Input impedance analysis of single-phase PFC converters

The input impedance of single-phase boost power factor corrected (PFC) AC-DC converters is modeled and analyzed in this paper. A large-signal model is presented for the input impedance which overcomes the limitations of traditional piece-wise linearized models. The model is valid at frequencies ranging from the crossover frequency of the output voltage loop to half the switching frequency of the converter. Experimental results from a boost single-phase PFC converter are provided to validate the model. Input characteristics of typical boost PFC converters, such as input impedance dipping, leading phase of the input current, and responses to distorted input voltages are studied by using the model. A simple compensation technique to reduce the dipping in the input impedance, thereby improving converter performance and minimizing the potential for undesirable interactions with the input filter or the ac source, is also presented.     

Low-cost test technique using a new RF BIST circuit for 4.5-5.5 GHz low noise amplifiers

This paper presents a low-cost test technique using a new RF Built-In Self-Test (BIST) circuit for 4.5-5.5 GHz low noise amplifiers (LNAs). The test technique measures input impedance, voltage gain, noise figure, input return loss and output signal-to-noise ratio of the LNA. The BIST circuit is designed using 0.18 μm SiGe technology. The BIST circuit contains test amplifier and RF peak detectors. The complete measurement set-up contains LNA with BIST circuit, external RF source, RF relays, 50 Ω load impedance, and a DC voltmeter. The test technique utilizes output DC voltage measurements and these measured values are translated to the LNA specifications such as input impedance and gain through the developed equations. The technique is simple and inexpensive.     

基于宽带输入阻抗模型的有源集成天线设计

提出了利用微带天线的宽带输入阻抗模型进行有源集成天线的设计方法以预测有源集成天线(AIA)的辐射特性和谐波特性.谐波平衡法被用于得到AIA的谐波特性和阻抗模型的端口电压.然后端口电压作为激励源计算天线特性.实验结果显示该方法可以简单有效进行有源集成天线设计.     

New synchronization method for thyristor power converters to weakAC-systems

An improved approach to obtaining good zero-voltage-crossing signals is presented. These signals are subsequently used as synchronization signals for a phase-controlled thyristor power converter. Detection of accurate zero crossings is possible even when there are large frequency changes, sudden load changes, or large commutation overlap angles. The improved accuracy in the integrity of the zero crossing is obtained by reconstructing a voltage representing the AC source voltage. This voltage is determined from the distorted thyristor converter input voltage, the converter input current, and an online identification of the source impedance using a microcontroller-based adaptive algorithm. The improvement provided by the new zero crossing detection scheme is verified experimentally     

Improved Buffer Amplifier for Incorporation Within a Biopotential Electrode

An amplifier for an active electrode is described which requires only a two-conductor connecting cable, is current limiting for patient safety, and has essentially unity voltage gain. In addition, the output impedance is lower and the input impedance has more adjustment latitude than is possible with a conventional source follower.     

Miller long-duration sweep generator

A Miller-integrator circuit using a simple amplifier with positive feedback has been analysed. The circuit has the high input impedance inherent with insulated-gate field-effect transistors and the low output impedance characteristic of emitter followers. Owing to these properties and the high voltage gain, it is possible to obtain long-duration sweeps of good linearity. A sweep of about 2 h duration and of a linearity error of 0.05% has been obtained. The ratio of the dynamic range of the output voltage to the supply voltage is greater than 60%, and the output impedance is less than 10?.     

Three-step impedance criterion for small-signal stability analysis in two-stage DC distributed power systems

Small-signal stability analysis methods based on an impedance criterion originate from the minor loop gain method and are gradually utilized in two-stage DC distributed power systems. In this paper, we conclude that the impedance criterion directly dependent on output impedance Z/sub o/(s) of the source subsystem and input impedance Z/sub i/(s) of the load subsystem is possible but gives an incorrect stability analysis for systems with a regulated source subsystem. Through introducing a mapped pure impedance of the load subsystems and the preliminary system, we develop a general three-step impedance criterion, with which a correct small-signal stability analysis can be guaranteed, regardless of the type of source subsystem. Furthermore, we introduce the application of the three-step impedance criterion in two small-signal stability analysis cases and utilize it in an example system to predict the stability shift process arising from the variation on the load resistance and input voltage value.     

