线接触滚/滑状态下表面形貌的弹性变形研究

结合基于表面形貌频谱分析的预测方法和润滑理论对线接触弹流状态下表面形貌的弹性变形进行了研究。制造了4种表面形貌高度算术平均值S_a相同但结构不同的织构表面形貌,通过对表面形貌的频率分量进行降幅处理,并结合弹流润滑模型建立相应的算法,获得了不同载荷和转速工况下接触界面的表面形貌弹性变形结果。在此基础上,选用ISO 25178中的三维形貌高度参数S_a、功能参数V_(vv)和特征参数S_(ds)对弹性变形前后的表面形貌进行了表征和分析,并通过计算膜厚比对比了4种织构表面在考虑弹性变形前后的润滑特性。结果表明,弹流接触过程中表面形貌发生明显的弹性变形,且随着载荷和转速变化呈现不同的规律;不同结构的表面形貌弹性变形程度不同,弹性变形导致的表面形貌的变化对接触表面间润滑性能有明显影响。     

计入柱塞套弹性变形的柱塞副摩擦与密封特性分析

综合考虑径向柱塞泵柱塞副粗糙表面接触和弹性变形,建立混合润滑状态下柱塞副弹流润滑理论分析模型,并结合有限差分法与有限单元法,基于MATLAB和ANSYS开展联合仿真,分析不同入口压力及凸轮转速下柱塞副弹性变形及表面形貌对摩擦与密封特性的影响。结果表明：柱塞套弹性变形对柱塞副微凸体接触影响显著,且影响程度与入口压力及凸轮转速有直接关系;弹性变形及表面形貌均在一定程度上影响摩擦功耗及泄漏量且弹性变形的影响更大;柱塞副摩擦与密封特性对工作条件较为敏感,随着入口压力或凸轮转速的增大,摩擦功耗、压差流量与剪切流量均有不同程度的增加。     

基于多重网格法的超高速电主轴轴承内部润滑状态分析

本文以超高速电主轴内部主轴轴承为研究对象,基于稳态等温点接触弹流润滑理论,采用多重网格法,对超高速时在不同工况和几何参数等条件下主轴轴承内部的弹流油膜状态进行了分析计算,得出了速度、预载荷等工况条件和接触角、套圈沟曲率半径系数、材料参数等对轴承内部球滚动体与套圈滚道之间润滑状态的影响结果。     

表面形貌的微观弹流效应研究

本文在完全数值求解点接触粗糙表面弹流润滑的基础上对表面形貌的微观弹流效应和宏观弹流润滑统计结果进行分析研究,得出表面粗糙度远小于油膜厚度（膜厚比λ〉〉３）时表面形貌就已经对油膜压力存在影响。本文还就表面形貌的粗糙程度和纹理方向弹流润滑的压力和膜厚影响进行了研究,研究结果表明：表面形貌的不同将导致油膜压力的很大波动和不同,深入研究微观弹流效应有助于进一步研究润滑表面接触应力、磨损乃至零件失效的机理。     

基于套圈变形的柔性轴承弹流润滑分析

以柔性轴承为研究对象,基于赫兹接触理论和弹性薄壁圆环理论,建立柔性轴承等温椭圆点接触弹流润滑模型,对滚珠及内外圈滚道的接触区受载荷最大位置处进行弹流润滑数值分析;计算危险点的曲率半径、速度及载荷,分析载荷及速度变化对该位置润滑性能的影响。研究结果表明:套圈变形使得润滑接触区峰值压力增大、膜厚减小;柔性轴承弹流润滑油膜最小膜厚及中心膜厚均随载荷的增大而减小,油膜压力随载荷的增大而变大,表明载荷增大对柔性轴承的承载有一定影响;随转速的增大最小膜厚及中心膜厚均增大,表明在一定范围内,适当提高转速能够改善润滑性能。     

考虑弹流润滑效应的三点接触球轴承刚度特性分析

为获得润滑状态下三点接触球轴承更为准确的刚度特性,应考虑弹流润滑效应对轴承刚度的影响。文中基于拟静力学模型考虑高速离心力和陀螺力矩效应,根据给定轴承的结构参数和工况,计算滚动体与内外圈的法向接触载荷和各部件的运动速度。将拟静力学模型的计算结果和润滑介质参数代入弹流润滑模型,求解出滚动体与内外圈之间的压力分布和油膜厚度分布。进一步研究了转速、轴向载荷和润滑油的初始黏度对油膜压力和最小油膜厚度的影响。基于弹流润滑理论分析了转速和轴向载荷对轴承接触刚度、油膜刚度及综合刚度的影响。结果表明：转速的提高会大幅增加润滑油膜的整体厚度;润滑油初始黏度的增大会增加油膜厚度;随着轴承转速的提高,轴承的整体轴向刚度和轴向油膜刚度减小;随着轴向载荷的增大,轴承轴向刚度和轴向油膜刚度增大,且差值变化不大。     

