A Microeconomic Perspective on Water Resources Management: Analyzing the Effects on Optimal Land Rents Along a River Basin

Water scarcity is becoming an increasingly relevant issue in many regions of the world as demand for water continues to grow. As a result, the need for finding measures that efficiently allocate increasingly scarce water resources has become a primary topic on the agendas of many water resource management authorities. This paper presents an innovative approach that provides further insight into the connection between hydrological, environmental, and economic aspects along a river basin. In short, it analyzes how land rents along a river basin are affected by managing water pollution along a river basin, given certain hydrological characteristics of the river basin. Results show that, without the implementation of a water management system to control water quality, the negative external effects of upstream water discharges on downstream locations can be internalized through a decrease in downstream land rents. However, the analysis presented in this paper also reveals that it is not only the absence or the presence of a water management system that has a significant impact on the real estate market along the river basin. Moreover, the market outcome also varies with the type of water resources management system implemented.     

国外水资源保护现状与趋势

水污染的防治是个世界性的问题 ,教训深刻。近年来为了保护水资源不受污染 ,世界各国采取了有效的管理手段。在管理上有些国家采取了以流域为单元的管理模式 ,有些国家采取了组成代表大会的形式 ,以加强对水资源的管理 ,同时加强法制建设。各国对水资源保护都有比较健全的法律体系 ,尽管形式不同 ,都起到了保护水资源的作用 ,成效显著。根据国外经验 ,提出加强我国水资源保护的建议。     

A Decision Support System to Improve Water Resources Management in the Conchos Basin

The Conchos basin is the largest tributary to the lower part of the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo basin. During recent years a severe drought has affected México’s ability to deliver water from the Conchos basin as required by the 1944 Treaty. In addition, it has generated not only economic problems in the USA and México but also political frictions between these two countries. The Mexican Conchos river has historically contributed with the highest amount of water to USA as established on the water treaty. A Decision Support System (DSS) was developed for the Conchos basin in order to gain a better understanding of the water resources management process in the basin, and to identify the alternatives to improve the cited process. The DSS is a semi-distributed model, based on System Dynamics, and developed using Powersim software. The DSS has been used to evaluate 25 long and short tem water resources allocation alternatives for the two main basin’s users: Irrigation Districts and Water Treaty. Some of the most important factors being tested on the 25 water management alternatives include National Commission of Water’s yearly water allocation policy, reservoir operation rules, improvement on water distribution efficiencies, etc. The DSS model shows that the historic water resources allocation implemented by the Federal government produces adequate results as compared with the other tested water management alternatives. However, for short term drought scenarios, it is showed that there could be other management alternatives that could perform better than the current water management allocation. In general, the DSS shows what we already expect of dynamic models of systems to provide that understanding the effects of multiple interacting variables in necessary to develop good natural resource management policies.     

长江流域水土保持信息化初探

随着长江流域水土保持事业的蓬勃发展,水土保持信息化工作相对滞后的矛盾日益突出.从水土保持信息化建设存在的问题、建设的必要性和紧迫性、建设方法等几方面进行了探讨.指出应依托水利信息网络,充分利用在建的长江流域水土保持监测网络,以水土流失和水土保持重点地区为主要对象,建立覆盖全流域水土流失区的、面向不同水土保持管理层的监测与管理信息系统.通过信息化建设,必将大大提升长江流域水土保持工作的科技含量,促进长江流域水土保持工作的进一步发展,更好地为社会服务.     

