Evolving microprocessors which better meet the needs of automotive electronics

The rather explosive historical progress being made in large-scale integration of semiconductor elements is moving faster than the two or three years lead time needed in the automotive industry to move a new idea into production. By presenting a forecast of what can be done soon at a developmental level, both at the automotive electronic-control level and at the LSI microcomputer single-chip development level, the writer hopes that the next generation of automotive electronics in the early 1980's can be started with a clear picture of the calculated risk-taking involved. Topics discussed are the need for custom microprocessors, input and output information rates, and applications to engine control and instrument panel display control, including the concept of satellite assemblies which exchange information available at remote locations.     

基于FPGA的汽车电子设计

随着汽车电子产业的快速发展,传统MCU、ASIC已很难满足汽车电子设计灵活性、稳定性、低成本、快速开发等要求.提出一种基于FPGA的汽车电子设计方案.介绍FPGA的特点及其在汽车电子设计中的应用,并介绍一款基于Nios II软核处理器.用SoPC技术设计的具有密码锁及GSM/GPS防盗系统的汽车电子系统,FPGA将成为未来汽车电子设计的理想选择.     

基于单片机的汽车空调智能温控系统

现代汽车工业发展迅速,人们对汽车的性能要求越来越高,但是汽车的价格却越来越低.特别是在汽车空调方面,要求自动、恒温、智能化,还要求制造成本尽量低廉.本文设计出一种基于单片机的汽车空调智能温控系统:该系统由单片机作为主控单元,控制温度传感器对汽车进行温度采集,将采集到的温度样本传输给单片机,单片机进行数据分析后再发出增大\减小汽车空调制冷\制热量的指令.     

Sensor development in the microcomputer age

The proliferating applications of LSI circuitry require inputs from sensors which are both high in performance and low in cost. The need for improved sensors is especially acute in microcomputer-based control systems, where sensor development is expected to pace system applications. This paper reviews the sensors needed for real-time automotive engine control and compares the present status of a number of competing approaches. The problems and potential of sensors using integrated-circuit processes technology age examined. Sensor comparisons must be viewed in the context of the total system, including the output data format and type of microcomputer interface required. For automotive applications, the time-analog format is shown to have advantages. Finally, the additional design freedom and changing emphasis in sensor design as the result of adding on-chip circuitry to silicon-based sensors is described.     

New M6805 Microcomputers Aim at Automotive Applications

Several new additions to the MC6805 family of microcomputers include features particularly suited for automotive electronics. These devices feature application specific logic for automotive ignition systems and instrumentation designs. The MC6805S2, MC680S3, and MC68705S3 microcomputers are useful for engine ignition controls, where asynchronous events, such as engine speed and spark dwell time must be computed with high accuracy. The MC6805K2 microcomputer features EEPROM for critical data retention when the power source is disconnected. The instrumentation odometer is one such application where the EEPROM feature is mandatory. The MC68HC05C4 (ROM version) and M68HC805C4 (EEPROM version) are the latest general purpose MCU's that also offer many important features for automotive applications. The HCMOS silicon technology allows minimal power dissipation which means the devices can operate in an ambient temperature range of -55 to +125 degrees C. These two devices also feature SCI and SPI serial interface ports. The devices run at a fast 2.1-MHz internal bus speed.     

Power electronics intensive solutions for advanced electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell vehicular power systems

There is a clear trend in the automotive industry to use more electrical systems in order to satisfy the ever-growing vehicular load demands. Thus, it is imperative that automotive electrical power systems will obviously undergo a drastic change in the next 10-20 years. Currently, the situation in the automotive industry is such that the demands for higher fuel economy and more electric power are driving advanced vehicular power system voltages to higher levels. For example, the projected increase in total power demand is estimated to be about three to four times that of the current value. This means that the total future power demand of a typical advanced vehicle could roughly reach a value as high as 10 kW. In order to satisfy this huge vehicular load, the approach is to integrate power electronics intensive solutions within advanced vehicular power systems. In view of this fact, this paper aims at reviewing the present situation as well as projected future research and development work of advanced vehicular electrical power systems including those of electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell vehicles (EVs, HEVs, and FCVs). The paper will first introduce the proposed power system architectures for HEVs and FCVs and will then go on to exhaustively discuss the specific applications of dc/dc and dc/ac power electronic converters in advanced automotive power systems.     