部分膜点接触弹流的完全数值分析

本文采用直接迭代法对部分膜点接触弹流进行了完全地数值求解。求得了在不同工况和不同表面形貌参数下的油膜厚度、流体动压力及微峰接触压力的分布;并对表面粗糙废及其纹理方向对微峰接触载荷、中心膜厚、最小膜厚、压力峰的大小和位置的影响进行了分析研究。     

弹流理论在微型轴承中的应用

本文首先通过滚珠和半无限空间的接触润滑,论述了点接触在极轻载荷情况下,就已进入压粘一弹性润滑状态,即弹流润滑状态的工况,同时还指出了共形接触比反形接触的油膜厚。然后根据Hamrock-Dowson的点接触弹流理论,分析了轴承参数等对弹流膜厚的影响,并结合轴承的实际情况,提出了一个适合微型滚珠轴承油膜厚度的简化公式: h_(min)≈24(η_0uR_x)~(0.5)[微米]     

限制间隙条件下的点接触EHL特性分析

在经典的弹性流体动力润滑理论中,两接触体处于开放的空间中,其相对位置由施加的外载决定,即油膜压力的计算要满足载荷平衡条件。而当弹流润滑发生在限制空间中时,如滚动轴承中的润滑,接触体的相对位置受系统的约束,传统弹流理论并不能用于该工况下的润滑特性预测。本文对限制间隙条件下等温点接触弹流润滑问题进行了数值分析,研究了速度参数、材料参数和刚性间隙H00对油膜厚度和承载力影响。根据计算结果,回归出新的承载力以及膜厚计算公式。另外,对限制间隙条件下的润滑油膜特性进行了试验观察,将结果与数值分析进行了对比。     

弹流润滑条件下织构表面亚表层特性研究

为研究在弹流润滑状态下表面形貌对亚表层特性的影响，利用激光加工方法获得2种微凹坑型织构表面形貌，通过将实测的表面形貌坐标输入弹流润滑数值计算程序得到油膜压力和膜厚分布；以对应工况的油膜压力作为表面法向压应力，利用Rabinowicz经验公式算出剪切应力；将表面法向压应力和切向剪应力叠加后对弹流润滑界面亚表层特性进行仿真研究。结果表明：表面织构使亚表层应力分布发生显著改变；微凹坑直径、卷吸速度对亚表层应力的大小与分布有不同的影响；亚表层变形在摩擦过程中呈现随深度增加先缓慢减小后快速下降的规律，研究结果将为通过表面形貌设计改善轴承等零件受力状况提供理论支持。     

Effects of surface coating on elastohydrodynamic lubrication of line contacts

A numerical solution to the elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) problem of two coated elastic bodies in line contact is introduced. The non‐Newtonian behavior of the lubricant is incorporated into EHL analysis using Eyring's nonlinear viscous model. The surface elastic deformations are computed from full elasticity analysis of layered elastic half‐space. The iterative Newton–Raphson technique is used in the numerical solution. Subsurface stresses are calculated using two different techniques, the numerical integral scheme based on Fourier transformation and the finite element method. The effects of surface coating (material and thickness) on the pressure profile and subsurface stresses are presented and discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

线接触弹流问题中可压缩性的影响

采用复合直接迭代法求解Reynolds方程,变形矩阵法求解表面变形,针对线接触弹流问题中压缩性的影响进行计算研究,讨论不同速度、不同负载条件下润滑剂可压缩性对压力和油膜厚度的影响。计算结果表明,可压缩性虽然对膜厚的影响相对小一些,但是对二次压力峰的位置与大小的影响很大;速度较高时,可压缩性是必须考虑的要素;考虑润滑剂可压缩性的影响,可以提高弹流润滑问题求解的稳定性。     

A stiffness model of a joint surface with inclination based on fractal theory

Under long-term uneven loading, joint surfaces between the components of heavy-duty machine tools become inclined owing to both external loads as well as the heavy weight of the machinery itself. In this study, to reconstruct the real contact parameters at certain angles of inclination, the macro contact angle was first converted into a micro contact angle based on the stress characteristics and the deformation of asperities were considered. The real contact surface area was then calculated using piecewise integration according to three stages deformation: elastic, elastoplastic, and completely plastic. A stiffness model of the joint surface was derived according to classification theory. Finally, an experimental system with inclinations between the joint surfaces was built and used to validate the model by comparing theoretical and experimental mode values. The present paper analyzes the influence of different fractal parameters, inclination values, and other important parameters on the characteristics of the joint surface using the proposed fractal model and provides a theoretical basis for improving the design and precision of heavy-duty CNC machine tools.     

