自然时效及预时效6000系合金人工时效析出行为

通过硬度、差示扫描量热法(DSC)及透射电镜分析,研究了自然时效及预时效的几种6000系合金人工时效析出行为.结果表明:在170℃人工时效初期,T4态(固溶淬火后室温放置两周)合金中GP区的溶解过程推迟了β"相的析出,所形成的析出物主要是β"核心,导致时效硬化性下降;而T4P态(固溶淬火后立即170℃人工时效不同时间,然后室温放置两周)合金在这一阶段β"核心连续长大成为β"相,其显微组织以β"析出物为主,导致时效硬化性增强.增加预时效时间,人工时效硬化效果更好.对Si过剩合金,增大Mg/Si质量比,有利于β"核心的析出,提高人工时效硬化性.     

Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金时效析出相的研究

采用硬度测试、电导率测量、透射电镜及三维原子探针对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金470℃固溶2h,然后120℃时效后的合金组织和相关性能进行分析.结果表明,试验合金在120℃时效6h后硬度值的变化比较小,此时的强化析出相为GPI区和η’相,GPI区是由Zn和Mg共同组成的团簇,η’相的化学成分不是固定的,Zn/Mg比的范围为1～1.6.合金的电导率在时效初期迅速升高,时效时间超过6h后合金的电导率上升的速度比时效初期的小.     

Ti-xCr-yCu钛基材料的制备及组织性能研究

研究了Al-Cu-Li-(0.35Mg)-(0.2In)合金的拉伸性能、时效析出相类型及其分布。T6峰时效时,Al-Cu-Li合金的时效析出相为T1(Al2CuLi)和?? (Al2Cu)相。添加0.2%In时,T6态时效早期形成许多方块状的立方相Al5Cu6Li2,且随时间延长其尺寸保持稳定;同时,可促进? ?相析出;相应合金的时效响应加速,强度提高。同时添加In和Mg可抑制Al5Cu6Li2相析出,但促进T1相析出。In和Mg的复合微合金化效果小于2050铝锂合金中Ag和Mg的复合微合金化效果,因而In+Mg复合微合金化铝锂合金T6态强度低于Ag+Mg复合微合金化的2050铝锂合金。T8态时效时,时效前预变形产生的位错抑制了In元素单独添加和In+Mg复合添加的微合金化效果。     

微量In对Al-Cu-1.0Li-(Mg)合金微观组织与拉伸性能的影响（英文）

研究了Al-Cu-Li-(0.35Mg)-(0.2In)合金的拉伸性能、时效析出相类型及其分布。T6峰时效时,Al-Cu-Li合金的时效析出相为T1(Al_2CuL i)和θ'(Al_2Cu)相。添加0.2%In时,T6态时效早期形成许多方块状的立方相Al_5Cu_6Li_2,且随时间延长其尺寸保持稳定;同时,可促进θ'相析出,相应合金的时效响应加速,强度提高。同时添加In和Mg可抑制Al_5Cu_6Li_2相析出,但促进T1相析出。In和Mg的复合微合金化效果小于2050铝锂合金中Ag和Mg的复合微合金化效果,因而In+Mg复合微合金化铝锂合金T6态强度低于Ag+Mg复合微合金化的2050铝锂合金。T8态时效时,时效前预变形产生的位错抑制了In元素单独添加和In+Mg复合添加的微合金化效果。     

Zn/Mg比对Al-Zn-Mg合金时效析出惯序的影响

采用硬度测试研究了Al6.2Zn2.3Mg和Al5.0Zn3.0Mg合金470℃固溶2 h,再经120℃时效后的时效硬化行为。计算了Al6.2Zn2.3Mg和Al5.0Zn3.0Mg合金基体的价电子结构,研究了固溶及时效初期基体中原子团簇形成的微观机制,进而分析了Zn/Mg比对Al-Zn-Mg合金时效析出惯序的影响。研究表明:Al6.2Zn2.3Mg合金时效硬化行为表现出双峰特征的原因在于时效初期优先形成的a-Al-Zn-Mg固溶体只为η析出序列起始相GP区的形成提供了条件;而Al5.0Zn3.0Mg合金时效硬化行为不具有双峰特征的原因在于时效初期形成的a-Al-Zn-Mg和a-Al-Mg-Zn-Mg-Al 2种固溶体分别为η和T析出序列起始相GP区的形成提供了条件,因而合金时效时同时启动了时效进程、强化相析出及转变时间和强化作用不同的2个析出序列。     

