云南不同地区生咖啡豆的风味前体物质研究

本文通过测定云南德宏、保山、临沧和普洱四个地区生咖啡豆中风味前体物质组成和含量,结合一元方差分析(ANOVA)和主成分分析(PCA)进行统计学分析,探索了不同地区生咖啡豆中风味前体物质的差异性。实验结果表明:氨基酸总量最高为德宏咖啡(10.31%),最低为保山咖啡(9.07%);蛋白质测定结果与氨基酸相类似;而德宏和临沧咖啡中脂肪和脂肪酸含量均小于普洱和保山咖啡;单糖总量最高为普洱咖啡(17.21%),最低为保山咖啡(15.95%)。PCA分析和方差分析表明,普洱咖啡中脂肪酸和其他地区均呈显著性差异(P0.05);保山咖啡中氨基酸同其他地区均呈显著性差异;而临沧咖啡中单糖、蛋白质、脂肪和保山咖啡均呈显著性差异;除少数样品外,大部分样品在PCA的二维得分投影图上按特性各自聚为一类。本研究可为云南咖啡的烘焙加工提供理论参考。     

黑蒜加工中类黑精相关成分变化及其组成分析

以黑蒜为原料,采用DNS法、苯酚-硫酸法、全自动氨基酸分析仪及高效液相色谱法,对黑蒜加工不同时间点还原糖、总糖、氨基酸、5-羟甲基糠醛(5-HMF)等类黑精形成相关成分的含量进行分析。同时提取黑蒜类黑精,采用热裂解-气相色谱-质谱(pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,Py-GC-MS)联用技术分析黑蒜类黑精的化学组成:结果表明:加工过程中总糖呈下降趋势,还原糖含量逐渐升高;共检出13种氨基酸,除组氨酸外,其他氨基酸均有不同程度的降低,其中降幅最为明显的有精氨酸、赖氨酸、天冬氨酸和苯丙氨酸;5-HMF有一个先升后降的过程;Py-GC-MS结果表明:黑蒜类黑精中相对含量最高的为呋喃类,其次为吡咯类、噻吩类、烷烃、糠醛类、酚类等。     

黑菊芋类黑精制备条件优化及组成成分分析

通过单因素及正交试验L_9(3~4)对黑菊芋类黑精的最佳制备条件进行了优化。结果表明:黑菊芋类黑精最佳提取条件为提取温度40℃、料液比1∶5、提取时间6 h、乙醇浓度0%(蒸馏水);醇沉条件为3倍无水乙醇反应6 h。同时,采用热裂解气质(Py-GC-MS)和氨基酸分析仪对类黑精组成成分进行分析,结果表明:黑菊芋类黑精中相对含量最高的是呋喃类,其次为吡咯类和酚类等。总氨基酸组成中含量最高的为精氨酸,其次为丙氨酸、苏氨酸和天冬氨酸。     

咖啡生豆及其烘焙程度对生物胺含量的影响

为了探明烘焙工艺参数对咖啡豆品质的影响,研究了烘焙程度对越南罗巴斯达咖啡豆中生物胺种类和生物胺含量的影响。采用高效液相色谱法测定不同烘焙条件下6种生物活性胺的含量。试验结果表明:在咖啡生豆中存在4种生物活性胺,生物胺总含量为5.253 mg/100 g。烘焙处理使咖啡豆生物活性胺含量先减少后增加,其中以维也纳式烘焙生物胺总含量最低,0.6 mg/100 g;到西班牙式烘焙,生物胺含量增加到1.33 mg/100 g。到法式烘焙时出现组胺,并且随烘焙程度的加深,组胺含量逐渐增高。到西班牙式烘焙时组胺含量达0.29 mg/100 g。     

