离子氮化锻造CoCrMo合金的结构及摩擦学性能

采用离子氮化技术,对医用CoCrMo合金进行表面离子氮化处理。利用SEM和XRD分析表面形貌和组织结构,并测定表面硬度,采用销-盘往复运动方式,在UMT-Ⅱ微摩擦磨损试验机上考察25%小牛血清润滑条件下的摩擦磨损性能。实验结果表明,离子氮化CoCrMo合金表面形成具有纳米结构的硬质CrN和Cr2N氮化层,表面粗糙度上升,显微硬度明显提高。低载荷时,氮化CoCrMo合金的摩擦因数均低于未处理合金,但高载荷时的摩擦因数接近或高于未处理样品。不同氮化温度和载荷条件下,氮化样品的磨损率都明显低于未处理样品,抗磨损性能提高近4倍。CoCrMo合金主要以黏着磨损为主,并伴有塑性变形,氮化CoCrMo合金的磨损较轻,主要为黏着擦伤。     

Si3N4-hBN陶瓷复合材料与Fe-B合金配副的摩擦学特性研究

利用MMU-5G销-盘式端面磨损试验机考察Si3N4-hBN陶瓷复合材料与Fe-B合金配副分别在干摩擦和水润滑条件下的摩擦磨损性能,分别采用扫描电子显微镜( SEM)、激光扫描显微镜(LSM)、X光电子能谱(XPS)、X射线能谱(EDS)和X射线衍射(XRD)分析摩擦面及磨屑的形貌与物质组成.结果表明,hBN的加入未能有效地改善Si3N4-hBN/Fe-B合金摩擦副的摩擦学性能,干摩擦条件下,Si3N4-hBN摩擦表面微凸体与Fe-B合金中的硬质相Fe2B发生碰撞而导致脆性断裂和剥落,发生磨粒磨损,摩擦因数均高于0.9,磨损率均高于10-5 mm3/ (N·m)数量级;水润滑条件下,由于水流带走了磨屑,避免磨粒磨损的发生,为Si3N4-hBN摩擦表面发生化学抛光提供条件,化学抛光使销、盘试样的摩擦表面变得光滑,从而获得较为优异的摩擦学性能.     

干摩擦工况下Si3N4/PTFE配副材料摩擦磨损特性与转移膜形成分析

为使全陶瓷轴承在干摩擦工况下可靠运转,选用四氟乙烯(PTFE)材质的保持架为全陶瓷轴承提供润滑.利用Rtec销/盘摩擦磨损试验机,以PTFE盘与氮化硅(Si3 N4)销为摩擦副,研究Si3 N4/PTFE在不同载荷和转速条件下的摩擦磨损性能,通过SEM对Si3 N4表面的转移膜形貌进行观察,分析转移膜形成原因.结果表明...     

试验参数对人工滑液边界润滑条件下超高分子量聚乙烯/Ti6Al4V往复摩擦磨损行为的影响

采用自行研制的往复摩擦磨损试验机,在法向载荷50 N、往复频率1 Hz、摩擦副接触形式为圆环外圆周/平面、初始线接触长度为6 mm、相对湿度为80%的试验条件下,研究了钛合金表面粗糙度、试验环境温度、试验延续时间、滑液成分等试验参数对UHMWPE/Ti6A14V摩擦副的往复摩擦磨损行为的影响.结果表明,这些试验参数均显著影响UHMWPE/Ti6A14V摩擦副的往复摩擦磨损行为;在环境温度20℃、25%小牛血清去离子水溶液边界润滑、180 min往复摩擦磨损试验条件下,当钛合金表面粗糙度由Ra0.04 μm增加至Ra0.06μm时,摩擦副的平均摩擦因数由0.033增加至0.096,UHMWPE试样磨损量由0.131 mm3,增加至0.149 mm3;在钛合金表面粗糙度为Ra0.06μm、25%小牛血清去离子水溶液边界润滑、180 min往复摩擦磨损试验条件下,当试验环境温度由10℃上升至37℃时,摩擦副的平均摩擦因数由0.135减少至0.077,UHMWPE试样磨损量由0.188 mm3减少至0.134 mm3.     

