Dielectric characteristics of oil‐filled transformer in the presence of nonstandard lightning surge waveforms

To achieve a rational insulation design for transformers, it is important to evaluate dielectric strength against surges actually impinging on equipment on‐site. This paper deals with the breakdown voltage characteristics of an oil gap under nonstandard lightning surge waveforms combined with oscillatory voltages. It is found that the breakdown voltages of the oil gap under nonstandard impulse waveforms are higher than standard lightning impulse voltages. The results can be ascribed to V–t characteristics of the oil gap in short‐time impulse voltage ranges. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 146(3): 39–45, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10229     

Evaluation of Breakdown Characteristics of Oil-immersed Transformers under Non-standard Lightning Impulse Waveforms - Method for Converting Non-standard Lightning Impulse Waveforms into Standard Lightning Impulse Waveforms

To lower the insulation specifications (specifically, the lightning impulse withstand voltage) of oil-immersed transformers and thus reduce equipment cost while maintaining high insulation reliability, it is required to identify the insulation characteristics under non-standard lightning impulse waveforms that are associated with actual surge waveforms in the field and quantitatively compare them with the characteristics under the standard lightning impulse waveform. In the previous research, field overvoltages in the lightning surge time region were analyzed, and four typical non-standard lightning impulse waveforms were defined. These four waveforms were used to measure the breakdown voltages and the partial discharge inception voltages on three models of the winding insulation elements of oil-immersed transformers. The average breakdown voltages were evaluated in terms of the overvoltage duration. This paper describes a method for converting of non-standard lightning impulse waveforms into standard lightning impulse waveforms with equivalent stress for the insulation. The constructed algorithm was applied to four examples representing two types of non-standard lightning waveforms. Due to the conversion into standard lightning impulse waveforms, the crest values were reduced by 14% to 26%. This seems to be a potential for reduction of lightning impulse insulation specifications of oil-immersed transformers.     

Characteristics of lightning surges observed at 77 kV substations

In order to improve power supply reliability, it is necessary to prevent lightning faults in transmission lines and substation apparatus. However, faults are caused occasionally in lower-voltage power systems, particularly at the 77 kV level. The governing factor for insulation strength of substation apparatus is the lightning impulse voltage, and it is necessary to know the voltage level and distribution in a substation caused by lightning surges in order to investigate rational insulation coordination. For this purpose, the authors measured lightning surges at two 77 kV conventional substations from 1990 to 1993. In this paper, the characteristics of induced lightning surges and back flashover lightning surges are described. Comparisons of related surge voltages at two substations, the power line phases in grounding faults, and the equivalent capacitance of the substations are also discussed.     

Voltage-time and voltage-number characteristics of insulation elements with oil-filled transformers in EHV and UHV classes

In order to attain reduction in insulation test voltages, voltage-time (V-t) characteristics under AC voltage and voltage-number (V-N) characteristics under lightning impulse and switching impulse voltages were experimentally investigated on the turn-to-turn insulation model, section-to-section insulation model and barrier-oil-duct insulation model of core- and shell-type transformers in EHV and UHV Classes. First, V-t characteristics for AC voltage were obtained in a short time range of a few tens of milliseconds to a long time range of three to four months. The n-values (inclination) of V-t characteristics are distributed around 40 for the short time and several hundreds for the long time characteristics. These values are of essence in determining the AC withstand voltage test. Next, V-N characteristics for both lightning and switching impulse voltages were acquired for up to 1,000 times of application. The n-values (inclination) of V-N characteristics are in most cases distributed around 70 for both impulse waveforms and about 40 in only turn-to-turn insulation models This result will be useful for evaluating the effect of frequent surges on apparatus insulation. Finally, insulation coordination studies were performed based on these experimental results.     

