电场处理对普鲁兰酶水解糯米淀粉的影响

目的：探明电场处理对普鲁兰酶水解糯米淀粉的强化作用机理。方法：测定不同强度电场作用下普鲁兰酶水解糯米淀粉的效率,并利用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、差示扫描量热仪和快速黏度分析仪表征酶解产物的结构和热性质变化。结果：强度≤2.5 V/cm的电场处理可提高普鲁兰酶活力、促进糯米淀粉的水解,并且水解产物表面出现裂痕和孔洞、相对结晶度增加、起始糊化温度(To)增加、淀粉糊黏度降低;强度≥5 V/cm的电场处理可引起普鲁兰酶的部分失活、糯米淀粉水解效率降低、相对结晶度和淀粉糊黏度等降低。结论：在当前试验条件下,电场处理对普鲁兰酶水解糯米淀粉的强化作用主要影响普鲁兰酶活性,而对糯米淀粉结构无显著影响。     

大米缓慢消化淀粉的制备

以黑龙江大米淀粉为原料,糊化时采用普鲁兰酶进行脱支处理,并经冷却贮存可使缓慢消化淀粉的含量超过50%。实验证明,制备缓慢消化淀粉的最优条件:10%的普鲁兰酶水解4h、5℃贮存2d,缓慢消化淀粉含量达到58%。     

大米淀粉物化特性与糊化曲线的相关性研究

以不同品种的大米淀粉为原料，采用快速黏度分析仪（RVA）研究不同品种大米淀粉的糊化曲线的差异，碘兰值和酶解力等物化特性对糊化特性的影响。结果表明，不同品种大米淀粉的碘兰值、酶解力存在差异，以籼米淀粉的碘兰值最大，其次是粳米淀粉和糯米淀粉。粳米淀粉和糯米淀粉酶解力相对较大。糊化温度、最终黏度、最低黏度、回升值与碘兰值均呈不同程度的正相关。峰值黏度、最低黏度、最终黏度、回升值、糊化温度与酶解力呈不同程度的负相关。采用碘兰值、酶解力的指数模型描述大米淀粉的糊化特性可达到很高的拟合精度。     

普鲁兰酶和β-淀粉酶对大米支链淀粉回生影响的研究

本文研究了普鲁兰酶和β－淀粉酶对大米支甸淀粉回生的影响。通过用DSC和α-淀粉酶两种方法测定其回生。结果表明；β－淀粉酶能够通过切短大米支链淀粉外侧枝链而抑制其回生，且随着酶解度的增加回生抑制更加明显。普鲁兰酶的适度处理加快了大米支链淀粉的回生，脱支下来的短直链不能形成结晶，除外侧短枝链外，其它较长链也可参与结晶，两种检测方法所得结果比较一致。     

芭蕉芋淀粉热力学特性和体外消化性的研究

为了研究芭蕉芋淀粉的加工与营养特性,采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、Brabender糊化仪(BV)和Brookfield R/S Plus流变仪测定了芭蕉芋淀粉的热力学特性;在此基础上,采用普鲁兰酶水解,进一步研究了酶解淀粉的体外消化特性。结果表明:5 g芭蕉芋淀粉溶于100 m L蒸馏水得到淀粉乳,其糊化温度是65℃~67℃,黏度急剧升高时的温度为75℃,峰值黏度为429.3 BU。经100 U/g普鲁兰酶水解后的淀粉,快速消化淀粉的含量由88.2%减少到59.0%,缓慢消化淀粉的含量由8.5%增加到16.9%;酶解淀粉直链淀粉的含量由12.8%增加到18.1%、支链淀粉含量由86.8%下降到79.9%,可能是其具有较低的消化率的部分原因。     

球磨协同普鲁兰酶处理对红薯粉丝品质的影响

为提高红薯淀粉直链淀粉含量进而改善红薯粉丝品质,该文采用球磨、普鲁兰酶处理红薯淀粉,利用直链淀粉试剂盒、傅里叶红外光谱仪、快速黏度分析仪、质构仪等对红薯淀粉直链淀粉含量、短程有序性、糊化特性进行表征。结果显示,球磨处理、普鲁兰酶处理及球磨协同普鲁兰酶处理,均能够增加红薯淀粉直链淀粉含量,增加量分别为12.83%、27.52%和50.41%。经预处理后,红薯淀粉短程有序性下降,回生和拉伸特性提高,粉丝断条率分别下降4.90%、9.99%和12.56%。球磨、普鲁兰酶单一处理方法能够显著改善粉丝的形态和口感。相比于球磨和酶解单一处理,球磨协同普鲁兰酶处理能够更好地提高红薯粉丝的弹性和韧性,改善其口感。     