Trends in Automotive Communication Systems

The use of networks for communications between the electronic control units (ECU) of a vehicle in production cars dates from the beginning of the 1990s. The specific requirements of the different car domains have led to the development of a large number of automotive networks such as Local Interconnect Network, J1850, CAN, TTP/C, FlexRay, media-oriented system transport, IDB1394, etc. This paper first introduces the context of in-vehicle embedded systems and, in particular, the requirements imposed on the communication systems. Then, a comprehensive review of the most widely used automotive networks, as well as the emerging ones, is given. Next, the current efforts of the automotive industry on middleware technologies, which may be of great help in mastering the heterogeneity, are reviewed. Finally, we highlight future trends in the development of automotive communication systems.     

A serial bus transceiver for the automotive environment

A custom monolithic integrated circuit used as a direct interface between a single-wire data link and microcomputer assemblies in the harsh automotive environment is described. Unusual circuitry allows operation from a single 5-V supply with a grounded substrate despite 6-V ground differences between the nodes. The IC features a 10-mA tristate output with a voltage swing to within 1/2 V of each rail. In addition, the output maintains the high-impedance state during loss of ground and through shorts to -16 and +16 V, remains stable for unlimited capacitive loads, and provides protection from short circuits and high-voltage transients. On-chip waveshaping referenced to an external RC time constant approximates a third-order filter for precise control of rise times and radiated noise in transmitted data. The differential receiver accepts voltage levels from -6 to +12 V and filters input signals for noise immunity. Bit rates to 9600 baud are possible in the described application     

Ease-of-use features in the Texas instruments professional computer

Design criteria for a desktop personal microcomputer are examined, with emphasis on ease of use. Two features are discussed in detail: a natural-language query system for accessing databases, and a peripheral speech processor for verbal input/output. Methodologies, benefits, and future applications are considered.     

汽车用永磁无刷直流电机设计

针对无刷直流电机在工业生产中的广泛应用,介绍了无刷直流电机在汽车缓速器上的应用,采用VB6．0编程的方法设计电机。给出了整个程序流程图,主要功能程序源代码和实验结果,该实验采用曲线插值法等算法,应用可视化界面编程。实验表明,无刷直流电机在汽车缓速器上的应用是未来发展的趋势。     

Wasserstoffspeicherung im Fahrzeug

Efficient and clean hydrogen storage technologies for future vehicles will be crucial to secure our future individual mobility. State-of-the-art hydrogen storage systems do net yet fulfil the stringent requirements of the automotive industry and the final customer. Future development targets and prospects for different automotive hydrogen storage systems shall be discussed in this article.     

Application of MEMS technology in automotive sensors and actuators

Sensors and actuators are the critical system components that collect and act on information in the analog environment and link it to the world of digital electronics. The functional groups of sensors, software, controller hardware, and actuators from the backbone of present and future automotive systems. Unit volumes for sensors and actuators in the automotive industry are measured in millions per year and at a unit cost of a few dollars. The design of sensors and actuators has increasingly made use of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology. This technology is well suited to producing a class of micromachined sensors and actuators that combines signal processing and communications on a single silicon chip or contained within the same package. This paper contains a discussion of the issues in producing MEMS sensors and actuators from the concept selection stage to the manufacturing platform. Examples of commercial and emerging automotive sensors and actuators are given, which illustrate the various aspects of device development. Future trends in MEMS technology as applied to automotive components are also discussed     

中国汽车电子市场现状与展望

本文对中国汽车与市场发展概况、中国汽车电子产业与市场发展概况、中国汽车电子市场竞争格局,以及中国汽车产业链进行了分析,并由此对中国汽车电子市场未来的发展进行了预测。     