宝能220kV GIS变电站雷电侵入波过电压的研究

采用电磁暂态程序ATP-EMTP计算了宝钢220 kV GIS变电站进线落雷时GIS内断路器、隔离开关、母线以及出线套管和变压器上的雷电过电压,比较了不同落雷地点和运行方式下的雷电过电压,分析了金属氧化物避雷器(MOA)的防雷效果。研究表明,雷电过电压小于GIS内设备及变压器的雷电冲击绝缘水平,接线简单的运行方式雷电过电压最严重,现有MOA可以对设备进行有效保护。     

特高压变压器绝缘配合

特高压变压器绝缘的研究和开发应该考虑工作电压的影响。工作电压会严重地影响变压器遭受雷击时产生的过电压。分析了变压器的工作电压对冲击电压强度的影响;指出了雷电冲击试验电压定义下的工作电压对于特高压变压器的必要性;通过研究得出了特高压变压器的主绝缘的最大许用工作电压。研究结果表明用于检查长时间工作电压的长时耐压试验的绝缘能力值限制在1.3~1.5 Uphm。     

Impact of surge arrester number and placement on reliability and lightning overvoltage level in high voltage substations

Surge arresters are the most critical equipment for protecting high voltage substations. They play an important role in substations for limiting switching and lightning surges and diverting these surges to ground. On the other hand, surge arrester number and placement for high voltage substations can be determined based on some evaluations in the designing process of substations. Surge arresters can be placed on the both ends of substations, transformers, circuit breakers, reactors, capacitors and also high long bus-bars and etc. Therefore, failure of arresters during overvoltage can put substations in risk condition. Moreover, surge arresters may be inclined to be short circuit during normal operation condition due to ageing process and/or improper quality. This paper attempts to assess reliability of three common substation configurations namely: (1) one breaker and a half; (2) double-bus double-breaker; and (3) ring bus-bar in different placement of surge arresters. At first, maximum voltages on equipment are calculated in different lightning stroke locations through simulation in EMTP-RV. Studies without surge arrester and the presence of surge arrester in different locations are analyzed and compared. Then surge arrester’s placement impacts on the substations reliability indices are calculated in normal operating condition and overvoltage condition by minimal cut set method and simulation results. Analytical studies reveal that surge arrester can increase substations reliability. But for low annual number of lightning stroke, substation reliability may decrease. Also increasing surge arrester number more than substation need reduces reliability.     

重复雷击和操作冲击时单相GIB的金属微粒运动形态

Transient over voltages due to lightning and switching surges cause steep build-up of voltage on transmission lines and other electrical apparatus,like circuit breakers,transformers,insulators etc.Therefore it is necessary for the GIS also to withstand such voltages without breakdown of Insulation.The system has to be tested under these conditions.Usually the GIS system operates on power frequency.Lightning Impulse Voltage of 1050 kV and Switching Impulse Voltage of 750 kV superimposed on Power frequency voltages of 75 kV,100 kV and 132 kV are applied to Single Phase Gas Insulated Busduct and the maximum movement of Aluminum,Copper and Silver particles is determined.The movement patterns are also determined with and without Monte Carlo Simulation for movement of particle in axial and radial directions.The results show that there is a sudden jump in the movement at the application of impulse on sine wave.This is because of high magnitude voltage of 1050 kV during 1.2/50 μs.Similar movement patterns of reduced maximum movement is observed for Switching Impulse superimposed on sine wave.The results are presented and analyzed.     

Dielectric characteristics of turn-to-turn insulation models of gas-insulated transformer under very fast transient voltages

This paper deals with the partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV) and breakdown voltage (BDV) characteristics of turn-to-turn insulation models for SF₆ gas-insulated transformers in the presence of steep-front short-pulse voltages, whose waveforms are 35/65 ns and 50/370 ns. It was determined that PDIV at nanosecond pulses were 1.05 to 1.15 times higher than those at standard impulse voltages and that the BDV at nanosecond pulses were about 1.4 times higher than those at standard impulse voltages. The ratio of impulse PDIV to ac PDIV is 1.40 to 1.48 for standard impulse voltages and 1.32 to 1.37 for switching impulses. © 1998 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 121(3): 36–43, 1997     

V-t characteristics of SF6 gas during lightning surges

The waveform of a standard lightning impulse differs greatly from those of actual lightning surges acting on GIS. This raises the problem of the equivalence of the standard lightning impulse. This report describes the effect of voltage waveforms on insulating performance in an SF₆ gas gap subjected to fast oscillating impulse voltages simulating actual lightning surges, and the evaluation of V-t characteristics by applying the equal area criterion. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 119(4): 1–11, 1997     