脱支玉米淀粉-壳聚糖复合物的制备及结构表征

为了探究脱支处理对玉米淀粉-壳聚糖复合物理化性质和流变特性的影响,以玉米淀粉（MS）为原料,用普鲁兰酶酶解脱支,将脱支淀粉（DBS）与壳聚糖（CS）溶液混合制备脱支玉米淀粉-壳聚糖复合物（DBS-CS）,测定复合物的微观结构、粒径分布、结晶结构、分子短程有序结构、流变学特性。结果表明：脱支玉米淀粉-壳聚糖复合物的颗粒表面附着壳聚糖越多,颗粒间的结合力越紧密且复合物的平均粒径越大,热稳定性提高。脱支后的DBS和DBS-CS的结晶度降低,结晶结构由A型转变为B型。红外光谱和核磁共振氢谱表明淀粉与壳聚糖能够形成复合物且脱支后的玉米淀粉与壳聚糖复合效果更好。脱支淀粉-壳聚糖复合物具有典型的弱凝胶动态流变行为和假塑性剪切变稀行为。本研究结果为获得一种新型绿色的复合改性淀粉提供了理论依据。     

普鲁兰多糖对大米淀粉糊化和老化特性的影响

以实验室自提高直链大米淀粉为原料,以10％的海藻糖为参照,采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和快速黏度分析仪(RVA)分别分析了不同添加量的普鲁兰多糖对大米淀粉的热力学性质和黏度特性的影响,并用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对在4℃条件下贮存14d的大米糊化淀粉的颗粒形貌进行观察.结果表明,普鲁兰多糖的添加会不同程度降低高直链大米淀粉的老化焓值、峰黏度、谷黏度、终黏度、回生值,提高大米淀粉的糊化温度,当添加15％普鲁兰多糖时能较好的延缓大米淀粉的老化,RVA所测得的回生值从2463.67cP降低到471.33cP;当添加25％普鲁兰多糖时,对淀粉的老化抑制效果最好.     

豌豆抗性淀粉的酶法制备及其性质研究

以豌豆淀粉为原料,经糊化、普鲁兰酶脱支和凝沉处理,使其分子结构发生改变,制备出高含量的抗性淀粉,并研究了其理化性质。结果表明,在加酶量为300 ASPU/g,脱支时间12 h,凝沉时间24 h时,抗性淀粉含量达到最高52.66%;经糊化、脱支和凝沉处理后的样品结晶结构由C型变为B+V型;随着抗性淀粉含量的增加,其溶解度逐渐降低且均高于原淀粉,但膨胀度均低于原淀粉;消化产物随抗性淀粉含量的增加而降低。     

三种大米淀粉的物性研究

以桂朝13（籼米）、武运粳7（粳米）、珍糯4130（糯米）三种大米淀粉为原料,研究比较三种类型大米淀粉的物化特性。结果表明,三种大米淀粉的碘兰值存在差异,颗粒均为较规则的多面体,且都为A型晶体;糯型淀粉相对结晶度较高,糊化温度61.9℃,易糊化,不易老化;籼型稻米淀粉糊化温度77.3℃,不易糊化,但易老化;粳型稻米处于两者之间。大米淀粉碘兰值与淀粉结晶度呈负相关性,与淀粉糊化温度、峰值黏度、回生值呈显著正相关。     

Effect of debranching and storage condition on crystallinity and functional properties of cassava and potato starches

Debranching starch by pullulanase is considered to improve the RS content of starch which is widely used to produce the starch‐based foods with high‐health benefit impacts. In this study, the cassava and potato starches were debranched by pullulanase, followed by an autoclave treatment and storage at −18°C, 4°C, or 25°C to investigate their crystallinity and functional properties. After debranching, the potato starch contained significantly higher CL (35.4 glucose units) than did the cassava starch (32.4 glucose units). The debranched cassava and potato starches after retrogradation at the storage temperatures had a typical B‐type crystalline structure although the native cassava and potato starches exhibited the different crystalline forms (A‐ and B‐type, respectively). The RS contents of the debranched cassava and potato starches significantly improved with higher RS content of the debranched potato starch than that of the debranched cassava starch at the same storage condition. The storage temperature significantly affected the RS formation of the debranched starches with the highest RS content at storage temperature of −18°C (35 and 48% for the debranched cassava and potato starches, respectively). The debranched starches had significantly lower viscosities and paste clarities but higher solubilities than did the native starches. As a result, the debranched cassava and potato starches can be considered for use not only in functional foods with enhanced health benefits but also in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.     