汽车电子技术的应用及发展趋势探究

近年来,随着电子技术工业的不断发展完善,其应用范围翻来越广,逐渐进入我国社会生产的多个领域。汽车工业与电子技术的结合是现代汽车工业与电子技术工业发展的一个趋势,电子技术在汽车工业中的应用越来越多,更多的汽车电子控制系统不断出现。本文从汽车电子技术的概念与发展历程入手,对汽车电子技术的应用现状进行了简单探讨,并在此基础上对汽车电子技术的未来发展趋势和方向进行了研究分析。     

基于OSEK/VDX平台的汽车嵌入式系统开发

随着汽车技术的发展及微处理器技术的不断进步,嵌入式系统在汽车电子技术中得到了广泛应用。基于此综述了汽车嵌入式系统的应用发展、开发平台和开发流程,介绍了基于OSEK/VDX平台的汽车嵌入式系统开发的专门技术和实现方法。     

液压系统压力/速度调节器设计

针对液压传动系统对压力／速度调节器的要求,设计了单片微机与步进电机的硬件接口电路、步进电机工作控制软件以及单片机和上位机之间的通讯接口与软件。该控制调节器成功地应用于生产发发动机气门的电镦机上。     

Status and Future of High-Power Light-Emitting Diodes for Solid-State Lighting

Status and future outlook of III-V compound semiconductor visible-spectrum light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are presented. Light extraction techniques are reviewed and extraction efficiencies are quantified in the 60%+ (AlGaInP) and ~80% (InGaN) regimes for state-of-the-art devices. The phosphor-based white LED concept is reviewed and recent performance discussed, showing that high-power white LEDs now approach the 100-lm/W regime. Devices employing multiple phosphors for "warm" white color temperatures (~3000-4000 K) and high color rendering (CRI>80), which provide properties critical for many illumination applications, are discussed. Recent developments in chip design, packaging, and high current performance lead to very high luminance devices (~50 Mcd/m² white at 1 A forward current in 1times1 mm² chip) that are suitable for application to automotive forward lighting. A prognosis for future LED performance levels is considered given further improvements in internal quantum efficiency, which to date lag achievements in light extraction efficiency for InGaN LEDs     

Constant power loads and negative impedance instability in automotive systems: definition, modeling, stability, and control of power electronic converters and motor drives

Power electronic converters and electric motor drives are being put into use at an increasingly rapid rate in advanced automobiles. However, the new advanced automotive electrical systems employ multivoltage level hybrid ac and dc as well as electromechanical systems that have unique characteristics, dynamics, and stability problems that are not well understood due to the nonlinearity and time dependency of converters and because of their constant power characteristics. The purpose of this paper is to present an assessment of the negative impedance instability concept of the constant power loads (CPLs) in automotive power systems. The main focus of this paper is to analyze and propose design criteria of controllers for automotive converters/systems operating with CPLs. The proposed method is to devise a new comprehensive approach to the applications of power electronic converters and motor drives in advanced automotive systems. Sliding-mode and feedback linearization techniques along with large-signal phase plane analysis are presented as methods to analyze, control, and stabilize automotive converters/systems with CPLs.     

基于FPGA的汽车电子设计

随着汽车电子产业的快速发展．传统MCU、ASIC已很难满足汽车电子设计灵活性、稳定性、低成本、快速开发等要求,提出一种基于FPGA的汽车电子设计方案。介绍FPGA的特点及其在汽车电子设计中的应用,并介绍一款基于NiosⅡ软核处理器。用SoPC技术设计的具有密码锁及GSM／GPS防盗系统的汽车电子系统,FPGA将成为未来汽车电子设计的理想选择,     

侵彻过载高速存储测试的研究与实现

针对混合型单片机应用中数据捕获率不足问题,在分析其机理及原因基础上,采用外置高速模数转换器（A/D）与单片机的串行通用接口（SPI）构成串行采集存储结构.利用单片机所提供的时钟源将数据捕获率由200 ksps 提高到780 ksps,在此基础上提出了三轴过载测量总体方案.研究结果表明,通过提高SPI 总线时钟速率,可将数据捕获率进一步提高到2.5 Msps,这将作为今后的研究方向.