Advanced Observations of Lightning Induced Voltage on Power Distribution Lines

Waveforms of induced voltage from lightning strokes to a high stack of the power plant have been measured simultaneously with the current waveforms of lighting stroke to the stack since December 1980. This paper shows the lightning stroke current waveforms and the lightning induced voltage waveforms over a 3 year period from December 1981 through March 1984. The combination of polarities for waveforms of lightning induced voltage and lightning stroke current is indicated below: (1) Seven cases of positive induced voltage in response to negative lightning stroke current were observed. (2) Four cases of negative induced voltage in response to positive lightning stroke current were observed. Distribution of lightning induced voltages along the distribution line length was also demonstrated.     

Characteristics of creeping discharge along aerial insulated wire under impulse voltages with various wave front durations

When lightning occurs in the neighborhood of outdoor high‐voltage distribution lines, creeping discharges propagate along the wire surface from the binding wire tip just after insulator flashover. These discharges give rise to various faults on distribution lines, for instance, disconnection and melting of wire, punch‐through breakdown, and so on. We must clarify the creeping discharge characteristics associated with various inductive lightning surges from the viewpoint of safety in high‐voltage distribution systems. In our previous paper, it was reported that the lengths and aspects of the negative creeping discharges were influenced by the wave front durations of impulse voltages applied to the central line with a grounded binding wire. The present study was performed to obtain more information on such creeping discharges. This paper describes the distinctive characteristics of a creeping discharge along the insulated wire surface when impulse voltages with various wave front durations are applied to the binding wire. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(3): 29–37, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20430     

特高压变压器雷电冲击伏秒特性研究

随着750 kV、1000 kV输电技术的发展,相应的电力变压器和并联电抗器的容量、尺寸和入口电容随之增大,试验回路尺寸亦相应扩大,这使雷电冲击试验电压的波前时间拉长,无法达到国内外标准的要求。根据500 kV、750 kV和1000 kV变压器和电抗器的实际雷电冲击试验波形,结合油纸复合绝缘结构的雷电伏秒特性,分析了不同波前时间对特高压变压器和电抗器绝缘水平的影响。目前变压器的设计计算和试验电压的选取一般按照标准波头进行,而充油设备的雷电冲击伏秒特性表明,雷电冲击试验电压波前时间的长短与绝缘强度有密切关系,波前时间延长可能会对某些纵绝缘的考核偏松,同时对主绝缘的考核偏严。因此,应在特高压变压器、电抗器的设计研制和试验中,考虑和重视雷电冲击波形波前时间延长所带来的影响。     

Evaluation of breakdown characteristics of oil-immersed transformers under non-standard lightning impulse waveforms - definition of non-standard lightning impulse waveforms and insulation characteristics for waveforms including pulses

To lower the insulation specifications (specifically, the lightning impulse withstand voltage) of oil-immersed transformers and thus cut the equipment cost while maintaining the high reliability in its insulation performance, it is necessary to grasp in an organized way the insulation characteristics under non-standard lightning impulse voltage waveforms that represent actual surge waveforms encountered in the field and compare them with the characteristics under the standard lightning impulse waveform quantitatively. As described in this paper, the first step in a series of study for the purpose above was taken by analyzing lightning surge waveforms and restriking surge waveforms such as disconnector switching surge waveforms at UHV, 500 kV, and 275 kV substations and identifying four typical non-standard lightning impulse waveforms with basic frequencies of 0.24 to 1.0 MHz. Then, two of these non-standard lightning impulse waveforms, the single-pulse waveform which is the most basic type and the waveform with a pulse in the crest and a subsequent flat section, were used to measure the breakdown voltage and the partial discharge inception voltage while changing the parameters, on three models that represent the insulation elements of windings of oil-immersed transformers. Then, the resultant average breakdown voltages were evaluated in terms of the overvoltage durations, leading to a result of formulating them in a unified way. In the tested range, the dielectric breakdown values under non-standard lightning impulse waveforms were higher, marking 52% at the maximum, than those under standard lightning impulse waveforms in all the cases, suggesting a possibility of lowering the insulation specifications of an oil-immersed transformer     