奇亚籽营养成分分析与评价

对奇亚籽的营养成分进行了分析与评价。结果表明:奇亚籽中粗脂肪、粗蛋白质和膳食纤维的含量分别为(34.20±1.31)g/100 g(湿基)、(23.31±0.18)g/100 g(湿基)、(27.71±0.09)g/100 g(湿基),为高脂肪、高蛋白质、高膳食纤维芡欧鼠尾草种子;奇亚籽中18种氨基酸总量为23.10 g/100 g(湿基),其中人体必需氨基酸总量为8.20 g/100 g(湿基),氨基酸含量最高的是谷氨酸(4.08 g/100 g),其次是精氨酸(2.46 g/100 g)和天冬氨酸(2.13 g/100 g),根据氨基酸评分,奇亚籽的限制性氨基酸为赖氨酸,根据化学评分,奇亚籽的第一限制性氨基酸为异亮氨酸,奇亚籽的必需氨基酸指数为87;奇亚籽油中共检出21种脂肪酸,其中不饱和脂肪酸以亚油酸(22.43%)和α-亚麻酸(62.48%)为主;奇亚籽中矿物质含量丰富,Ca含量最高,为829.21 mg/100 g,具有高K(673.48mg/100 g)低Na(22.37 mg/100 g)的特点。     

兴隆咖啡烘焙过程中香气物质的变化规律

本文利用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱(HS-SPME/GC-MS)结合电子鼻对海南兴隆地区咖啡豆不同烘焙度分别为极浅度(JQ)、浅度(Q)、浅中度(QZ)、中度(Z)、中深度(ZS)、深度(S)、极深度(JS)和法式重度(FZ)的挥发性成分进行分析。结果表明:JQ到FZ分别检出61、68、72、72、72、68、70、70种,在JQ、Q和QZ时,挥发性物质主要为吡嗪类和酸类,呈现坚果味和酸味;在Z及ZS时,呋喃类、吡咯类和酮类等起主要作用,为焦糖味和烧焦味;而S、JS和FZ时,主要是酚类和吡啶类贡献烟熏味和愉悦的丁香味。电子鼻可分析不同烘焙度咖啡的香气差异,除LY2/g CT和LY2/AA外,其他4个传感器对8种不同烘焙度咖啡样品的响应值均有明显差异性。本研究明晰了海南兴隆地区咖啡豆烘焙过程中香气成分的变化规律,为兴隆咖啡的烘焙工艺改进提供理论支撑。     

海南兴隆地区不同烘焙度咖啡豆的滋味特性研究

本文采用化学指标、电子舌技术与主成分分析(PCA)对海南兴隆地区不同烘焙度咖啡豆的滋味特性进行研究。结果表明:随着烘焙度增加,总固形物、总可溶性固形物、有机酸含量及可滴定酸度先增加后减少,p H值先减少后增加,葫芦巴碱含量逐渐减少,咖啡因含量基本不变,导致不同烘焙度的咖啡豆具有不同的滋味特性。原始电子感官数据经归一化处理后,采用PCA对其进行解析,可将样品大致分为四类:第一类包括极浅度(JQ);第二类包括浅度(Q)、浅中度(QZ)和中度(Z);第三类包括中深度(ZS)和深度(S);第四类包括极深度(JS)和法式重度(FZ)。电子舌技术能有效鉴别不同烘焙度咖啡,且各类样品对传感器响应强度差异明显,在PCA的二维投影图上可区分开,并与滋味特性化学指标具有相关性。     

咖啡豆的烘焙条件对其成分含量的影响研究

用凯氏定氮法、可见分光光度法、滴定管法、马弗炉法和索氏抽提法等分析检测手段及SPSS17.0数据统计分析软件,研究了烘焙条件对越南罗巴斯达咖啡生豆和烘焙豆的蛋白质、总糖、淀粉、脂肪和灰分等品质成分的影响。结果表明,越南罗巴斯达咖啡属于蛋白质含量较高、脂肪含量低的咖啡豆品种,随烘焙程度和烘焙温度的增加,其蛋白质和淀粉含量先升高后稍下降、总糖含量却显著降低、脂肪和灰分含量明显增高,各成分变化范围:蛋白质含量14.50%~17.20%、淀粉含量16.30%~25.30%、总糖含量0.687%~4.340%、脂肪含量7.64%~12.50%,灰分含量3.47%~5.23%。     

