蛹虫草固态发酵对玉米粉加工性质及消化性的影响

利用蛹虫草固态发酵法对玉米粉性质进行改良。测定发酵前后玉米粉的理化性质,利用快速粘度分析仪和质构仪测定发酵前后玉米粉加工性质,来探究蛹虫草发酵对玉米粉性质的影响。研究结果表明,发酵0~2 d理化成分变化不显著（P>0.05）,2 d后发生明显变化,至发酵第3 d,总淀粉含量降低了11.7%,直链淀粉增加了29.8%;经固态发酵后,水溶指数增加了87.7%,吸水指数降低了28.2%;固态发酵可改善玉米粉的糊化特性和质构特性,到发酵的第3 d,峰值粘度降低了47.3%,回生值下降了34.9%,凝胶硬度和咀嚼性分别降低了45.4%和34.8%,提高了玉米主食制品适口性。蛹虫草固态发酵后的玉米粉具有更高的营养价值,到发酵的第3 d,可溶性蛋白、必需氨基酸,分别增加了52.3%和26%;慢消化淀粉及抗性淀粉分别提高至原来的1.83和1.41倍。通过本研究所得玉米粉的改良方法,可改善玉米粉的加工性能和淀粉消化性,为蛹虫草在玉米主食制品品质改良方面提供一定参考。     

浓醪发酵玉米蛋白粉饲料生产工艺的研究

利用纳豆杆菌采用浓醪发酵法对玉米蛋白进行改性.通过对浓醪发酵条件的优化研究,确定适宜的改善玉米蛋白溶解性的发酵条件,提高玉米蛋白的溶解性,有利于动物对蛋白的消化吸收,从而提高玉米蛋白作为饲料的利用率.适宜的发酵条件为:培养基干基与水的比例为1:3.5,培养基初始pH值为7.0,接种量4.29%,培养温度32℃,摇瓶转速190 r/min,培养时间20 h.在此条件下,培养液中可溶性蛋白质含量可达到(29.05±0.67)mg/ml.     

Proteolysis, fermentation efficiency, and in vitro ruminal digestion of peanut stover ensiled with raw or heated corn

Peanut stover (PS) is similar to full-bloom alfalfa hay in chemical composition. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of adding raw or heated corn meal to PS at ensiling on silage N components, fermentation acids, and digestion by ruminal microorganisms. The PS was collected after harvesting of peanuts and ensiled immediately without and with addition of raw or heated corn meal (100 g/kg of fresh weight). Corn was added to PS so that the initial mixture would contain adequate dry matter (DM) (approximately 30%) and additional nonfiber carbohydrate to enhance silage fermentation. After 8 wk of silo fermentation, corn-treated silages contained less structural carbohydrates but more non-fiber carbohydrates compared with the untreated control. A shift from hemicellulose to nonfiber carbohydrate use during silage fermentation was evident by corn treatment. Additional corn at ensiling resulted in silage N with less water-soluble N, protein N, nonprotein N, nonprotein nonammonia N (peptides plus amino acids), and ammonia N. Based on changes in soluble nonprotein N before and after ensiling, the amount of proteolysis was approximately 66% for control silage and was nearly 40% lower in response to corn treatment. Adding corn increased silage lactic acid, but both acetic and propionic acids decreased. These changes were reflected in the lower pH and higher fermentation efficiency with corn-treated silages. More DM was digested and greater amounts of volatile fatty acids, except for branched-chain acids, were produced in vitro by ruminal microorganisms with corn-treated silages. In addition, incubations with silage treated with heated corn contained higher concentrations of acetic and propionic acids compared with raw corn. In vitro ammonia accumulation per unit of DM digested was lower for corn treatments than the control, and for heated corn vs. raw corn-treated silage. These results indicate that supplementation of either raw or heated corn on PS at ensiling could minimize proteolysis and improve fermentation efficiency. Advantages from using heated vs. raw corn could extend beyond silage fermentation and include rumen microbial fermentation.     