黑河流域水资源管理模式研究

水资源管理模式是提高水资源动态管理的有效方式,为水资源高效配置和合理利用提供技术支撑。针对黑河流域水资源利用现状与存在的问题,分析和探讨了基于生态需水、水权框架、模拟模型和水资源信息系统的黑河流域水资源管理模式,展望了未来流域水资源发展方向。指出在未来应加强人类活动影响下流域水资源污染研究,流域地表水与地下水联合调度管理和水资源合理配置与流域集成管理研究。     

水资源流域管理实施中的相关问题探讨

对水资源流域管理模式实施中产生的相关影响问题进行探讨,指出流域管理和区域管理相结合是水资源管理的最优模式。针对流域管理中产生的行政区域管理与流域管理的相互冲突、水功能区划分、跨流域调水、水资源系统管理以及流域机构的管理职能等问题,从现代管理学、系统论、可持续发展思想等角度,提出了解决问题的思路,并对我国水资源科学管理模式进行了探讨。     

Towards Upstream-Downstream Hydrosolidarity Australia's Murray-Darling River Basin

Abstract

The Murray-Darling Basin is made up of a mosaic of contrasting and competing circumstances and community interests. These contrasts represent formidable impediments to realizing the mutual dependence and commonality of interests required to achieve and maintain true hydrosolidarity across a river basin. This paper discusses Australia's Murray-Darling Basin, draining more than 1 million km², and the attempts made to coordinate the development and management of the river systems of the basin. Based on the Murray-Darling Basin Agreement in 1993, the main regulating body is the Ministerial Council, consisting of land, water, and environment ministers from each of the state governments involved and the federal government. A commitment to hydrosolidarity is shown by the imposition in 1997 of a moratorium on further water diversions from the system with consequences in terms of redistribution of entitlements. The degree of hydrosolidarity is all the more impressive in view of the widespread incidence of salinity and algal contamination across the basin and the fragmented organizational structure in place to administer this large and diverse region. Yet, problems remain because of contrasts in the level and scale of resource development and in the political interpretation and application between states of supposedly basin-wide initiatives in water resource management.     

京津冀三地水资源协同保护现状及对策建议

京津冀协同发展是中央在新的历史时期提出的重大国家战略。2014年初和2017年初,习近平总书记先后两次在北京考察工作时就京津冀协同发展做出重要指示。近年来,京津冀三省市为京津冀水环境的共同改善,在跨省市水资源调配、水污染防治联动机制、跨省市流域综合治理等方面开展了大量工作,但是同时也面临着流域治理缺乏统一规划和综合治理理念、跨省市补偿机制尚未建立、流域管理机制不健全等制约三地持续健康发展的共同难题。针对上述问题,从制定统一水资源保护规划和空间管控规划,联手建设京津冀水资源保护区、建立省际生态水量水质补偿机制、完善流域机构职能、加强依法管理以及加强三地水环境科技协同等方面展开了分析研究,随之提出了一些政策性建议,可为今后京津冀三地水环境逐步改善,营造出人水和谐、生态友好、繁荣发展的美丽的京津冀提供技术支持。     

IMPLEMENTING ENVIRONMENTAL FLOWS IN COMPLEX WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS – CASE STUDY: THE DUERO RIVER BASIN,SPAIN

European river basin authorities are responsible for the implementation of the new river basin management plans in accordance with the European Water Framework Directive. This paper presents a new methodology framework and approach to define and evaluate environmental flow regimes in the realistic complexities that exist with multiple water resource needs at a basin scale. This approach links river basin simulation models and habitat time series analysis to generate ranges of environmental flows (e‐flows), which are evaluated by using habitat, hydropower production and reliability of water supply criteria to produce best possible alternatives. With the use of these tools, the effects of the proposed e‐flows have been assessed to help in the consultation process. The possible effects analysed are impacts on water supply reliability, hydropower production and aquatic habitat. After public agreements, a heuristic optimization process was applied to maximize e‐flows and habitat indicators, while maintaining a legal level of reliability for water resource demands. The final optimal e‐flows were considered for the river basin management plans of the Duero river basin. This paper demonstrates the importance of considering quantitative hydrologic and ecological aspects of e‐flows at the basin scale in addressing complex water resource systems. This approach merges standard methods such as physical habitat simulations and time series analyses for evaluating alternatives, with recent methods to simulate and optimize water management alternatives in river networks. It can be integrated with or used to complement other frameworks for e‐flow assessments such as the In‐stream Flow Incremental Methodology and Ecological Limits of Hydrologic Alteration. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Asymmetry and Equity in Water Resources Management; Critical Institutional Issues for Southern Africa