不同润滑液下的Al2O3增强Y-TZP陶瓷/316L不锈钢生物摩擦学特性

采用销-盘式摩擦磨损试验机研究了氧化铝增强氧化锆(ADZ)陶瓷材料/316L不锈钢摩擦副在去离子水和小牛血清2种不同介质润滑下的生物摩擦磨损行为,并利用SEM观察了磨损表面形貌。结果表明:与去离子水相比,在小牛血清润滑条件下ADZ陶瓷的摩擦因数和磨损率降低。在去离子水润滑条件下ADZ陶瓷材料的磨损为轻微磨损,相应的磨损机制为塑性变形和微犁削;而在小牛血清润滑条件下,ADZ陶瓷材料的磨损为微量磨损,磨损过程类似抛光作用。     

基于流体动压润滑效应的人工髋关节材料表面织构优化研究

以销-盘试验为模型,基于有限差分法,以Reynolds方程为理论基础,建立含有表面织构的人工髋关节材料的摩擦表面在全膜润滑下的数值模型,分析表面织构各个参数对两摩擦表面间油膜压力分布的影响。结果表明,在该模型条件下,销-盘摩擦表面间能够形成流体动压润滑,不同的表面织构参数对销盘摩擦表面间的油膜压力分布产生较大的影响。通过该模型可得到实现最佳摩擦表现的最优化的表面织构参数,从而为人工髋关节材料销-盘实验的设计提供参考。     

基于齿形链销轴-链板接触副的热混合润滑分析

为研究齿形链销轴-链板副的混合润滑性能,分析齿形链中销轴-链板接触副的几何关系及其运动特性,基于平均流量模型,建立销轴-链板副的热混合润滑模型,讨论综合曲率半径、表面粗糙度及载荷对非牛顿热混合润滑的影响。结果表明：随着综合曲率半径的增加,膜厚比增加,润滑状态由混合润滑转变为全膜润滑状态,油膜压力增加,粗糙峰接触压力减小,摩擦因数与摩擦热均降低,有效地提升了销轴-链板副的润滑性能;由于销轴与链板孔径尺寸偏差的存在,导致综合曲率半径在一定范围内变化,故其对销轴-链板接触副润滑性能的影响是变化的;随着表面粗糙度或载荷的增加,膜厚比减小,摩擦热升高,润滑状态由全膜润滑转变为混合润滑,增加了销轴-链板副的磨损风险。     

氧化铝陶瓷在腐蚀环境下的摩擦磨损性能

研究了氧化铝陶瓷在HCl溶液、NaOH溶液和去离子水3种润滑介质下的摩擦磨损性能,获得其在不同滑动速度下的摩擦因数、磨损体积和表面形貌.结果表明:酸性环境抑制了硅和铝的氢氧化物膜的产生,导致在HCl溶液润滑下摩擦副的摩擦因数高,氧化铝陶瓷表面磨损严重;以NaOH溶液为润滑介质时摩擦副的摩擦表面成膜度最高,摩擦因数最低,...     

润滑介质对摩擦性能影响差异分析

L-CKD150润滑油和复合锂基润滑脂广泛运用于石油装备润滑减磨。为研究2种润滑介质对摩擦副摩擦磨损性能及磨损机制的影响差异,采用MMW-1型微机控制立式万能摩擦磨损试验机,开展不同接触压力和线速度及不同润滑环境下摩擦学实验研究。结果表明:实验工况下,销-盘摩擦副表面以磨粒磨损为主,同时存在黏着磨损;相比于L-CKD150润滑工况,复合锂基润滑脂润滑时销-盘表面黏着磨损更为严重,进而加大摩擦因数的波动幅度,最大波动幅度为L-CKD150润滑下的3.7倍;盘试样表面磨粒磨损与接触压力有关,0.5 MPa接触压力下,L-CKD150润滑时磨粒磨损较严重,1.5 MPa下则复合锂基润滑脂润滑时更严重,磨粒磨损是影响盘试样磨损量差异的主要因素。     