组合菌发酵葡萄糖生产V_C前体——2-酮基-古龙酸的研究进展

利用组合菌从葡萄糖发酵生产 2 酮基 L 古龙酸 ,进而产生VC,为改变化学合成VC及降低成本 ,提供了一条新途径。组合菌有特殊的生理功能和多种组合方式 ,其应用较为复杂。随着分子生物学技术的发展 ,VC 发酵有利用组合菌向单一菌发展的趋势。文中从研究菌种组合、发酵途径、菌种选育、构建基因工程菌等方面对国内外VC 发酵的研究概况作一综述 ,并提出进一步研究和探索的方向     

玉米皮渣类纤维兼氧发酵产丁二酸

采用酶酸两步法水解玉米皮渣,重点考察了稀HCl水解条件变化对还原糖产率的影响,并以产琥珀酸放线杆菌为发酵菌株,探讨以玉米皮渣类纤维为原料替代葡萄糖为碳源,兼氧发酵产丁二酸的可行性。结果表明:在HCl浓度1.5%,底物浓度为12%,100℃水解4h的水解工艺下,还原糖产率达83%。在还原糖质量浓度40g/L,玉米浆为氮源,35℃发酵60h的条件下,丁二酸产率达到19.41g/L。应用玉米加工副产物玉米皮渣和玉米浆为原料发酵产丁二酸具有良好的应用前景。     

Effect of fermentation on the quality characteristics of nixtamalized corn

Spontaneous lactic acid fermentation is an important process in cereal processing. It is applied to develop and enhance taste and flavour, modify texture and improve the microbial safety of foods. When applied to nixtamalized corn mixed with traditional steeped corn it is expected to further improve the functionality, improve nutritional quality and provide an alternative corn-based ingredient. The objective of this study was to investigate the chemical and functional properties of fermented blends of steeped and nixtamalized corn. A 3×5 factorial experimental design with fermentation time (0, 24, 48 h) and blends composition (0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, 100:0 steeped:nixtamalized corn) was performed. The blends were fermented for the specific times and analysed for pH, titratable acidity, water absorption, texture and viscosity. The pH of all the blends decreased with a corresponding increase in titratable acidity as fermentation time was increased. Decreases in water absorption capacity, texture, colour and cooked paste viscosity were measured in all the blends with increasing fermentation time. The cooled paste viscosity of the blends containing 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100 of steeped:nixtamalized corn showed decreases from 1840 to 780, 650 to 240 and 2240 to 1790 BU, respectively, after 48 h of fermentation. The sample derived from 100% steeped corn, however, showed increases in water absorption capacity, texture and cooked paste viscosity with increasing fermentation time. Nixtamalized corn can be subjected to spontaneous fermentation to produce thin, energy dense gruels of acceptable qualities to solve the low energy density problem of weaning foods prepared from fermented corn.     

Effects of type of carbohydrate supplementation to lush pasture on microbial fermentation in continuous culture

Eight single-flow continuous culture fermenters were used to study the effects of the type of energy source on ruminal N utilization from high quality pasture. The four dietary treatments included high quality grass and legume pasture alone (50:50; wt/wt), pasture plus soybean hulls, pasture plus beet pulp, and pasture plus corn. Diets supplemented with additional sources of energy (soybean hulls, beet pulp, and corn) were isocaloric but differed in the type and rate of carbohydrate fermentation. Energy supplements constituted 45% of the total dietary dry matter and were fed twice daily at 12-h intervals in place of pasture, which is characteristic of grain feeding at milking when animals are in a grazing situation. Energy supplementation reduced pH, NH3 N flow, and NH3 N concentration and increased bacterial N flow (as a percentage of N intake). The supplementation of corn and soybean hulls resulted in the highest microbial N flow (as a percentage of N intake). Corn had a tendency to reduce fiber digestion because of excessively low NH3 N concentrations. Beet pulp was similar to corn in that it decreased NH3 N concentrations. Supplementation of soybean hulls resulted in a more synchronized fermentation, greater volatile fatty acid production, and greater fiber digestion. Nitrogen utilization by microbes was maximized by supplementation with soybean hulls or corn twice a day. With diets based on pasture, it may be more important to improve bacterial N flow and bacterial utilization of N than to maximize the efficiency of bacterial protein synthesis because better utilization of N by ruminal microorganisms results in higher bacterial N flow and higher fiber digestion.     

