Blind-Channel Estimation for MIMO Systems With Structured Transmit Delay Scheme

This paper considers blind-channel estimation for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems with structured transmitter design. First, a structured transmit delay (STD) scheme is proposed for MIMO systems. Unlike existing transmit diversity approaches, in which different antennas transmit delayed, zero padded, or time-reversed versions of the same signal, in the proposed scheme, each antenna transmits an independent data stream, therefore promises higher data rate and more flexibility to transmitter design. Second, second-order statistics based blind-channel estimation algorithms are developed for MIMO systems with STD scheme. Channel identifiability is addressed for both correlation-based and subspace-based approaches. The proposed approaches involve no pre-equalization, have no limitations on channel zero locations, and do not rely on nonconstant modulus precoding. Third, when channel coding is employed, estimation accuracy can be further enhanced through “postprocessing”, in which channel estimation is refined by taking the tentative decisions from the channel decoder as pseudo-training symbols. Simulation examples are provided to demonstrate the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed approaches.      

Blind Channel Identifiability for Generic Linear Space-Time Block Codes

Linear space-time block codes (STBCs) have proven their effectiveness in performance improvement of wireless multiple-input multiple-output communication systems. Their successful decoding, however, requires reliable channel knowledge at the receiver. In this paper, we present a semiblind channel estimation method for linear STBC without the usual code orthogonality condition. We provide a set of identification conditions that are mostly verifiable a priori in terms of code parameters and antenna array configuration. We also present a simple channel estimation algorithm. Finally, we provide simulation results that illustrate the performance of the proposed scheme     

基于卷积神经网络自编码器结构的空时分组传输方案

为提高现有端到端通信系统的泛化能力和可靠性,提出了一种基于卷积神经网络的空时分组码（Space-Time Block Coding,STBC）多输入多输出通信系统物理层方案。该方案将通信系统物理层表述、调制和解调过程联合起来形成端到端自编码器系统,引入多层一维卷积层,分别构建发射机和接收机,并扩展为多天线模式。为进一步提高系统可靠性,合理规划网络结构和参数,联合信号的调制和编码方案,优化了系统模型。仿真实验表明,针对瑞利相关衰落下多输入多输出（Multiple-Input Multiple-Output,MIMO）信道应用场景,训练模型可以实现传统STBC系统的误码性能,两发两收系统在发送端相关系数为0和0.9时分别优于传统系统0.5 dB和1 dB。此外,经过优化后的系统可获得采用卷积编码的性能改善效果,其两发两收不同工作方式优于传统1/2码率卷积编码STBC系统1~3 dB。     

Shannon capacity of STBC in Rayleigh fading channels

Space-time block coding (STBC) is a powerful transmit diversity scheme for multiple antenna systems. A closed-form expression for the Shannon capacity of MIMO systems is derived using STBC under independent and quasi-static flat Rayleigh fading channels. The Shannon capacity of STBC over such channels is expressed as a finite sum of functions that are easy to evaluate, thereby avoiding the need for numerical integration or Monte Carlo simulation.     

Optimal space-time coding under iterative processing

In this paper, we deal with the design of a full-rate space-time block coding (STBC) scheme optimized for linear iterative decoding over fast fading multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel. A general and simple coding scheme called diagonal threaded space-time (DTST) code is presented for an arbitrary number of transmit and receive antennas. Theoretical analysis shows that DTST code associated with linear iterative decoding tends towards full diversity performance while providing maximum MIMO multiplexing gain. Simulation results confirm the ability of DTST to outperform the state-of-the-art STBC and conventional spatial data multiplexing schemes under iterative processing.     

Superposition-based adaptive modulated space time block coding for MIMO-OFDM systems

We propose a superposition-based adaptive modulated STBC (SPAM-STBC) for MIMO-OFDM systems to improve adaptive modulation optimization of space time block coding (STBC). When transmit antennas have the different channel conditions, the previous adaptive modulated STBC selects the same modulation based on averaging of the multiple channel gains. If the different modulation is selected to each transmit antenna, the STBC decoding problem occurs. In this letter, we select the optimal modulation corresponding to each channel condition by the superpositioned space time encoding and decoding. Simulation shows the proposed SPAM-STBC scheme outperforms both the fixed and adaptive modulated STBC schemes by the maximum 0.407 bits/sec/Hz in terms of spectral efficiency.     