不同产地咖啡豆香气成分分析

分析了各地的16种烘焙咖啡豆的挥发性成分及其含量,研究了各地咖啡豆香气成分的差异性。采用同时蒸馏萃取法提取各样品的挥发性香气成分,采用了气相色谱-质谱联用仪对咖啡中的挥发性成分进行了分析检测,对数据进行了定性定量分析,应用SPSS19.0软件对数据进行聚类分析和主成分分析。从数据分析可以看出,不同产地的咖啡在中度烘焙的条件下,香气成分基本相似,含量较高的成分如:2-甲基吡嗪、糠醇、5-甲基呋喃醛、2-乙基-5-甲基吡嗪、2-乙基-3,5-二甲基吡嗪等,成分的含量有差别。经过聚类分析可以看出,用咖啡的挥发性香气成分进行聚类分析可以反映不同产地咖啡香气上的相似性。对咖啡的挥发性成分的主成分分析,提取的前5个主成分可以用来解释咖啡的香气品质。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定咖啡中6种绿原酸

目的建立咖啡中同时测定5-咖啡酰奎宁酸、3-咖啡酰奎宁酸、4-咖啡酰奎宁酸、3,4-二咖啡酰奎宁酸、4,5-二咖啡酰奎宁酸、3,5-二咖啡酰奎宁酸6种绿原酸的高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)检测方法,以及测定产自云南普洱的铁皮卡品种咖啡在不同烘焙风味下的绿原酸含量规律。方法样品经纯水超声提取2次,过滤后供HPLC测定,采用甲醇(A)和0.1%磷酸(B)作为流动相进行梯度洗脱采用C18柱进行分离,光电二极管阵列(photo-diode array,PDA)检测器最终检测。结果本方法在1 h内完成了6种绿原酸的分离分析。6种绿原酸在0.10～100.0 mg/L范围内具有良好的线性,相关系数(r)≥0.999,检出限为0.05～0.10 mg/kg,定量限为0.18～0.29 mg/kg。在2000、5000、10000 mg/kg添加水平的加标回收率为96.3%～104.8%,相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation,RSD)为0.58%～2.10%之间(n=6)。在生咖啡豆中总绿原酸含量最高,意式烘焙(23 min,250℃)最低,5-咖啡酰奎宁酸、4-咖啡酰奎宁酸和4,5-二咖啡酰奎宁酸这3种绿原酸在生咖啡豆到极轻度烘焙(12 min,230℃)这个阶段,含量逐渐上升并达到含量最高,由极轻度烘焙(12 min,230℃)到意式烘焙(23min,250℃)含量逐渐降低,而3-咖啡酰奎宁酸、3,4-二咖啡酰奎宁酸和3,5-二咖啡酰奎宁酸3种绿原酸从生咖啡豆至意式烘焙(23 min,250℃)都呈下降趋势。结论该方法快速、准确、灵敏,适合测定绿原酸含量。     

The effect of roasting method on headspace composition of robusta coffee bean aroma

Robusta coffee beans were roasted by three methods, i.e. convectively at 230 °C, by microwaves at 700 W, and by the coupled convective–microwave (CMR) method (the simultaneous convective heating at 230 °C and microwaving at 700 W) for 590, 670, and 370 s, respectively. The ultimate temperature of roasted beans was 238, 207, and 228 °C, respectively. Volatile compounds were determined in the headspace by GC-SPME both in samples of roasted coffee and in green beans to find effects of roasting methods on their formation and retention. Eighty-two and 148 odorants were identified in green and roasted coffee, respectively. The highest contents of the latter were found in coffee roasted by the coupled method because both the relatively short time of roasting and moderately high final temperature of beans favored retention of volatile aroma compounds. Because of these reasons, the contents of odorants were the lowest in convectively roasted coffee.     