Mechanism of pole‐mounted transformer damage by backflow lightning and measures against the damage on low‐voltage distribution line

Pole‐mounted transformers are especially vulnerable to lightning damage. The progress of the information society imposes increasingly stringent requirements for the reliability of electric power supply, and this in turn necessitates a reduction in lightning damage to pole‐mounted transformers. Lightning protective devices (surge arresters) are now being installed around the primary bushing of the transformers, which has decreased the number of disconnections around the primary bushing due to lightning. But surge arresters installed on the primary side of the transformer cannot protect it against backflow lightning entering the secondary side of the transformer. The characteristic of transformer damage by backflow lightning is that the electromagnetic force produced by the current flowing into the secondary side deforms the transformer windings. This paper elucidates the mechanism of transformer damage by lightning flowing into the secondary side by comparing actual lightning damage cases with the results of verification tests using a short‐circuit generator. Effective countermeasures against transformer damage by backflow lightning are examined by EMTP calculations, which indicate that neutral grounding on the low‐voltage distribution line is the most effective way of decreasing the current flowing into the transformer. The lower the grounding resistance, the less current flows into the transformer. In addition, decreasing the voltage on the secondary side is important in order to protect the secondary‐side bushing. The calculation results indicate that surge arresters installed around the secondary side of the transformer are effective in decreasing the voltage on the secondary side. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 171(2): 1–11, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience. wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20921     

10 kV配电变压器雷电过电压及其防治方法研究

10 k V台区配电变压器是配电网最重要的设备之一,但在多雷区时常发生雷击损坏故障。根据台区典型设计和现场勘查结果,建立了雷电直击导线和雷电感应下的电磁暂态仿真模型,分析了配电变压器高压侧绝缘的雷电过电压,结果如下:雷电直击导线后,变压器绝缘承受的电压为避雷器残压和接地引下线电压之和,过电压幅值极易超过标准雷电耐受电压75 k V;雷电感应的能量较小,过电压幅值超过标准雷电耐受电压的概率非常小。同时,研究了加装避雷线对雷电直击过电压的防治效果,发现避雷线可大幅降低过电压幅值,若在此基础上缩短避雷器横担至变压器支架的电气距离,可大大降低变压器损坏概率。     

低压变频器线线间雷击浪涌6kV防护回路设计

变频器常规浪涌防护回路在线线间雷击浪涌6kV时,变频器的绝缘栅双极晶体管(IGBT)模块通常会损坏。介绍了一种低压变频器线线间雷击浪涌防护回路的设计,在常规雷击浪涌防护回路基础上外加一级电感构成LC低通滤波回路,在雷击浪涌6kV时可以保护变频器的IGBT模块免受击穿。利用图解法确定了压敏电阻上的残压,通过理论计算确定了电感量,并给出了线线间雷击浪涌6kV的实例分析。结果表明,在雷击浪涌为6kV时,压敏电阻与LC低通滤波回路能将变频器线线间残压限制到1200kV以内。     

大型整流变压器雷电冲击耐受试验

介绍了大型整流变压器雷电冲击耐压试验方法,并利用HIAS742高分辨率脉冲分析系统对变压器试品的试验结果进行了判断和分析,为今后大型整流变压器的雷电冲击耐压试验提出了一些建设性意见。     

智能变电站电子式互感器故障分析及建议

电子式互感器是智能电网、数字化变电站的重要设备,其制造、运行及故障检修经验仍然不足。某变电站数字化改造3年后,部分电子式电压互感器二次电压值不稳定,电子式电流互感器二次电流值出现明显偏差。介绍了电子式互感器系统原理、设备结构,分析了设备异常、故障原因,进行了解体研究及实验验证。发现设备参数影响红外测温结果,电压互感器取能线圈短路可造成电压下降,电流互感器并联电阻开路可造成电流激增。最后对电子式互感器的设计制造、质量控制及运行维护提出了几点建议。     

配电变压器防雷保护的研究

由于正、逆变换过电压的作用,配电变压器的雷击损坏率一直很高,低压用电设备因雷击损坏的情况也很严重。对此,进行了更进一步的研究,并提出了一种新的配电变压器防雷保护方法。通过在现场5年的大量运行,证明其防雷效果非常理想。