地衣芽孢杆菌Bacitracin A高产工业培养基优化

为了降低杆菌肽工业发酵生产成本,提高有效成分杆菌肽A产量,采用单因素实验,寻找目前发酵培养基中黄豆粉与玉米粉的廉价替代成分,并通过Box-Behnken响应面法优化筛选后工业培养基。结果表明:小麦麸皮可以取代玉米粉与黄豆粉,作为发酵培养基中唯一有机碳氮源,有效降低发酵成本。响应面优化工业培养基为:麸皮50.3 g/L,硫酸铵1.53 g/L,磷酸二氢钾1.43 g/L,在此条件下预测杆菌肽A最大产量为1.70 g/L。经实验验证,杆菌肽A产量可以达到1.78 g/L。使用优化后的培养基,发酵结束后,菌体芽孢数量及转化率较高,芽孢数可以达到1.25×1011CFU/m L。本研究提供的培养基可同时达到高产,降低成本,高芽孢形成率的效果。      

有机氮源对谷氨酸棒杆菌发酵L-缬氨酸的影响

以L-缬氨酸生产菌谷氨酸棒杆菌XV0505为供试菌株,研究有机氮源对L-缬氨酸发酵的影响,确定了玉米浆代替豆饼水解液作为有机氮源的发酵工艺,降低了发酵成本;考察不同玉米浆浓度对谷氨酸棒杆菌XV0505发酵生产L-缬氨酸过程中生物量、耗糖速率、L-缬氨酸产量、副产物积累及氨消耗等方面影响,确定了玉米浆的适宜添加浓度;考察了玉米浆与生物素不同配比对L-缬氨酸分批发酵过程的影响,确定了最适生物素添加浓度。与原工艺相比,新工艺的菌体生物量及产酸提高了13.2%和18.5%。     

Decontamination of aflatoxin B1‐contaminated corn by ammonium persulphate during fermentation

The decontamination of aflatoxin B₁(AFB₁)‐contaminated corn, which is required if the corn is to be suitable for alternative use, by an ammoniation–fermentation integrated process was studied. This process could be used for the production of fuel ethanol from aflatoxin‐containing corn. Different concentrations (0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 1.5 and 2.0% w/w) of ammonium persulphate were tested in the detoxification of AFB₁‐contaminated corn during fermentation. In order to increase the decontamination of corn, 0.5 and 1.0% (w/w) azodicarbonamide, benzoyl peroxide and hydrogen peroxide were tested. Peroxides were added at three different stages of the fermentation process: liquefaction, saccharification and fermentation. Levels of AFB₁ and ethanol were determined after each fermentation process. Treated corn was tested for mutagenic potential using the Ames test with TA100 tester strain and pure AFB₁ as positive control. Addition of 2.0% (w/w) ammonium persulphate caused the highest level of decontamination without affecting ethanol production. Addition of peroxides did not significantly (P < 0.05) increase ethanol production or significantly (P < 0.05) improve the decontamination process. The best processes for decontamination of corn and for ethanol production included the addition of 2.0% (w/w) ammonium persulphate for both and of 1.0 and 0.5% (w/w) benzoyl peroxide respectively. All treated corn samples showed no mutagenic potential. Possible industrial use of these processes is discussed. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

玉米浆粉预处理对粘质沙雷氏菌发酵产2-酮基-D-葡萄糖酸的影响

通过比较不同预处理方法获得的玉米浆粉在粘质沙雷氏菌SD136作用下产2-酮基-D-葡萄糖酸的影响,组合复配玉米浆粉,结果表明:最佳玉米浆粉复配比为玉米原浆粉和酶解玉米浆粉3∶1,2-酮基-D-葡萄糖酸产量达到(171.39±4.5) g/L,发酵时间由40 h缩短至37 h,对糖转化率达到95.22%。玉米原浆粉和酶解玉米浆粉的组合复配能够提高粘质沙雷氏菌SD136的发酵效率和2-酮基-D-葡萄糖酸的产量。     

复合酶制剂在玉米淀粉湿法加工中的应用

玉米淀粉加工复合酶制剂是玉米淀粉加工专用酶制剂,主要由纤维素酶、木聚糖酶等组成.为了探讨复合酶制剂在玉米淀粉湿法加工过程中的工艺效果,通过复合酶制剂在玉米纤维洗涤过程中的应用,考察经过酶反应处理后玉米粉浆粘度和纤维吸水性的变化,以及淀粉和蛋白质收率、蒸汽消耗量等指标.结果表明,酶制剂能够将玉米的胚乳淀粉细胞壁及种皮纤维...     