Determination of Optimum Conditions for Enzymatic Debranching of Cassava Starch and Synthesis of Resistant Starch Type III using Central Composite Rotatable Design

Cassava starch was debranched by treatment with isoamylase and pullulanase and the yield of resistant starch type III (RS III) optimized with respect to starch solids concentration (7.5‐15%, w/v), incubation time (8‐24 h) and enzyme concentration using central composite rotatable design. Higher concentrations of pullulanase (10‐35 U/g starch) compared to isoamylase (30–90 mU/g starch) were required to give a similar degree of starch hydrolysis within the experimental domain. A clear debranching end‐point was identifiable by following the reducing value, blue value and β‐hydrolysis limit of cassava starches debranched using isoamylase. It was difficult to define a debranching endpoint of pullulanase treatment by these parameters due to contaminating α‐D ‐(1→4) activity. The yield of RS III was significantly higher in isoamylolysates and increased steadily with increasing degree of hydrolysis to peak at 57.3%. Purification of the debranched material further increased the RS III yield to 64.1%. Prolonged (24 h) hydrolysis of cassava starch with high concentration of pullulanase (35 U/g) gave lower RS III contents in the purified (34.2%) and unpurified (36.2%) hydrolysates compared to 49.5 and 62.4%, respectively, at moderate pullulanase concentration (22.5 U/g) and incubation time (16 h).     

底物浓度对三种不同来源的脱支重结晶淀粉的影响

以三种不同来源淀粉（普通玉米淀粉、木薯淀粉、豌豆淀粉）为研究对象,对样品进行脱支重结晶处理,分析底物浓度对三类脱支重结晶淀粉的形态、大小、结晶结构、热性质和凝胶性质等功能特性的影响。结果表明,原淀粉表面光滑无孔洞,脱支重结晶淀粉完整性均被破坏且受浓度影响不明显;粒径随底物浓度增加而增大;相对结晶度随底物浓度增加呈先减小后增大的趋势;与原淀粉相比,三种改性淀粉的储能模量（G'）高于损耗模量（G"）,凝胶强度增强,热稳定性和有序度（DO）均下降而双螺旋度（DD）均上升。改性玉米淀粉和木薯淀粉在较低底物浓度（6%、10%）表现出较弱的粘弹性,而豌豆淀粉在中等底物浓度（10%、14%）表现为较高的粘弹性;DD值随底物浓度增加而减小（底物浓度为18%样品除外）;热稳定性随底物浓度增大有所改善,但仍低于原淀粉。由此可见,调节底物浓度可以选择性地获取理想的脱支重结晶淀粉,这将为不同品种淀粉的综合利用提供思路。     

湿热及酶解处理对糯米粉体外消化特性和血糖生成指数的影响

目的 研究酶解处理、湿热处理和湿热复合酶解处理对糯米粉体外消化特性和血糖生成指数(glycemic index, GI)的影响。方法 采用体外消化法测定了不同处理糯米粉的水解度和血糖生成指数值, 并通过X-射线衍射和激光共焦拉曼光谱实验测定了不同处理糯米的淀粉晶体结构。结果 3种处理的水解度和抗性淀粉(resistant starch, RS)相对含量增加, 慢消化淀粉(slowly digestible starch, SDS)相对含量降低; 其中湿热复合酶解处理条件下, RS相对含量最高, 为71.31%; 酶解处理条件下, RS相对含量最低, 为67.66%。酶解处理、湿热处理和湿热复合酶解处理的GI值分别为79.1、76.0和70.6。3种处理后糯米淀粉的晶体结构发生改变, 3种处理均使分子短程有序度与结晶度增加, 其中湿热复合酶解处理条件下, 结晶度最高, 为34.41%。 结论 湿热复合酶解处理后的糯米粉抗消化特性增强且GI值降低, 湿热复合酶解工艺可能通过影响糯米粉的体外消化率来降低GI值。     

湿热处理对大米淀粉流变特性的影响

本文通过测定湿热处理前后大米淀粉的流变学特性,旨在研究湿热处理对大米淀粉稳态流变、动态流变及温度流变学行为的变化.结果表明,湿热处理后大米淀粉均呈现剪切稀化的现象,且湿热处理增强了大米淀粉的凝胶强度;在动态流变测定中发现,所有大米淀粉样品的弹性模量(G′)都大于黏性模量(G〃),且湿热处理后大米淀粉的弹性模量(G′)和...     

不同物理方法处理对碎米中淀粉特性的影响

采用挤压、微波、超声波三种物理方法对水分含量18%的碎米淀粉进行处理,研究分析碎米淀粉经物理方法处理前后的理化性质和结构变化。结果表明,碎米淀粉经微波和超声处理后酶解力增加,糊化黏度下降,而溶解度、膨胀力、糊化温度和直链淀粉含量变化不显著;两种淀粉颗粒表面棱角减少,淀粉颗粒晶型基本没有发生变化,淀粉结晶区降低。挤压后的碎米淀粉变化较大,颗粒形状为片状,凝沉性强,1.0 h后体积仅为3 mL,糊化温度明显降低至55.0 ℃,直链淀粉含量增长为30.75%,溶解度强,为0.59%,酶解力达到45%,X-射线主要衍射峰的强度降低。     

