碳热还原法合成硼化钛

以金红石型TiO2、石墨和B2O3为原料,采用碳热还原法合成了TiB2粉末。借助X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜等分析手段,研究了工艺条件对合成TiB2的影响。结果表明:合成温度、球磨时间、保温时间、合成气氛是影响TiB2合成的主要因素。随着合成反应温度升高,TiO2的碳热还原顺序依次为:TiO2→Ti4O7→Ti6O11→Ti5O9→Ti3O5→Ti2O3。TiB2的生成反应温度开始于1300℃左右。真空下合成TiB2的最佳工艺条件为:球磨时间为24h,合成温度为1450℃,保温时间为3h。合成TiB2粉末的纯度达到98%,晶粒发育完整,平均粒径为2～3μm。     

碳热还原氮化锆英石合成ZrN-Si3N4复合材料

以锆英石(粒度≤44μm)和炭黑(粒度≤30μm)为原料,按m(锆英石):m(炭黑)=100:40的比例配料,于球磨罐中以无水乙醇为介质湿混24 h,然后将料浆放入干燥箱中于60℃下充分干燥,再将干燥后的粉料置于球磨罐中干混10 h。最后,将混匀的物料以60 MPa的压力压制成尺寸为20 mm×5 mm的柱状试样,在120℃下充分干燥后置于N2流量为1.0 L.m in-1的气氛炉内,分别在1 400、1 450、1 480和1 500℃的温度下煅烧,保温时间分别为6、9和12 h。自然冷却至室温后,采用XRD分析试样的相组成,采用SEM观察试样的显微结构,并对碳热还原氮化反应过程进行热力学分析。结果表明:以锆英石和炭黑为原料,利用碳热还原氮化反应,在N2气氛下可以合成出ZrN-Si3N4复合材料;通过控制煅烧温度或炉内CO气体分压,可以获得不同组成的复合材料。在本试验条件下,合成ZrN-Si3N4复合材料的适宜工艺参数为1 500℃保温12 h。     

碳热还原氮化制度对TiN薄膜制备影响的研究

以四氯化钛乙醇溶液为钛源,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为碳源,采用碳热还原氮化技术制备氮化钛薄膜。利用XRD、FE-SEM和UV-VIS-NIR研究了合成温度和保温时间对氮化钛薄膜显微结构和光学性能的影响。结果表明,当合成温度为1250℃时,薄膜物相仍为金红石型TiO_2和Ti_3O_5;合成温度为1300℃时,薄膜为单一氮化钛物相,氮化钛颗粒呈典型的三角锥型。保温时间为5 h时,薄膜中氮化钛晶体发育更明显,薄膜在近红外区域的反射率可达70%,但保温时间延长到7 h时,薄膜中物相转变为碳化钛,石英玻璃基体中还析出了方石英。     

配碳量对锆英石和氧化铝碳热还原氮化合成ZrN-SiAlON的影响

为了降低合成成本,以低能耗、低成本的天然锆英石、工业氧化铝和焦炭为原料,采用碳热还原氮化法合成了ZrN-SiAlON复相材料。根据反应方程式3Al2O3+6ZrSiO4+27C+8N 26ZrN+2Si3Al3O3N5+27CO设计锆英石和工业氧化铝的原料配比,改变还原剂焦炭的配入质量分数(分别为理论用量、过量5%、过量10%、过量20%),经球磨混合、成型、干燥后,在流动氮气中分别于1 500、1 550、1 600℃保温4 h合成,自然冷却后分析合成产物的相组成和显微结构。结果表明:1)在合成温度为1 500℃时,配碳量的增加有助于ZrN的生成;2)在合成温度为1 550℃时,配炭量过量20%的试样中有15R型的多型体SiAlON(即SiAl4O2N4)生成;3)在合成温度为1 600℃时,配碳量为理论量和过量5%的试样中的多型体SiAlON为15R型,而配碳过量10%和20%的试样中的多型体SiAlON则主要为12H型(即SiAl5O2N5)。     