双辉光离子渗铜对缸套-活塞环摩擦学性能的影响*

为研究铜元素对缸套-活塞环摩擦学性能的影响,通过双辉光离子渗透技术在缸套材料表面加工出不同厚度的渗铜改性层,使用RTEC多功能摩擦磨损试验机开展不同负载、不同润滑条件下的模拟试验,采集并分析试验过程中的摩擦因数以及试验后体积磨损量和磨损表面形貌,研究渗铜改性层对缸套材料摩擦学性能的影响规律及作用机制。结果表明：渗铜处理可有效降低缸套-活塞环摩擦副的摩擦因数,减少磨损量;高载荷和干摩擦条件下渗铜改性层的减摩抗磨作用效果尤为显著,最高可使摩擦因数分别降低13.15%和30.86%,磨损量分别降低30.70%和38.57%;渗铜后缸套-活塞环磨损表面形貌平整,摩擦表面形成了铜含量较高的润滑膜层,该表面膜起到了减摩、耐磨的作用。     

Tribological Performance and Anticorrosion Stability of Co-Cr-Mo Alloy with Thermal Oxidation Layer under Bovine Serum Albumin Solution

Co-Cr-Mo alloy used for an artificial hip joint prosthesis was treated in a vacuum tubular furnace to obtain a thermal oxidation layer with anticipated surface properties. The tribological performance of the thermal oxidation layer was subsequently characterized under bovine serum albumin (BSA) lubrication by suitable accelerating wear with a pin-on-plate tribometer. The influence of (1) BSA concentration in range of 2–20 mg/ml and (2) load in the range of 2–10 N on wear was analyzed. Stability of the oxidation layer was also studied by electrochemical testing to analyze its corrosion resistance. The change in microstructure of the substrate, after removal of the oxidation layer, was also evaluated. Results should that (1) the coefficient of friction (COF) under the applied load of 10 N fluctuated by about 0.15, (2) a higher value of wear loss 4.23 × 10^?4 mm³ in 20 mg/ml BSA, and (3) a decrease in the COF and increase in wear loss under a load of 2 to 8 N. It was suggested that the corrosion potential of the oxidation layer of ?0.25 V in BSA solution and ?0.13 V in NaCl solution moves further toward positive values and the corrosion current density is reduced, implying that the specimens with a thermal oxidation layer gave better corrosion resistance than the controlled Co-Cr-Mo alloy specimen.     

An in vitro study of the reduction in wear of metal-on-metal hip prostheses using surface-engineered femoral heads

Although the wear of existing metal-on-metal (MOM) hip prostheses (1 mm3/10(6) cycles) is much lower than the more widely used polyethylene-on-metal bearings, there are concerns about the toxicity of metal wear particles and elevated metal ion levels, both locally and systemically, in the human body. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of reducing the volume of wear, the concentration of metal debris and the level of metal ion release through using surface-engineered femoral heads. Three thick (8-12 microm) coatings (TiN, CrN and CrCN) and one thin (2 microm) coating (diamond-like carbon, DLC), were evaluated on the femoral heads when articulating against high carbon content cobalt-chromium alloy acetabular inserts (HC CoCrMo) and compared with a clinically used MOM cobalt-chromium alloy bearing couple using a physiological anatomical hip joint simulator (Leeds Mark II). This study showed that CrN, CrCN and DLC coatings produced substantially lower wear volumes for both the coated femoral heads and the HC CoCrMo inserts. The TiN coating itself had little wear, but it caused relatively high wear of the HC CoCrMo inserts compared with the other coatings. The majority of the wear debris for all half-coated couples comprised small, 30 nm or less, CoCrMo metal particles. The Co, Cr and Mo ion concentrations released from the bearing couples of CrN-, CrCN- and DLC-coated heads articulating against HC CoCrMo inserts were at least 7 times lower than those released from the clinical MOM prostheses. These surface-engineered femoral heads articulating on HC CoCrMo acetabular inserts produced significantly lower wear volumes and rates, and hence lower volumetric concentrations of wear particles, compared with the clinical MOM prosthesis. The substantially lower ion concentration released by these surface-engineered components provides important evidence to support the clinical application of this technology.     