Water users wish to achieve the highest benefits from water resources. Rules limit the manner in which water users may utilise the water resources occurring within their constituencies or territories. However an asymmetrical situation exists whereby downstream users may not affect upstream users but upstream users do cause downstream impacts. Because of this asymmetry the equitable sharing of water resources between upstream and downstream users will always imply that upstream users have to forego some potential water benefits. The general question that this paper addresses is: which institutional arrangements can be devised to (re-)establish an equilibrium between up- and downstream entities within a catchment area or river basin? The paper addresses this question by first focusing on some local and national water allocation arrangements. After briefly reviewing the different management regimes, customary and colonial, that co-evolved in Southern Africa, it assesses the water management principles that are currently being espoused. The focus then turns to the principles in international water law that deal with the allocation of water in transboundary river basins. It is concluded that it often proves difficult to reach agreement over how to share the scarce resource. The paper then discusses the current trend to look beyond water and beyond the river basin when seeking peaceful means to share a common water resource. The concept of “hydrosolidarity” emerges as a normative value that may help to recreate a balance between the various (asymmetrical) interests that exist within a river basin. The paper concludes that water resources can only be governed wisely is there is capacity to understand and monitor the water fluxes within a river basin. If such capacity is wanting, priority should be given to strengthen it.     

松花江流域水污染特征及其调控对策

针对松花江流域日益突出的水问题,研究总结了流域水污染的五大特征,即:入河污水量大,点面源并重;有机污染严重,有机毒物突出;大城市排放集中;水污染趋势加重、冰封期问题突出;污染事故风险高。在此基础上,结合当前流域水环境管理的现状,识别了松花江流域水污染调控的主要问题,即缺乏系统协调性。提出松花江流域构建基于"自然-人工"二元水循环过程的水质水量联合调控体系的思路,在自然水循环和社会水循环两大层面七个方面基础上建立完整的水量控制及水质保障系统,并提出进行综合管理的体制和机制保障措施以及注重水污染的风险管理与应急机制建设的对策建议。     

西辽河平原区水资源供需平衡分析

西辽河平原区河道沙化现象日益突出,引发了一系列的生态环境问题,水资源匮乏是河道沙化的主要原因。利用MIKE BASIN软件,建立了西辽河平原区水资源管理规划模型,根据平原区水循环的特点,在流域关键节点径流量、供水量及水资源蓄变量3个方面对模型进行了验证,结果令人满意。利用建立的模型,基于3次平衡理论对研究区2020水平年水资源供需状况进行了分析。结果表明:西辽河平原区缺水程度为24.7%,属资源性缺水,强化节水及跨流域调水是解决本区水资源供需矛盾的有效措施。采取强化节水措施后,减少需水占一次平衡缺水的63.6%,引绰济辽跨流域调水工程实施后,受水区水资源短缺问题得以缓解,通辽市科尔沁区地下水位有望每年回升0.16 m。     

Rivers as borders, uniting or dividing? The effect of topography and implications for catchment management

South Africa's water resources are unequally distributed over space and time and an already stressed water resource situation will only be exacerbated by climate change if current predictions are correct. The potential for conflict over increasingly strained water resources in South Africa is thus very real. In order to deal with these complex problems, national legislation is demanding that water resource management be decentralized to the local level where active participation can take place in an integrated manner in accordance with the principles of Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM). However, administrative and political boundaries rarely match those of catchments as, throughout South Africa, rivers have been employed extensively to delineate administrative and political boundaries at a number of spatial scales. The aim of this research is to determine if rivers act as dividing or uniting features in a socio-political landscape and whether topography will influence their role in this context. The Orange-Senqu River is used as a case study. This paper goes on to consider the implications of this for catchment management in South Africa. No study known to the authors has explored the effect of the river itself, and its topographic setting, on the drivers that foster either conflict or cooperation, and allow for participatory management. This study presents evidence that the topography of a catchment has the ability to aggravate or reduce the impact of the variables considered by water managers and thereby influence the role of a river as a dividing or uniting feature. South Africa's proposed form of decentralized water management will have to contend with the effects of different topographies on the way in which rivers are perceived and utilized.     