通过SHS法在氮气气氛下直接合成碳氮化钛

用自蔓延高温合成法(SHS)直接合成碳氮化钛的实验研究是在氮气气氛下利用钛和炭粉末制成的压块试样的燃烧进行的。本实验研究了试样的生坯密度、氮气压力和稀释剂的含量对转化率以及焰锋速度的影响。对于未稀释的试样,获得低的氮气摄取,主要是由于在反应过程中金属钛的过量熔融。试验结果表明,为了获得完全的转化,需要添加稀释剂TiN。本研究合成了TiC0.7N0.3、TiC0.5N0.5、TiC0.3N0.7这3种化学计量碳氮化物。所需的稀释剂含量和氮气压力依据最终产物的氮含量而增加。TiC0.7N0.3是将组成为0.9Ti+0.7C+0.1TiN的试样,在0.62MPa或更高的氮气压力下完全转化而成。TiC0.5N0.5和TiC0.3N0.7的合成需要更多的稀释剂和更高的氮气压力,分别是在1.14MPa的氮气压力下用组成为0.7Ti+0.5C+0.25TiN的试样合成的,及在1.65MPa的氮气压力下以0.6Ti+0.3C+0.4TiN的试样合成的。     

碳热还原法低温制备碳化硅微粉

以SiO2为硅源,炭黑为碳源,Fe2 O3为催化剂,采用碳热还原法在氩气保护下制备SiC微粉,研究催化剂含量,合成温度对SiC生成、形貌的影响.实验结果表明:在原料中添加Fe2 O3粉,1350℃保温3h就能产生SiC微粉;由X射线衍射分析显示,在1450℃下保温3h基本上全部转化为晶粒尺寸在50 nm左右SiC微粉;在相同温度下,随着Fe2 O3用量的增加,SiC产率增加.添加Fe2O3能加快反应速度以及提高SiC微粉的生成量.     

用天然石英合成氮化硅的研究

以天然石英为硅源，用碳热还原法合成出了平均粒径为1μm的Si3N4粉末，结果表明，石英粉末越细越利于Si3N4的合成；在氮气压为0.14MPa，氮气流量为1L/min条件下，合成温度以1450℃为宜，添加剂Fe2O3以3%为佳。     

碳热还原氮化粉煤灰的研究

以粉煤灰加入炭黑为主要原料,在氮气气氛下对粉煤灰进行了碳热还原氮化研究.研究了碳加入量、合成反应温度、保温时间和Fe2O3含量等因素对生成物物相的影响.实验结果表明:选用理论加入碳含量的样品,在反应温度为1350℃、保温9h条件下,产物中含有较多β-Sialon相;而且经磁选除铁后的粉煤灰较未除铁粉煤灰在反应温度为1400℃、保温9h条件下,碳化还原氮化产物中15R相含量明显增多.     

碳热还原法合成硼化锆粉体影响因素探究

以氧化锆(ZrO2)、硼酸(H3 BO3)和碳(C)粉为原料,研究了不同碳粉(活性炭、石墨)与前驱体粒度、温度及保温时间对碳热还原法制备硼化锆(ZrB2)粉体的影响.通过X射线衍射(XRD)分析合成粉体物相,扫描电镜(SEM)观察合成粉体形貌,并通过化学方法分析了合成粉体中的C、O含量.结果表明:以活性炭为碳源合成的粉体形貌呈条棒状,以石墨为碳源合成的粉体形貌呈规则的块状;合成粉体的粒度随前驱体粒度减小而减小,形貌由规则的块状逐渐转变为圆滑的不规则形貌,合成ZrB2粉体最小平均粒度约为1.69μm,产物中C含量随前驱体粒度减小而减少,O含量随前驱体粒度减小而增加,氧含量最低为0.54wt％;碳热还原法合成ZrB2粉体在1500℃下是可行的,但直到1900℃碳热还原反应合成ZrB2才进行完全;碳热还原反应合成ZrB2粉体最佳的反应条件为1900℃保温30 min.     

葡萄糖为碳源合成AlN-Al2O3复合粉末及其反应机理

以葡萄糖(C6H12O6·H2O)和氢氧化铝(Al(OH)3)为起始原料,利用碳热还原法在氮气(N2)气氛下合成AlN-Al2O3复合粉末.研究了反应温度对AlN-Al2O3复合粉末的物相组成和显微形貌的影响,并探讨了AlN-Al2O3复合粉末的合成反应机理.采用X-射线衍射仪(XRD)、激光粒度分析仪(LPSA)、扫描电镜(SEM)等手段对产物进行表征.结果表明:AlN-Al2O3复合粉末适宜的合成条件为在1500℃保温2h.在1500℃下合成的AlN-Al2O3复合粉末主要有少量的片状颗粒和大量的近似球状颗粒所构成,大部分粒径在100～500nm之间的颗粒发生聚集或堆积形成0.5～1.5μm的大颗粒.在碳热还原反应过程中,Al(OH)3原料分解生成的Al2O3首先生成金属铝蒸汽和Al2O气体氧化物,然后进一步氮化生成AlN.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.