计算管道的极限载荷.在有限元计算结果的基础上,将极限载荷拟合为管道直径、壁厚及缺陷大小的函数.数值验算表明,拟合关系公式在管径从500 ～ 900 mm,壁厚从6～10 mm,不同心量从1°～10°范围内具有很高的精确度.     

含缺陷压力管道模糊失效概率的分析计算方法

应用模糊随机概率理论,在同时考虑压力管道评定参数的随机性和失效模式模糊性的基础上,指出含缺陷压力管道的失效概率实际上是一个模糊随机概率,进而提出了计算含缺陷压力管道模糊失效概率的方法。这种方法与仅考虑参数的随机性相比,更科学合理、更符合工程实际。     

Point load effect on the buried polyolefin pipes lifetime

Polymer pipe lifetime is conventionally estimated by internal pressure test. However, important for service are also other types of loading as: additional bending, different type of external loading from sand embedding, or effect of the residual stresses. One of the dangerous type of loading is so‐called “point load” caused, for example, by stones in the soil. The present article is focused on the numerical prediction of this effect on the pipe lifetime. For the lifetime estimation of a polymer pipe under point loading, an approach based on combination of numerical calculation and experimental measurements was used. A special numerical algorithm, which optimizes modeled crack front shape according to the real one during simulation of crack propagation, was proposed. Finally, an analytical relationship for the estimation of fracture parameters of propagating crack across the pipe wall crucial for the pipe lifetime estimation is presented in the paper. A significant reduction of the residual lifetime was found for the cracked pipe loaded by additional point load (consideration of indentation effects of stones in the soil) in comparison with pipe loaded by internal pressure only. The approach presented contributes to the safer service of polyolefin pipes. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 56:79–86, 2016. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers     

PR1型聚乙烯缠绕结构壁管的环刚度计算方法研究

聚乙烯缠绕结构壁管的环刚度是其抵抗径向变形的重要性能参数,影响着其外压承载能力。以PR1型截面的埋地聚乙烯缠绕结构壁管为例,对管道轴向截面进行截面单元划分,同时,综合考虑截面发生变形、局部材料迁移等情况,建立截面单元的简化计算模型,并对截面单元关键尺寸参数进行修正。在此基础上,研究PR1型聚乙烯缠绕结构壁管环刚度的计算方法;通过实例验证了PR1型聚乙烯缠绕结构壁管的截面单元的形心、惯性矩以及环刚度计算方法的准确性,相关研究方法与结果将对聚乙烯缠绕结构壁管的设计、生产与使用以及其他复杂截面管道的环刚度计算提供一定的参考作用。     

小尺寸稳态实验方法在PE管道中的应用

介绍了小尺寸稳态实验（简称S4）的实验原理，实验装置，温度及管壁厚度等因素对止裂性能的影响。分析认为：S4是模拟聚乙烯压力管道的快速裂纹扩展的一种有效方法。S4的临界压强是衡量管道承受压力的一个标准。实验先将压强确定为0.4MPa，若裂纹快速扩展，则取其一半，若止裂，则取其2倍，反复6次即可得到所需的临界压强值。     

Morphology and property of polyethylene pipe extruded at the low mandrel rotation

During the rotation extrusion of polyethylene (PE) pipes, with the rotating mandrel, compressed air as a cooling medium was introduced through their interior to achieve the quick cooling of the inner wall. The experimental results showed that the hoop stress exerted by mandrel rotation could promote the molecular orientation in the hoop direction; moreover, the introduction of compressed air could quicken its inner wall's cooling rate so as to slow down the relaxation of the oriented molecule and to reserve the orientation structure. Therefore, the hoop orientation degree increased with the increasing inner wall's cooling rate. As a result, the performance of the PE pipe was greatly enhanced. The hoop tensile strength of the PE pipe produced by the novel extrusion method increased from original 24.1 MPa up to 35 MPa; the pipe's crack initiation time increased from 27 to 60 h and the crack growth rate slowed down. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 50:1743–1750, 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers     

聚乙烯管材SCG性能评价及寿命预测论述

管材的慢速裂纹萌生和扩展至管材破坏的时间是评价管材使用性能的一项重要指标。随着原材料性能的提高,聚乙烯(PE)管材抗裂纹萌生和耐慢速裂纹扩展的能力大幅提高。优异的PE100 RC管材在FNCT、PENT等实验评价方法下,测评时间均超过15000 h。PE管慢速裂纹评价方法普遍存在实验条件复杂、重复性差等问题,严重制约了PE管材的开发进程。对此,国外学者提出了更简洁快速的评价方法——循环载荷缺口圆棒(CRB)法。文章着重论述了,循环载荷CRB法对管材SCG性能及管材寿命预测的评价,同时,论述了几种管材性能评价方法的相关性。最后,指出了循环载荷CRB方法后续用作其他塑料管评价的研究方向。     

Experimental investigation of the effect of residual stresses on rapid crack propagation in polyethylene (PE100) pipes