含水量对机械活化大米淀粉理化特性的影响

采用籼米、粳米和糯米三种类型大米淀粉为原料,研究淀粉含水量对机械活化大米淀粉理化特性的影响,得到利于机械活化的淀粉含水量范围,从而提高机械活化效果,缩短机械活化时间。研究表明,随着机械活化时间的延长,三种大米淀粉的糊化度、冷水溶解率、糊透明度和还原力均增大,而碘兰值(BV)均减小。籼米淀粉在含水量为6.02%时最易发生分子链断裂,粳米淀粉和糯米淀粉均在含水量为8.50%左右时最易断链。对糊化度和冷水溶解率而言,籼米淀粉以含水量为6.02%时最大,粳米淀粉和糯米淀粉以含水量为8.50%左右最大;对糊透明度而言,三种大米淀粉均在含水量为8.50%左右时最大;而对于还原力和BV而言,籼米淀粉含水量为3.50%时变化最快;对粳米淀粉和糯米淀粉均以含水量为6.00%左右时变化最快。由此可知,淀粉含水量对大米淀粉的机械活化具有一定影响,得到适宜的机械活化大米淀粉的含水量范围为6.00%~8.50%左右。     

Hydrothermal Modifications of Tropical Tuber Starches. 1. Effect of Heat‐Moisture Treatment on the Physicochemical,Rheological and Gelatinization Characteristics

Cassava, sweet potato and arrowroot starches have been subjected to heat‐moisture treatment (HMT) under different conditions using a response surface design of the variables. A comparative study was performed on the pasting properties, swelling behaviour and the gelatinization properties of the modified starches and also on the rheological and textural properties of their pastes. X‐ray diffraction studies have shown that cassava starch exhibited a slight decrease in crystallinity, whereas sweet potato and arrowroot starches showed an increase in crystallinity after HMT at 120ºC for 14 h with 20% moisture. The swelling volume was reduced and the solubility was enhanced for all three starches after HMT, but both effects were more pronounced in the case of arrowroot starch. The decrease in paste clarity of the starch after HMT was higher in the case of cassava and sweet potato starches. Viscosity studies showed that the peak viscosity of all three starches decreased after HMT, but the paste stability increased as seen from the reduced breakdown ratio and setback viscosity. Studies on rheological properties have shown that storage and loss moduli were higher for the starches heat‐moisture treated at higher moisture and lower temperature levels than the corresponding native starches. Storage of the gel at ‐20ºC resulted in a significant increase in storage modulus for all the three starches. All the textural parameters of the gels were altered after the treatment which depended on the nature of the starch and also the treatment condition.     

Hydrothermal modifications of tropical tuber starches – Effect of ANN on the physicochemical,rheological and gelatinization characteristics

Cassava, sweet potato and arrowroot starches were hydrothermally modified by ANN under different conditions of temperature, moisture and time duration of treatment and the properties are compared. ANN brought about changes in swelling volume, solubility, gelatinization and rheological properties. The three starches behaved differently after the treatment. All the three tuber starches showed decrease in swelling volume after ANN treatment. The solubility decreased for cassava starch, whereas it slightly increased for majority of annealed sweet potato starches and significantly increased for arrowroot starch. For cassava starch, there was a decrease in peak viscosity, but for the other two starches, it increased after ANN. Differential scanning calorimetric studies showed that ANN resulted in a narrowing of DSC patterns for all the starches. The effect of ANN on the dynamic rheological properties was found to depend up on the source of starch. The modification resulted in increased gel hardness, gumminess, adhesiveness and decreased springiness for the starch gels. Tuber starches became less susceptible to enzyme action after ANN.     

红曲黄酒来源芽孢杆菌普鲁兰酶基因克隆和生物信息学分析

红曲黄酒酿造原料为大米,淀粉质量分数在70%以上,微生物来源淀粉酶系对淀粉的水解至关重要,影响甚至决定红曲黄酒酿造的原料转化过程和产品品质。从酒曲中分离具有淀粉水解能力的芽孢杆菌2?株,编号BHQ03和BHQ06,进行分子生物学鉴定并分别从2?株菌中克隆获得pulL1和pulL2,pulL3和pulL4共4?个I型普鲁兰酶基因,其中基因pulL1和pulL3均编码713?个氨基酸,序列相似度96.31%,基因pulL2和pulL4均编码852?个氨基酸,序列相似度99.77%。对基因pulL1和pulL2编码蛋白PulL1和PulL2进一步分析发现,二者均属于G13家族,具有4?段特征性保守区域。PulL2的N-端含有32 个氨基酸残基的信号肽序列,且催化活性位点存在突变（D407G）。结合文献研究和三维结构模拟,分析普鲁兰酶的具体催化过程。上述研究为科学解析红曲黄酒酿造的淀粉水解过程提供参考。