A New Approach for Built‐in Self‐Test of 4.5 to 5.5 GHz Low‐Noise Amplifiers

This paper presents a low‐cost RF parameter estimation technique using a new RF built‐in self‐test (BIST) circuit and efficient DC measurement for 4.5 to 5.5 GHz low noise amplifiers (LNAs). The BIST circuit measures gain, noise figure, input impedance, and input return loss for an LNA. The BIST circuit is designed using 0.18 μm SiGe technology. The test technique utilizes input impedance matching and output DC voltage measurements. The technique is simple and inexpensive.     

On the selection of control-law coefficients for multiloop PWMswitching regulators

An analytical investigation was performed to ascertain the explicit effects of the state-variable feedback control-law coefficients and the source variable feed-forward control-law coefficients on the stability and performance in linearized multiloop (pulse-width modulated) switching regulators. Detailed results are presented for input impedance, output current susceptibility, input voltage susceptibility and output impedance of the basic buck, boost, and buck-boost regulators. General relationships are derived for the feed-forward control-law coefficients to minimize input voltage susceptibility and the output impedance of the multiloop buck regulator. Relationships for all three regulators based on other performance measures such as output current susceptibility can be derived using the results presented. Simplified results are given for multiloop switching regulators with a conventionally implemented current loop and with a value of inductance several times greater than critical     

A CMOS variable gain low-noise amplifier with ESD protection for 5 GHz applications

This paper presents a variable gain low-noise amplifier (VG-LNA) for 5 GHz applications.The effect of the input parasitic capacitance on the inductively degenerated common source LNA's input impedance is analyzed in detail.A new ESD and LNA co-design method was proposed to achieve good performance.In addition,by using a simple feedback loop at the second stage of the LNA,continuous gain control is realized.The measurement results of the proposed VG-LNA exhibit 25 dB (-3.3 dB to 21.7 dB) variable gain range,2.8 dB noise figure at the maximum gain and 1 dBm IIP3 at the minimum gain,while the DC power consumption is 9.9 mW under a 1.8 V supply voltage.     

基于阻尼振荡法的甚低频天线阻抗测量

为了准确测量甚低频发射天线在实际工作环境和工作频点上的输入阻抗,本文提出了一种基于RLC阻尼振荡法的阻抗测量方法,并推导了天线阻抗、电容、电感和电阻的测量公式;该测量方法可通过提高测量电压来提高测量信噪比和测量精度;测量系统谐振于被测天线的工作频点或其附近,使甚低频发射天线输入阻抗的测量值更接近天线在实际工况下的真实值.试验表明,本文提出的测量方法简单可行,具有较高的精度和稳定性,可实现甚低频发射天线输入阻抗的现场测量.     

无源UHF RFID标签的低成本阻抗匹配网络设计

提出了一种符合ISO/IEC18000-6C标准的无源RFID(射频识别)标签的低成本阻抗匹配网络。该设计基于复功率波反射系数的概念,修正芯片输入阻抗,在片内添加阻抗匹配电路。通过变化芯片阻抗和天线共轭匹配及失配间切换,有效完成信号的调制反射。提出的电路结构简单,易于实现,在读写器、标签天线和芯片之间实现了功率传输的最大化,提高了芯片输入电压以及读写器对标签反射信号的识别率。采用该阻抗匹配网络的芯片基于chartered 0.35μm CMOS工艺实现。测试结果表明,在923MHz频带下,倍压电路输出可达1.47V,标签满足系统设计要求。     

Notes on a Crystal Mixer Performance

A simple relation between optimum rf source impedance for minimum noise figure and the nominal conversion loss of a mixer is derived. This impedance is related to the input mismatch and its dependence on the type of IF amplifier input circuit is discussed. Relations between the crystal noise temperature and mixer noise temperature as a function of conversion loss are derived for different load conditions at the image frequency terminals.     