TCP performance over wireless MIMO channels with ARQ and packet combining

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless communication systems that employ multiple transmit and receive antennas can provide very high-rate data transmissions without increase in bandwidth or transmit power. For this reason, MIMO technologies are considered as a key ingredient in the next generation wireless systems, where provision of reliable data services for TCP/IP applications such as wireless multimedia or Internet is of extreme importance. However, while the performance of TCP has been extensively studied over different wireless links, little attention has been paid to the impact of MIMO systems on TCP. This paper provides an investigation on the performance of modern TCP systems when used over wireless channels that employ MIMO technologies. In particular, we focus on two representative categories of MIMO systems, namely, the BLAST systems and the space-time block coding (STBC) systems, and how the ARQ and packet combining techniques impact on the overall TCP performance. We show that, from the TCP throughput standpoint, a more reliable channel may be preferred over a higher spectral efficient but less reliable channel, especially under low SNR conditions. We also study the effect of antenna correlation on the TCP throughput under various conditions.     

一种基于分布式空时码的协作MIMO分集复用折衷新方案

协作MIMO通过多个单天线节点的相互协作构造多发射天线,以此形成一种虚拟MIMO多天线阵列获得空间分集增益。考虑到协作MIMO特点,天线间采用分布式空时编码进行编码协作。文章研究了协作MIMO中基于分布式空时码(DSTC)的分集复用折衷(DMT)新方案,该方案通过推导两种DSTC的中断概率与分集增益表达式,结合两类DSTC的DMT策略,根据改变复用增益阈值自适应获得最佳DMT与中断性能。数值仿真表明,所提的DMT策略可以逼近协作MIMO的DMT上限,协作节点采用该策略的中断性能仅次于上限的中断性能。在多节点构成协作MIMO网络分布式空时编码协作中,提出的DMT新方案可使系统高效地获得协作分集增益与中断性能。     

WIBRO系统中基于SM-STBC的自适应天线分组算法

在多天线系统中,采用空间复用空时块码(STBC,space-time block code)可以在空间复用增益和分集增益之间达到很好的性能折中.文中提出一种应用在无线宽带系统中,基于空间复用STBC的自适应天线分组算法.该算法可以自适应地将天线进行分组,在组内采用STBC分集方案,组间采用空间复用方案.优化分组既能在每个子载波上基于最小SNR最大化准则来进行,也可在整个频带上使用平均互信息最大化准则来确定.仿真结果表明,我们提出的两种自适应天线分组方法都可以有效地改善系统的性能.     

Robust Transmit Antenna Selection with Phase Feedback Over Correlated Fading Channels

A new transmit antenna selection (TAS) scheme with phase feedback for multiple-input multiple-output systems is proposed in this paper. This scheme allows two or more transmit antennas to simultaneously use one radio frequency chain. By grouping the transmit antennas according to their similarities in instantaneous channel coefficients into two subsets and treating each subset as a single antenna, both hardware complexity reduction and antenna array gain can be achieved. Compared with the transmit antenna selection combined with space-time block code (TAS/STBC) scheme, the proposed TAS scheme provides excellent robustness, in terms of symbol error rate performance, against spatially correlated fading channels. Moreover, the proposed TAS scheme need not use STBC encoder and decoder which used in the TAS/STBC schemes. Therefore, the proposed TAS scheme is simpler than the TAS/STBC schemes in practical hardware implementation.     