Pipe extruded from polyethylene of strength class PE100 was tested using the ISO 13477 Small Scale Steady State “S4” method, to investigate the effect of frozen‐in stress on rapid crack propagation (RCP). It was found that the lower the residual stress, the lower the S4 critical temperature T_cS4 for RCP. Different experimental thermal treatments were used to independently modify residual stresses and crystallinity, to study the separate effects on RCP. It was found that the effect of crystallinity was less significant than that of residual stresses. It has previously been suggested that the residual stress influence on T_cS4 is determined by the balance of two mechanisms: additional stored strain energy prior to fracture helps to drive the crack, while the closing moment after fracture helps to close the flaring pipe wall. Tests on annealed specimens suggested that the first effect dominates, especially soon after crack initiation. However, the observed effect seems too large to be explained by this mechanism, and we suggest that the observed benefit from annealing may be better explained by a change in crack front shape. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2013. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers     

船舶蒸汽蓄热器放汽管路热冲击特性预测

船舶放汽管路具有放汽周期短、热冲击能量高、负荷波动大的特点,其运行特性直接影响蒸汽蓄热器的安全稳定工作。以典型船舶蒸汽蓄热器放汽管路为原型,采用标准k-ε模型计算湍流脉动过程,通过数值模拟的方法计算了船舶蒸汽蓄热器放汽管路的水动力特性,获得流速、压力、湍动能及壁面剪切应力等参数的分布规律,基于流致振动而诱发流体热冲击的机理,揭示了与流致振动密切相关的热冲击能量图谱。计算结果显示,在高温高压饱和蒸汽掺混流动过程中,三通管区域呈现蒸汽冲击流速高,湍流脉动剧烈,壁面剪切应力大的特点;基于蒸汽热冲击能量分布图谱,放汽管路上弯管和三通管件局部区域蒸汽热冲击能量较大,其中三通管热冲击能量最大,可以预测三通管件承受的热冲击破损最严重,实物检测破损数据验证了数值预测结果。     

Interpretation of results of full notch creep test and comparison with notched pipe test

Abstract

An investigation of two tests commonly used to determine resistance to slow crack growth in PE pipes and materials is detailed, in order to gain a greater understanding of the mechanisms involved and to resolve differences in results observed. The full notch creep test (FNCT) is carried out on small notched bars machined from sheet or pipe loaded to create high constraint at the notch tip. The notched pipe test (NPT) is a pressure test on pipe containing external machined notches. In this test, it has been observed that the use of more flexible materials allows deformation in the crack tip region and contributes to slow crack growth resistance via crack tip blunting. Good pipe performance can be achieved by selecting materials with high inherent slow crack growth resistance or by combining inherent resistance with blunting mechanisms promoted by a lower density material. It is concluded that the FNCT test, while useful for an indication of inherent slow crack growth resistance, cannot be used to predict pipe performance for a range of materials, and therefore is unsuitable as a reference test for a pipe product specification. The NPT test remains the benchmark test for pipe performance and is referenced by many specifications.     

High-density polyethylene pipe with high resistance to slow crack growth prepared via rotation extrusion

Slow crack growth (SCG) is one failure principal mode in polyethylene (PE) pressure pipe applications. In the conventional extrusion process, the molecular chains in the plastic pipes are oriented along the axial direction, which are disadvantageous to their resistance to SCG. In order to change the orientation direction of molecules in the plastic pipe, a new rotation extrusion processing system was designed to extrude high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes, and a thorough research was done on the effect of the rotation speed on its microstructure and resistance to SCG during the rotation extrusion. The experimental results showed that when the die rotated during the extrusion process of PE pipes, the hoop stress exerted on the polymer melt could make the molecular orientation deviate from the axial direction, and therefore the consequent multi-axial orientation of molecular chains could be obtained. As a result, the PE pipe with better resistance to SCG was prepared. Compared to the PE pipe produced by the conventional extrusion, the crack initiation time of the PE pipe manufactured by the novel method increased from 27 to 57 h.     

Effect of the inner wall cooling rate on the structure and properties of a polyethylene pipe extruded at a high rotation speed

A novel rotation extrusion processing system was self‐designed to prepare high‐performance polyethylene (PE) pipes. In this study, during the extrusion of the PE pipes at a high mandrel rotation speed, compressed air, as a cooling medium, was introduced through their interior to achieve the quick cooling of the inner wall and the effects of the inner wall cooling rate on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the obtained PE pipes were investigated. The experimental results showed that in contrast to conventional extrusion, the molecular orientation deviated from the axial direction under a high mandrel rotation speed and was fixed by the inner wall cooling; with increasing cooling rate, the orientation degree also increased. On the other hand, cooling promoted the augmentation of spherulites. So when the cooling rate reached a certain high point, the effect of cooling on the formation of spherulites was stronger than that on the fixation of the orientation. A much higher cooling rate decreased the orientation degree, which was closely related to the performance of the PE pipe. As a result, there was an optimal cooling rate of the inner wall during the rotation extrusion for better performance of the PE pipe. When the cooling rate was 1.5°C/s, the hoop strength of the PE pipe produced by the novel extrusion method increased from the original 24.1 MPa up to 37.1 MPa without a decrease in the axial strength, and the pipe's crack initiation time increased from 27 to 70 h. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011