咖啡豆烘焙过程中油脂脂肪酸组成、挥发性风味及活性成分的演变规律

以云南小粒种咖啡豆为试材,系统研究烘焙过程中咖啡油脂理化性质、脂肪酸组成、挥发性成分及活性成分的变化规律。结果表明：随着烘焙度加深,油脂色泽加深;酸价呈增加的趋势,由1.60 mg/g增至3.75 mg/g;碘值反之,由142.04 g/100 g降至83.12 mg/100 g;茴香胺值先增大后减少,其值在3.40～16.26之间;皂化值略有降低,但无显著差异;共鉴定出11 种脂肪酸,主要为亚油酸相对含量在43.06%～64.39%之间,其次为硬脂酸和棕榈酸相对含量在12.67%～27.55%之间,油酸相对含量为9.03%～17.20%;脂肪酸组成影响不明显,但各脂肪酸的含量存在一定差异;利用气相色谱-质谱从极浅度到法式重度的咖啡油脂样品中分别检出25、33、36、53、54、59、64 种和58 种挥发性成分,主要成分有呋喃类化合物、吡嗪类化合物、酮类化合物、吡咯类化合物等,其种类和含量均呈减小趋势;活性成分中咖啡豆醇、α-生育酚、γ-生育酚、δ-生育酚含量均减少;而总酚含量不断增加,由7.75 mg/100 g升至15.96 mg/100 g。本研究结果可为咖啡精深加工及资源高值化利用提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

Physicochemical characteristics of Ethiopian Coffea arabica cv. Heirloom coffee extracts with various roasting conditions

This study aimed to investigate the physicochemical characteristics of Ethiopian Coffea arabica cv. Heirloom coffee extracts with various roasting conditions. Green coffee beans were roasted at four different conditions (Light-medium, Medium, Moderately dark, and Very dark) and used to extract espresso and drip coffee. Moisture content in coffee beans was decreased as the roasting degree increased. The contents of crude fat and ash were lower in the Light-medium roasted coffee beans than in green coffee beans but increased as the roasting degree increased. The values of lightness (L^*), redness (a^*), yellowness (b^*), and browning index of coffee extracts were decreased as the roasting degree increased. Total dissolved solids in espresso coffee were increased with increasing roasting degree but decreased in drip coffee. In both the extracts, the contents of reducing sugar, titratable acidity, organic acids, and chlorogenic acid were decreased, but that of caffeine was increased with the roasting degree increased.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-020-00865-w.     

云南不同产地辣木叶成分的分析比较

为分析云南省不同地区辣木叶营养成分、活性成分及重金属的含量情况,选取云南省6 个地州市辣木叶样品。结果表明：德宏辣木叶的蛋白质含量最高,达到28.4%;6 个地区辣木样品中的必需氨基酸含量最高达到9.27%,其中德宏辣木叶氨基酸总量为20.54%;每100 g辣木叶粉中,德宏辣木叶中含有150.00 mg VC;普洱市的辣木叶含有13.27%的可溶性多糖和34.47%的粗纤维,含量位居首位;大理辣木叶中钙含量达到2.78%,此外,辣木叶还含有丰富的赖氨酸等必需氨基酸和多酚类物质,且重金属污染小,绿色无污染,安全性高。     

Peroxyl radical-scavenging activity of coffee brews

The ORAC_FL assay was used in non-automated mode to evaluate the specific peroxyl radical scavenging properties of the aqueous soluble components of green and roasted Arabica and Robusta coffee samples. A relationship between ORAC_FL and the concentration of CQAs (caffeoyl quinic acids) was found for the extracts from green coffee beans. Aqueous extracts from roasted coffee beans possessed equal or stronger scavenging power than that obtained for the green coffee beans extracts and the scavenging activity depended on the variety of coffee and the roasting conditions. Brews from Robusta coffee beans showed the highest ORAC_FL. The best scavenging properties for the brews from Arabica coffee beans were detected in samples prepared from coffee beans roasted under light conditions. The data indicate that, during roasting, a complex network of reactions takes place leading to the formation of a wide number of compounds possessing specific scavenging properties. Under mild roasting conditions, caffeoyl quinic acids appear to be the main components responsible for the free radical scavenging power of coffee brews. In contrast, Maillard reaction products may be the principal components with free radical scavenging activity in more severely (medium and dark) roasted coffees.     