玛纳斯河流域水资源调度管理方案

分析了玛纳斯河流域水资源管理体制及调度运行现状,根据流域与行政区域的水资源条件、供用水历史及现状、未来发展的供水能力和用水需求、建设节水型社会的要求等,提出了具体的流域水资源调度管理方案,为玛纳斯河流域水资源的治理研究和开发利用提供了一定的参考。     

农村水电可持续发展及管理对策

农村水电具有一定的开发优势，但在开发中存在着水能资源管理缺位、部门职责不清、缺乏统一规划和统一调度管理等问题。针对这些问题,从编制流域综合规划、建立和完善水能资源许可制度、加强政府监管力度、实行统一调度、协调水电开发与生态保护的关系等方面提出了管理对策。     

流域水资源评价广义指标体系研究

 为全面分析流域水资源承载能力,根据影响水资源承载力的因素,采用系统方法,提出了流域水资源评价广义指标体系,重点分析了经济、环境和社会方面指标的建立及对流域水资源评价的作用,初步提出流域水资源评价核心指标体系。结合长江流域上、中、下游典型地区,讨论采用统一的指标评价流域内不同地区经济、环境和社会发展与水资源的关系。分析表明,采用广义指标评价流域水资源能更好地反映水资源可持续利用的状况。     

渭河流域陕西段水资源承载力分析

随着社会的发展,水资源越来越成为制约经济发展的重要因素。本文根据渭河水资源现状及特点,以渭河流域中下游陕西区域为研究对象,运用层次分析法建立了渭河流域中下游陕西区域水资源承载能力的指标体系,对人口密度、单位面积水资源占有量和灌水定额等11个指标进行计算和综合评价。研究结果表明:陕西省是一个缺水省份,水资源已经成为制约经济发展的瓶颈因素,要使经济保持又好又快发展,必须采取措施提高水资源保障能力。本研究结果可为渭河流域水资源开发利用提供科学依据。     

黄河潼关—小浪底河段严重污染状况及原因

１９９９年１月中旬以来，黄河干流潼关—小浪底河段遭受严重污染，龙门以下河段水质均超过Ⅴ类，主要污染因子为ＣＯＤＣｒ，污染物主要来自渭河、汾河、涑水河等支流及入黄排污口。造成这次污染的原因除黄河流量小等自然因素外，还有流域内各省（区）水污染防治不力、污染治理严重滞后等人为因素。这次污染严重影响了沿黄城市生活和生产供水。因此，建议加强流域水资源统一管理，建立流域水资源保护领导小组，加强黄河水资源保护法规建设，将黄河列入全国水污染防治和水资源保护工作的重点，加大水污染防治力度     

历史维度下的河西走廊水利问题研究

社会建设和生态文明建设中,历史维度是不可或缺的一环,流域管理亦然。通过对河西走廊近代水资源开发利用历史的回顾,分析了甘肃省河西走廊地区石羊河、疏勒河及讨赖河流域的水资源开发利用、社会经济发展和流域管理的演变,重点探讨了河西走廊地区历史上形成的"以时分水"的时间水权制度的运行情况、人类活动影响下流域水循环特征变化导致时间水权制度失效的机理,以及讨赖河流域传统分水模式与现代水利制度衔接的现实需求与可能方式。研究认为,在历史维度下进行流域管理问题研究,对于深入认识河西走廊水环境演化规律、深刻理解水资源开发利用管理问题的现实内涵、科学制定传统水资源管理与现实发展要求衔接的可行方案具有重要意义。     

日本的水资源管理与水权制度概略

近100多年来，随着社会经济发展和治水理念的变化，日本在水资源管理和水权制度建设等方面有许多新的发展。日本主要根据《河川法》来进行水资源管理和流域管理，其中水资源管理包括“水权”，制度。而流域管理则包括“治水和水环境”。日本水权管理的做法和经验可以为我国水权制度建设提供一定的借鉴。