无线光通信中的空时编码研究进展（二）

无线光MIMO技术结合了天线发射分集、接收分集与信道编码分集,可以显著提高信道容量。介绍了笔者在分层空时编码方面的若干研究进展,分析了误码率特性与发射/接收天线数目、检测算法之间的关系,比较了水平分层空时码、螺旋分层空时码、对角分层空时码和垂直分层空时码不同的编码方案,以及不同检测算法对不同的湍流强度的抑制作用。经分析得出:三种分层空时编码性能最好的是对角分层空时编码,其次是螺旋分层空时编码,最后是水平分层空时编码。     

Matrix Coded Modulation: A New Non-coherent MIMO Scheme

This paper describes a new space-time coding scheme for non-coherent multi-antenna multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems. This new MIMO scheme merges error-correcting and space-time coding functions by transmitting invertible matrices, so this scheme has been called “Matrix Coded Modulation” or “MCM”. Coherent systems require channel state information (CSI) at the transmitters and/or at the receivers, and their performances strongly depend on the channel estimation. For example, in systems using Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, the channel estimation requires the insertion of pilot-symbols in the transmitted frame which implies a spectral efficiency loss of the global system that increase with the number of transmit antennas. The existing non-coherent schemes such as the differential space-time modulation leads to performance degradation compared to coherent systems in which perfect CSI is assumed. Decoding in the MCM scheme is performed iteratively, based on a specified detection criteria. In the proposed MCM scheme, decoding can be achieved with or without CSI at the receiving antennas. As the space-time coding function is merged with the error-correcting code, the euclidean distances distribution between modulated signals based on the detection criteria is strongly linked to the Hamming weights distribution of the channel error-correcting code used in the MCM scheme. Moreover, a low-complexity decoding algorithm is described and compared to the existing differential schemes.     

Environmental issues for MIMO capacity

Wireless communication using multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems enables increased spectral efficiency for a given total transmit power. Increased capacity is achieved by introducing additional spatial channels that are exploited using space-time coding. In this paper, the environmental factors that affect MIMO capacity are surveyed. These factors include channel complexity, external interference, and channel estimation error. The maximum spectral efficiency of MIMO systems in which both transmitter and receiver know the channel (using channel estimate feedback) is compared with MIMO systems in which only the receiver knows the channel. Channel complexity is studied using both simple stochastic physical scattering and asymptotic large random matrix models. Both uncooperative (worst-case) and cooperative (amenable to multiuser detection) interference are considered. An analysis for capacity loss associated with channel estimation error at the transmitter is introduced.     

MC‐CDMA MIMO systems with quasi‐orthogonal space–time block codes: Channel estimation and multiuser detection

This paper investigates blind channel estimation and multiuser detection for quasi‐synchronous multi‐carrier code‐division multiple‐access (MC‐CDMA) multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) systems with quasi‐orthogonal space–time block codes (QO‐STBC). Subspace‐based blind channel estimation is proposed by considering a QO‐STBC scheme that involves four transmit antennas and multiple receive antennas. Based on the first‐order perturbation theory, the mean square error of the channel estimation is derived. With the estimated channel coefficients, we employ minimum output energy and eigenspace receivers for symbol detection. Using the QO‐STBC coding property, the weight analyses are performed to reduce the computational complexity of the system. In addition, the forward–backward averaging technique is presented to enhance the performance of multiuser detection. Numerical simulations are given to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed channel estimation methods and symbol detection techniques. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Matrix Coded Modulation: A New Non-coherent MIMO Scheme

This paper describes a new space-time coding scheme for non-coherent multi-antenna Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) systems. This new MIMO scheme merges error-correcting and space-time coding functions by transmitting invertible matrices, so this scheme has been called “Matrix Coded Modulation” or “MCM”. Coherent systems require Channel State Information (CSI) at the transmitters and/or at the receivers, and their performances strongly depend on the channel estimation. For example, in systems using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, the channel estimation requires the insertion of pilot-symbols in the transmitted frame which implies a spectral efficiency loss of the global system that increase with the number of transmit antennas. The existing non-coherent schemes such as the Differential Space-Time Modulation leads to performance degradation compared to coherent systems in which perfect CSI is assumed. Decoding in the MCM scheme is performed iteratively, based on a specified detection criteria. In the proposed MCM scheme, decoding can be achieved with or without CSI at the receiving antennas. As the space-time coding function is merged with the error-correcting code, the euclidean distances distribution between modulated signals based on the detection criteria is strongly linked to the Hamming weights distribution of the channel error-correcting code used in the MCM scheme. Moreover, a low-complexity decoding algorithm is described and compared to the existing differential schemes.     