Wear–Corrosion Resistance of DLC/CoCrMo System for Medical Implants with Different Surface Finishing

The field of medical implants in the human body is a growing area with diverse tribological aspects. This application field has its own specific characteristics, dominated by stringent quality requirements due to the human suffering and sometimes life-threatening consequences of a surface failing to fulfil its required function. Combined wear–corrosion tests could provide more complete information about the implant behaviour in the aggressive body environment than separate wear and corrosion testing. Combined wear–corrosion experiments were performed using a reciprocating ball-on-plate apparatus equipped with an electrochemical cell. Untreated CoCrMo alloy samples as well as diamond-like carbon (DLC) coated samples were used as plate. The DLC coatings were tested with three different surface finishes: as-deposited, polished with diamond and brushed. All DLC coated samples with and without mechanical finishing had lower corrosion activity under wear–corrosion conditions and also smaller wear tracks when compared with the CoCrMo alloy. The current density for the coated alloy was about two orders of magnitude lower on average (10^?5 vs. 10^?3 A cm^?2) and had a final coefficient of friction of only 50% of the uncoated metal (0.15 vs. 0.3). The brushed DLC showed the lowest current density and its behaviour was better than polished DLC and DLC as-deposited up to a potential of +0.93 V.     

Effect of hydrogenated DLC coating hardness on the tribological properties under water lubrication

Hydrogenated diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings were deposited using unbalanced magnetron sputtering (UBM) equipment with different hardnesses. Effects of coating hardness on tribological properties were investigated with tribo-tests under water lubrication. Results showed that the wear volume increased rapidly during the initial running-in process, but remained nearly constant after the running-in process. The ball wear rate increased as the hardness of the DLC coating increased when metals (stainless steel and brass) were used as counter parts. In contrast, the UHMWPE ball wear rate was independent of the DLC hardness. TEM analysis and nano-indentation measurements were conducted of the transfer layer on the counter bodies’ contact surfaces. The transfer layer consisted mainly of Fe, O and C. The low friction of DLC coating is attributed to this low hardness transfer layer, which acts as a boundary-lubricating layer with low shear strength.     

Comparison of friction and lubrication of different hip prostheses

It is well documented that an important cause of osteolysis and subsequent loosening of replacement hip joints is polyethylene wear debris. To avoid this, interest has been renewed in metal-on-metal and ceramic-on-ceramic prostheses. Various workers have assessed the lubrication modes of different joints by measuring the friction at the bearing surfaces, using different lubricants. Measurements of friction factors of a series of hip prostheses were undertaken using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) fluids, silicone fluids, synovial fluid and different concentrations of bovine serum as the lubricant. The experimental results were compared with theoretical predictions of film thicknesses and lubrication modes. A strong correlation was observed between experiment and theory when employing CMC fluids or silicone fluids as the lubricant. Mixed lubrication was found to occur in the metal-on-metal (CoCrMo/CoCrMo) joints with all lubricants at a viscosity within the physiological range. This was also the case for the metal-on-plastic (CoCrMo/ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene) joints. The ceramic-on-ceramic (Al2O3/Al2O3) joints, however, exhibited full fluid film lubrication with the synthetic lubricants but mixed lubrication with the biological lubricants. Employing a biological fluid as the lubricant affected the friction to varying degrees when compared with the synthetic lubricants. In the case of the ceramic-on-ceramic joints it acted to increase the friction factor tenfold; however, for the metal-on-metal joints, biological fluids gave slightly lower friction than the synthetic lubricants did. This suggests that, when measuring friction and wear of artificial joints, a standard lubricant should be used.     