The influence of brewing method on bioactive compounds residues in spent coffee grounds of different roasting degree and geographical origin

The content of bioactive compounds in spent coffee grounds (SGC) was studied. SGC were obtained from Coffea arabica beans of different roasting degrees (light and dark) and different geographical origins (Nicaragua, Columbia and Mexico) processed using four brewing methods (mocha, filtered, drip and infusion). The highest caffeine and chlorogenic acid contents were determined in filtered spent coffee extracts. All extracts of light roasted spent coffee grounds showed lower browning index levels in comparison to that from dark roasted spent coffee grounds. Generally, the highest content of total polyphenolic compounds and highest antioxidant capacity were determined in extracts prepared in drip. In conclusion, the results obtained in this study indicate that the spent coffee grounds produced of domestic levels, especially those obtained from filter coffeemaker, could be considered as a good source of natural antioxidants.     

Effect of the roasting method on the content of 5-hydroxytryptamides of carboxylic acids in roasted coffee beans

Coffee beans of Coffea liberica (robusta) variety were roasted using convection and microwave heating. For roasting we used green coffee beans of 7.5% moisture content, and beans wetted to 10% moisture content and dried to 5% moisture content. The content of 5-hydroxytryptamides of carboxylic acids C-5-HT (determined by TLC) as the index of substances irritating alimentary canal was investigated in the roasted beans, depending on the bean treatment before roasting and applied roasting method. Analytical results show that predrying of the coffee beans caused 15-30% loss of C-5-HT, depending on the applied drying conditions. The content of C-5-HT in the roasted beans depended on the roasting method and preliminary treatment of the beans prior to roasting. A higher C-5-HT loss occurred in the case of beans subjected to two-stage processing, predrying and roasting. Convection roasting caused higher degradation of C-5-HT than microwave roasting.     

基于UPLC-MS/MS探究烘焙程度对咖啡豆中有机酸含量影响

为探究烘焙工艺对咖啡豆口感的影响,本文研究了烘焙程度对咖啡豆中有机酸含量的影响。采用新建立超高效液质联用法（UPLC-MS/MS）测定不同烘焙条件下7种有机酸的含量。结果表明:7种有机酸化合物在0.5～20.0 mg/kg范围内线性关系良好,决定系数均大于0.990。7种有机酸的加标回收率在81.9%～104.7%,RSD为0.53%～6.64%。洪都拉斯咖啡豆样品检测结果显示随烘焙程度增加,苹果酸和柠檬酸含量下降,富马酸含量先升后降,琥珀酸、酒石酸、莽草酸和奎尼酸含量上升。轻度烘焙下苹果酸与柠檬酸总量最高,达到1201.5 mg/kg,酸度最佳;奎尼酸含量最少,为1363.7 mg/kg,涩度最低。肯尼亚、印尼、巴西、萨尔瓦多咖啡豆中有机酸在相同烘焙条件下表现相似。     

Effect of the roasting method on the content of 5‐hydroxytryptamides of carboxylic acids in roasted coffee beans

Coffee beans of Coffea liberica (robusta) variety were roasted using convection and microwave heating. For roasting we used green coffee beans of 7.5% moisture content, and beans wetted to 10% moisture content and dried to 5% moisture content. The content of 5‐hydroxytryptamides of carboxylic acids C‐5‐HT (determined by TLC) as the index of substances irritating alimentary canal was investigated in the roasted beans, depending on the bean treatment before roasting and applied roasting method. Analytical results show that predrying of the coffee beans caused 15–30% loss of C‐5‐HT, depending on the applied drying conditions. The content of C‐5‐HT in the roasted beans depended on the roasting method and preliminary treatment of the beans prior to roasting. A higher C‐5‐HT loss occurred in the case of beans subjected to two‐stage processing, predrying and roasting. Convection roasting caused higher degradation of C‐5‐HT than microwave roasting.