利用廉价原料生产聚谷氨酸的研究

目的 降低聚谷氨酸的生产成本.方法 从聚谷氨酸发酵所需的氮源和碳源出发,分别研究了小麦水解蛋白、豆饼粉、豆粕粉、玉米蛋白、玉米浆等有机氮源和甘蔗糖蜜、甜菜糖蜜、葡萄糖蜜、玉米糖蜜等碳源对聚谷氨酸发酵产量的影响,在此基础上通过单因素实验优化了玉米浆、硫酸铵、甜菜蜜、谷氨酸钠的添加量,最后通过发酵罐发酵比较了优化后的工艺与...     

Energy and greenhouse gas profiles of polyhydroxybutyrates derived from corn grain: a life cycle perspective

Polyhydroxybutyrates (PHB) are well-known biopolymers derived from sugars orvegetable oils. Cradle-to-gate environmental performance of PHB derived from corn grain is evaluated through life cycle assessment (LCA), particularly nonrenewable energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Site-specific process information on the corn wet milling and PHB fermentation and recovery processes was obtained from Telles. Most of energy used in the corn wet milling and PHB fermentation and recovery processes is generated in a cogeneration power plant in which corn stover, assumed to be representative of a variety of biomass sources that could be used, is burned to generate electricity and steam. County level agricultural information is used in estimating the environmental burdens associated with both corn grain and corn stover production. Results show that PHB derived from corn grain offers environmental advantages over petroleum-derived polymers in terms of nonrenewable energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, PHB provides greenhouse gas credits, and thus PHB use reduces greenhouse gas emissions compared to petroleum-derived polymers. Corn cultivation is one of the environmentally sensitive areas in the PHB production system. More sustainable practices in corn cultivation (e.g., using no-tillage and winter cover crops) could reduce the environmental impacts of PHB by up to 72%.     

The effect of Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 on the fermentation and aerobic stability of high moisture corn in laboratory silos

The production of antifungal compounds during fermentation could be a useful mechanism to improve the aerobic stability of fermented feeds when they are exposed to air. High moisture corn (26% moisture) was ground and inoculated with various amounts of Lactobacillus buchneri 40788, a heterolactic acid bacteria, and ensiled in laboratory silos. Inoculation with L. buchneri 40788 from 1 x 10(5) to 1 x 10(6) cfu/g of corn had minor effects on the end products of fermentation during the early stage of ensiling (< or = 14 d). However, after 49, 92, and 166 d of ensiling, increasing the application rate of L. buchneri 40788 applied to corn increased the concentration of acetic acid when compared to untreated corn. Addition of L. buchneri 40788 had few other effects on the end products of fermentation. Dry matter recovery and aerobic stability were measured after 92 and 166 d of ensiling. At these times, dry matter recovery was not different among treatments, and numbers of yeasts and molds tended to decrease as the application rate of L. buchneri 40788 increased. Aerobic stability (number of h prior to a 2 degrees C rise in temperature after exposure to air) was markedly improved by the addition > or = 5 x 10(5) cfu/g of L. buchneri 40788. Combining L. buchneri 40788 with L. plantarum did not impart better aerobic stability than when L. buchneri 40788 was applied alone to corn. Addition of L. buchneri 40788 did not affect the rate of fermentation in high moisture corn, but after prolonged storage higher application rates increased production of acetic acid and markedly improved aerobic stability.     