热处理工艺对含Er压铸Al-Si-Mg合金组织及性能的影响

以含Er的压铸Al-Si-Mg合金为研究对象,通过拉伸性能测试、光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱(EDS)及透射电镜(TEM)分析及定量统计,分析研究了不同固溶、时效工艺对合金组织及性能的影响。结果表明:双级固溶有利于一次相回溶至基体,使合金的塑性提高;固溶温度、时间的提高能够增加固溶到基体中的溶质原子和一次相的数量。Al-Si-Mg合金峰时效时,主要的强化相为β″、β′相,β′相主要表现为长条状及“T”字形。当热处理工艺为(280 ℃×3 h+530 ℃×3 h)固溶+170 ℃×3 h时效时,合金的伸长率达8.5%,具有高塑性; 热处理工艺为(280 ℃×3 h+540 ℃×10 h)固溶+170 ℃×10 h时效时,合金的抗拉强度为344 MPa,屈服强度为312 MPa,合金具有高强度。     

Al-Mg-Si合金时效早期显微组织演变及其对强化的影响

采用显微硬度测试、HRTEM和原子探针层析技术(APT)等测试手段分析了核元件燃料包壳备选材料LT24铝合金在180℃人工时效早期显微硬度、组织变化及析出序列中析出物的Mg与Si原子比(r).结果表明,在180℃时效初期,合金的硬度显著增加,析出高数量密度的溶质原子团簇和球状Guinier-Preston(GP)区;时效4 h后达到硬度峰值,析出物以高数量密度的针状β″相为主;进一步时效,合金处于一硬度平台,析出物仍以β″相为主.随时效时间的延长,析出相逐渐长大,r逐渐增加,β″相中r在1.23~1.35之间,β″相对合金的强化起最重要作用.在早期时效过程中合金析出物的析出序列为过饱和固溶体→溶质原子团簇→溶质原子团簇+GP区→溶质原子团簇+GP区+β″相.     

Fe-Ni基合金时效过程中γ'相析出的原子探针层析技术研究

将一种Fe-Ni基沉淀强化奥氏体合金在980℃固溶后水淬,在620℃经过不同时间时效。利用硬度测试及原子探针层析技术(APT)研究时效过程中g'相的析出行为及其对材料硬度的影响。结果表明,当时效时间小于6 h时,合金硬度增加较快,由时效前的145 HV迅速增加至205 HV,随后硬度增加速率缓慢;时效120 h时,硬度为251 HV。APT结果表明,合金经固溶处理后,合金元素均匀分布在基体中。在时效最初阶段,Ti发生了较为明显的偏聚,形成含有Fe、Ni和Al等元素的富Ti纳米团簇。随着时效时间延长,富Ti纳米团簇中的Ni和Al原子的含量逐步增多,而Fe、Cr及Mo等原子的含量不断减少;当时效至120 h时,团簇中Ni与Ti+Al比值近似于3,即已完全形成g'相,表明g'相析出是形核-长大过程。合金硬度的变化与时效过程中g'相的数量密度和体积分数有关。     

热处理对Mg-5Sn-1Si合金组织及硬度的影响北大核心CSCD

采用Ar气保护制备了Mg-5Sn-1Si(质量分数,%)合金,并研究了合金的铸态组织和在480℃固溶处理及180℃和280℃不同时效热处理对合金组织中析出相演变的影响及组织与硬度的关系。结果表明,合金铸态组织由α-Mg、共晶Mg2Si、共晶Mg2Sn三相组成;经480℃固溶处理后Mg2Sn相完全固溶,粗大的Mg2Si相得到少量球化;时效处理过程中Mg2Si相得到球化。在180℃时效时,Mg2Sn无沉淀析出,硬度较低,时效保温24 h仅为24.1 HV。在280℃时效时,细小的Mg2Sn相弥散析出并使合金的硬度明显升高,时效保温18 h达到峰值硬度47.6 HV,并随时间的延长出现过时效现象。280℃时效初期,组织中形成较宽的无析出带(PFZ),随着时效时间的延长无析出带PFZ消失。     

预时效对Al-5.2Mg-0.45Cu-2.0Zn合金室温稳定性的影响（英文）

研究了预时效对Al-5.2Mg-0.45Cu-2.0Zn合金时效析出行为的影响。结果表明:预时效不仅提高了合金的室温稳定性,避免了合金烤漆软化,同时提高了合金的烤漆时效响应速度。合金经T4处理后,再峰时效处理后的组织包括粗大的T-Mg_(32)(AlZn)_(49)相以及针状的S-Al_2MgCu相。然而合金经T4P处理后,再峰时效处理的组织只含有细小而高密度的T-Mg_(32)(AlZn)_(49)相而不包括S-Al2MgCu相。自然时效后不稳定的原子团簇在180℃时效后会回溶到基体中,从而抑制了合金的时效析出强化。而预时效后生成的稳定的原子团簇会成为180℃时效的形核点,显著提高了合金的时效响应速度。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。