Simplified motion and loading compared to physiological motion and loading in a hip joint simulator

Two wear tests were conducted using the Durham Hip Joint Wear Simulator to investigate the effects of simplified motion and loading on ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) acetabular cup wear rates. Bovine serum was used as a lubricant and a gravimetric technique was used to measure wear. The first wear test duration was 7.1 x 10(6) cycles and investigated the effect of simplified loading. This was achieved by using full physiological motion and loading for the first 5 x 10(6) cycles of the test, then physiological motion with simplified loading for the final 2.1 x 10(6) cycles of the wear test. The UHMWPE acetabular cup wear rates using full physiological motion and loading were 32.2 and 51.7 mm3/10(6) cycles against zirconia and CoCrMo femoral heads respectively. Using simplified loading the cup wear rates were 30.1 and 49.2 mm3/10(6) cycles against zirconia and CoCrMo respectively which was not significantly different from wear rates with physiological loading. The effect of simplified motion was investigated in a second wear test of 5.0 x 10(6) cycles duration. Physiological loading was applied across the prosthesis with physiological motion in the flexion/extension plane only. Mean wear of the acetabular component dropped to 0.197 mm3/10(6) cycles. The surfaces of all the acetabular cups were subject to gross examination, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. No notable difference was observed between the cups subjected to physiological motion and loading and those subjected to simplified loading. The cups worn with a single plane of motion had a much smaller worn area and a notable difference in surface features to the other cups. Simplifed loading is therefore an acceptable simplification in simulator testing but simplifying motion to the flexion/extension plane axis only is unacceptable.     

The Influence of Surface Modification on Friction and Lubrication Mechanism Under a Bovine Serum–Lubricated Condition

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) and microdimples are two potential surface modification techniques that are extensively studied to be utilized in biotribological interfaces in order to reduce the friction coefficient and wear rate. However, in situ observation of bovine serum–lubricated DLC and microdimpled surface contacts are not well understood. In this study, a DLC-coated and a microdimpled steel ball rubbing against a Cr-coated glass disk, where 25% bovine serum was used as a lubricant and the temperature was maintained at 37°C, were investigated. The behaviors of ithe nterface were ca`ptured using optical interferometry and the friction coefficients were simultaneously measured using a torque sensor. The experimental results reveal that DLC/glass sliding is scuffing-free, with a lower friction coefficient; however, the formation of a lubricating film is insignificant. On the other hand, the dimples retained lubrication and, as a result, the wear of the glass disk was minimized; however, the friction coefficient was not reduced. Therefore, DLC and microdimples individually have few improved tribological features, but their combination should be considered to maximize performance.     

表面粗糙度对Al2O3增强Y-TZP陶瓷材料生物摩擦学特性的影响

采用销-盘式摩擦磨损试验机研究了氧化铝增强氧化锆陶瓷(ADZ)的表面粗糙度对ADZ/316L不锈钢摩擦副的摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明:在小牛血清润滑下,随着陶瓷表面粗糙度的降低,ADZ陶瓷和316L不锈钢的摩擦因数和磨损率均呈降低趋势。但是对于表面粗糙度最高的陶瓷,由于Fe转移膜的物理吸附,出现了“负磨损”现象。     

Tribocorrosion in implants—assessing high carbon and low carbon Co–Cr–Mo alloys by in situ electrochemical measurements

Tribocorrosion is defined as the chemical–electrochemical–mechanical process leading to degradation of materials in tribological contact immersed in a corrosive environment. Degradation results from the combined action of corrosion and mechanical loading and it is well-known that synergistic effects can accentuate the wear–corrosion rate. While the role of lubrication in reducing wear has been identified, there are still some key unanswered questions in relation to the importance of wear/corrosion interactions. In this study in situ electrochemical measurements have been made to isolate corrosion and corrosion-enhanced wear/tribology damage mechanisms on high carbon CoCrMo and low carbon CoCrMo alloys. Tests are carried out in three different biological solutions: 50% calf bovine serum, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) and 0.36% NaCl solution at 37 °C with the specific objective being to attempt to isolate the effects of proteins and amino acid species in wear–corrosion. In this paper, a detailed analysis of corrosion/wear interactions is presented, which facilitates discussion of exactly how corrosion and wear processes interact and the role of the lubricating fluid in this respect.