有源集成天线的谐波平衡法分析

本文首先利用矩量法计算平面馈电型微带贴片天线的输入阻抗,并对其进行实验测量;其次,使用谐波平衡法分析了以Ｃｕｎｎ管为振荡源的有源微带天线电路。在求解谐波平衡方程时采用Ｐｏｗｅｌｌ优化法,得出整体电路的振荡频率和振荡电压;再次,仍使用谐波平衡法对肖特基二极管与微带贴片天线集成的接收型有源天线进行大信号的小信号分析,同样经过优化,得出其在本振电压作用下,非线性部分的谐波电压以及在小信号电压作用下的变频     

Stability margin monitoring for DC distributed power systems via perturbation approaches

In multi-module power electronics systems, especially DC distributed power systems, the small-signal stability issues are often dealt with by employing Middlebrook's impedance criterion. However, for on-line system stability margin monitoring, directly measuring impedance of the source and load subsystems then making quantitative comparisons is too complicated and difficult. This paper proposes practical and simple methods, which involve applying current or voltage perturbation to the dc side of distributed power systems then only measuring the amplitude of two currents or voltages in order to monitor the stability margin. For both methods (current perturbation and voltage perturbation), an implementation approach that does not employ external voltage or current perturbation source is also presented. All these methods and approaches are equivalent to the impedance measuring and comparing method based on the impedance criterion with different forbidden regions. A comparative evaluation of each method and its corresponding implementation approach is provided.     

A.C.-coupled probe technique for very-low-frequency operation

The use of a junction-f.e.t. matched pair, functioning as a self-biased source follower, bootstrapped by the operational amplifier voltage follower it drives, facilitates the design of an a.c.-coupled oscilloscope probe with maximised input impedance. Consequently, a lower-cutoff frequency of less than 3 Hz is feasible with input coupling components that are not incompatible with current i.c. design practice.     

基于阻抗的匝间故障早期诊断系统设计与实现

提出了一种使用输入阻抗来诊断无刷直流电动机（brushless dc motors,BLDC）定子绕组匝间故障（inter-turn fault,ITF）的算法,并设计了相应的故障检测系统进行了实现。该系统的优势在于具有早期检测能力以及适用于各种速度范围检测。提出的故障检测技术通过使用输入电压和输入电流来计算输入阻抗,并将其与数据库中的数值比较。相比传统的方法,由于不需要快速傅里叶变换（FFT）,因此提出的算法更加迅速且简单。实验测试结果表明提出的检测方法在各种转速条件下均具有较高的精确度。     

高输入阻抗测压电路

本文简要说明了电压测量电路要求具有较高输入阻抗的原理,针对直流电压测量技术中采用的实际电路介绍了几种高输入阻抗的测压电路,并简要分析它们的工作原理和特点.测量几伏或几百毫伏电压时,可采用场效应管差分式电路(输入阻抗达几百兆欧或上千兆欧);也可采用高阻型集成运放(如CA3130输入阻抗高达TΩ量级,即1012Ω)构成测压...     

改进的功率校准算法

研究了移动通信系统中非线性功率放大器的输入电压?负载阻抗输入电压与天线输出功率之间关系,尤其利用负载阻抗输入电压与天线输出功率之间非线性特性, 采用线性插值算法基本原理,对功率放大器的输入电压与负载阻抗输入电压进行分段直线拟合,获得功率放大器输入电压与天线输出功率之间的一一对应关系? 采用本文所述方法在工程中对天线输出功率进行校准,不但缩短了功率校准所需时间,而且提高了功率校准精度?     

On the convergence of common FDTD feed models for antennas

The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is routinely used to calculate the input admittance/impedance of simple antennas. The value of the input admittance/impedance depends on the level of discretization used in the method, and should converge to a final value as the discretization becomes finer. In this paper, the level of discretization necessary for convergence is studied using two common feed models: the hard-source feed and the transmission-line feed. First, the simplest and most naive methods for introducing the voltage and the current in these models are considered, and the results for the admittance are shown not to converge. Next, improved methods for introducing the voltage and current in these models are constructed. The results for the admittance are then shown to converge, and guidelines are offered for the level of discretization needed for convergence. In addition, two general problems associated with the computation of the admittance are discussed: the agreement between admittances computed with different simple feed models, and the agreement between these admittances and measurements.