MIMO Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum Multi-Carrier Multiple Access: A Novel Uplink System for B3G Cellular Networks

In this paper, we propose and give the performance of a novel uplink system based on the combination of multi-carrier (MC), code division multiple access (CDMA) and multiple input multiple output (MIMO) techniques. First, we describe the interests of spread-spectrum multi-carrier multiple access (SS-MC-MA) scheme for uplink, especially compared to MC-CDMA. Classically, with SS-MC-MA, each user spreads its data symbols on a specific subset of adjacent or multiplexed subcarriers, to facilitate the channel estimation and reduce complexity at the reception. In order to compensate for the lack of frequency diversity of SS-MC-MA with adjacent subcarriers, we first combine it with an orthogonal space-time block code (STBC) and demonstrate the resulting spatial diversity gain. Then, we propose to allocate the subsets to the different users by applying a frequency hopping pattern (FH). In that case, each user benefits from the frequency diversity linked to the total bandwidth as with the multiplexed subcarriers solution, while keeping the advantages of the adjacent subcarriers solution. The gain provided by the use of the frequency hopping is stressed on. Finally, the performance of this scheme is evaluated over realistic MIMO channel with channel turbo coding for systems offering asymptotic spectrum efficiency of 1, 2, 3 and 4.5 bit/s/Hz. Thus, the efficiency of the novel proposed STBC FH SS-MC-MA system as a very promising multiple access and modulation scheme for the uplink of the future wideband wireless networks is successfully demonstrated.     

MIMO系统中空时分组编码仿真实现

空时分组码是一种结合信道编码和分集技术的新型的编码和信号处理方法。它可以不需增加带宽,大幅度的提高无线通信系统的信息容量和传输速率,从而提供远高于传统单天线系统的频带利用率。采用广义平稳非相关散射下的多径时变瑞利信道模型,对多输入多输出（MIMO）系统中空时分组编码进行了仿真研究。仿真结果表明：MIMO系统中正交空时分组编码在误码率性能上优于Alamouti编码。     

全速率满分集准正交空时分组码的设计

在未来的第四代移动通信中,基于多输入多输出（MIMO）天线系统的空时编码技术是改善无线通信性能,提高带限系统数据传输速率的一种理想选择,但由于正交空时分组编码不能保证满分集和数据全速率传输,提出了一种利用星座图旋转可获得全速率满分集传输的旋转准正交空时分组码的设计方法。仿真结果表明,这种方法在不增加译码复杂度的情况下,其误比特率无论在低信噪比还是在高信噪比条件下都要优于已有的准正交空时分组码。     

Capacity of multiuser diversity systems with adaptive transmission and different MIMO schemes

In this paper, we present a comprehensive capacity analysis of the downlink of multiuser diversity (MD) systems with adaptive transmission over Rayleigh fading channels. First, the exact capacity of the single‐input single‐output (SISO) systems with MD and adaptive transmission technique is derived. The optimal power allocation scheme for such a system is shown to be a water‐filling algorithm. Next, we derive the exact closed‐form capacity expressions for different multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) schemes, including the selective combining (SC), maximum ratio combining (MRC) and space‐time block codes (STBC). In order to avoid the cumbersome numerical root finding techniques in solving the optimal cutoff SNR level below which the channel is not used, we also provide the approximate expressions for the cutoff level. For the MD MIMO systems, it is observed that the optimal power allocation strategy is to focus transmit power on a single transmit antenna (e.g. Tx‐MRC/Rx‐MRC scheme) or selecting the best transmit antennas (e.g. Tx‐SC/Rx‐MRC scheme). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Blind adaptive MIMO receivers for space-time block-coded DS-CDMA systems in multipath channels using the constant modulus criterion

We propose blind adaptive multi-input multi-output (MIMO) linear receivers for DS-CDMA systems using multiple transmit antennas and space-time block codes (STBC) in multipath channels. A space-time code-constrained constant modulus (CCM) design criterion based on constrained optimization techniques is considered and recursive least squares (RLS) adaptive algorithms are developed for estimating the parameters of the linear receivers. A blind space-time channel estimation method for MIMO DS-CDMA systems with STBC based on a subspace approach is also proposed along with an efficient RLS algorithm. Simulations for a downlink scenario assess the proposed algorithms in several situations against existing methods.