响应面法优化蛹虫草菌固体发酵五味子药渣发酵条件

将五味子药渣用作蛹虫草菌发酵培养基且不添加其他任何营养物质,并以水料比、基质重量、接种量、发酵温度为考察因子,在单因素实验基础上,结合响应面法以发酵产物中虫草素含量为响应值对发酵条件进行优化。响应面法分析得出蛹虫草菌发酵五味子药渣最佳条件:水料比为2mL/g,基质重量为37g,接种量为23%,发酵温度为26℃。在此条件下发酵15d,发酵产物中虫草素含量高达5.1202mg/g;多糖含量为2.87%,相比发酵前五味子药渣中多糖含量提高了24.97%。结果说明,以五味子药渣作为蛹虫草菌发酵培养基,不仅可以提高五味子药渣的利用价值,而且可以降低发酵蛹虫草菌生产虫草素的成本。      

响应面法优化米曲霉液体发酵生产中性蛋白酶工艺

为提高米曲霉（Aspergillus oryzae）液体发酵生产中性蛋白酶的能力,采用单因素试验、Plackett-Burman（PB）试验筛选碳源、氮源和无机盐,并通过响应面法优化其最佳配比,提高米曲霉液体发酵生产中性蛋白酶的活性。结果表明,米曲霉液体发酵生产中性蛋白酶的最佳碳源、氮源和无机盐分别为玉米粉、牛肉膏和氯化钙,发酵的最优条件为玉米粉添加量17 g/L,牛肉膏添加量10 g/L,氯化钙添加量0.04 g/L,接种量5%,装液量60 mL/250 mL,于30 ℃条件下发酵84 h。在此优化条件下,产生的中性蛋白酶活性从最初的21.4 U/mL提高至110.5 U/mL。     

The effects of buffered propionic acid-based additives alone or combined with microbial inoculation on the fermentation of high moisture corn and whole-crop barley

Buffered propionic acid-based additives (BP) alone or in combination with a microbial inoculant containing lactic acid bacteria (MI) were mixed with ground, high moisture corn or whole-crop barley and ensiled in triplicate laboratory silos to investigate their effects on silage fermentation and aerobic stability. The inoculant and chemicals were applied separately for treatments that included both additives. The addition of MI alone had no effect on DM recovery, fermentation end products, or aerobic stability of high moisture corn. However, treatments with 0.1 and 0.2% BP (alone and the combination) had more than 10- and 100-fold fewer yeasts, respectively, and they also had greater concentrations of propionic acid than did untreated corn. Corn treated with only 0.1 (161 h) and 0.2% (218 h) BP tended to be more stable when exposed to air than untreated corn (122 h). Treatment with MI + 0.2% BP markedly improved the aerobic stability (>400 h) of high moisture corn. With whole-crop barley, the addition of MI alone, BP alone, and combinations of MI and BP prevented the production of butyric acid that was found in untreated silage (0.48%). All barley silages that had MI in their treatments underwent a more efficient fermentation than treatments without MI, as evident by a greater ratio of lactic:acetic acid and more DM recovery than in untreated silage. Increasing levels (0.1 to 0.2%) of BP added together with MI improved the aerobic stability of barley (190 and 429 h) over the addition of MI alone (50 h). These data show that buffered propionic acid-based products are compatible with microbial inoculants and, in some circumstances when used together, they can improve the fermentation and aerobic stability of silages.     

发酵工业中酿酒酵母耐性机制的研究进展

由于工业生产条件和成本的限制,发酵过程中酿酒酵母会经受多种不同环境胁迫因子的影响。研究不良环境中酿酒酵母的耐性机制,旨在为提高产品质量、降低生产成本以及相应的基因改良提供理论依据。文中主要综述了酿酒酵母耐受高渗、氧化和乙醇等胁迫因素的机理以及海藻糖对酵母细胞的保护作用。      

耐酒精高产L-乳酸菌株的筛选及发酵培养基优化

为提高L-乳酸产量,降低L-乳酸的生产成本,该研究经过筛选、驯化获得一株耐酒精且高产L-乳酸的菌株鼠李糖乳杆菌AK-0779。使用玉米酒糟代替部分酵母粉作为菌株AK-0779发酵培养基的氮源。在单因素实验基础上,对葡萄糖添加量、酵母粉添加量和玉米酒糟添加量进行三因素三水平响应面优化试验。结果表明,最适发酵培养基为：葡萄糖添加量9.80%,玉米酒糟添加量0.98%,酵母粉添加量1.72%,L-乳酸产量为78.91 g/L,糖酸转换率为80.52%。与酵母粉完全充当氮源产L-乳酸82.36 g/L相比,产量无显著差异,说明玉米酒糟能有效代替部分酵母粉作为发酵培养基的氮源,降低L-乳酸生产成本。