Characterization of friction-induced local convex topography under dual-rotary fretting

Dual-rotary fretting (DRF) is a complex fretting wear mode combining torsional fretting with rotational fretting. Two different typical friction-induced convex topographies (Type I and Type II) in contact area were showed, which are under the control of torsional and rotational fretting components, respectively. To investigate their evolution characteristics and formation mechanism, the convex topographies were analyzed by SEM, XPS, a nano-hardness tester and surface profilometry, etc. The results show that the convex topographies significantly depended on the test parameters and environmental conditions. The initiation and propagation of fretting fatigue cracks were found related with the convex topography under the fretting wear.     

Prediction of fretting fatigue behavior under elastic-plastic conditions

Fretting fatigue generally leads to the degradation of the fatigue strength of a material due to cyclic micro-slip between two contacting materials. Fretting fatigue is regarded as an important issue in designing aerospace structures. While many studies have evaluated fretting fatigue behavior under elastic deformation conditions, few have focused on fretting fatigue behavior under elastic-plastic deformation conditions, especially the crack orientation and fatigue life prediction for Ti-6Al-4V. The primary goal of this study was to characterize the fretting fatigue crack initiation behavior in the presence of plasticity. Experimental tests were performed using pad configurations involving elastic-plastic deformations. To calculate stress distributions under elastic-plastic fretting fatigue conditions, FEA was also performed. Several parametric approaches were used to predict fretting fatigue life along with stress distribution resulting from FEA. However, those parameters using surface stresses were unable to establish an equivalence between elastic fretting fatigue data and elastic-plastic fretting fatigue data. Based on this observation, the critical distance methods, which are commonly used in notch analysis, were applied to the fretting fatigue problem. In conclusion, the effective strain range method when used in conjunction with the SMSSR parameter showed a good correlation of data points between the pad configurations involving elastic and elastic plastic deformations.     

A mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication model with layered elastic theory for simulation of chemical mechanical polishing

Mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication (mixed EHL) model has been successfully used to study phenomena in chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process. However, in various mixed EHL simulation frameworks, a polishing pad's deformation cannot correctly be described by adopted models for pad deformation such as elastic half-space model and Winkler elastic foundation model. Thus, a more accurate model for pad deformation is needed, since this is the prerequisite for an accurate prediction of contact pressure and material removal rate, which is critical for improvement of polishing quality. In this paper, a layered elastic theory, which is frequently used to calculate flexible pavement response to truck loading, is introduced into the mixed EHL model. It is found that this theory has a similar accuracy to the traditional 3D finite element method for calculating the pad deformation. However, its computational cost is much lower, which is especially important for accurate and efficient simulation of mechanical behavior and material removal rate (MRR) in CMP. In order to highlight benefits of the proposed theory, simulations are carried out based on three different pad deformation models with the mixed EHL model. The pad deformation behavior is found to have a significant influence on the final simulation results, especially the MRR prediction. By comparing the different simulation models, the proposed layer elastic theory is found to be an optimal model for describing the polishing pad deformation behavior in CMP and can provide accurate simulation results on contact pressure distribution and the material removal rate.     

Stribeck Curve Under Friction of Copper Samples in the Steady Friction State

The friction and wear of a pure copper block (99.98 wt% Cu) against a hardened steel disc were studied. The effect of sliding velocity and load on the friction coefficient and wear rate of Cu samples during steady tests was studied. Elasto-hydrodynamic (EHL), mixed (ML) and boundary lubrication (BL) regions were analyzed using the Stribeck curve. The lubrication number of Schipper, Z, was used in the analysis of the Stribeck curve. The transitions from one lubrication region to another are discussed. The mixed EHL region is characterized by stable low values of the friction coefficient, wear rate and temperature. Straight asperity contact is the dominant mechanism under friction of Cu–steel pair in the BL region. High-friction coefficients and wear rates, thin lubricant films and large wear grooves indicate straight asperity contact between rubbed surfaces in the BL region. Although the dominant mechanisms in the mixed EHL and BL regions are different in principle, a steady friction state is preserved in both cases. It is expected that the steady friction state in the BL and mixed EHL regions is associated with deformation and fracture of surface layers but these process occur at different scale levels. It was shown that under friction of Cu–steel pair, two types of ML regions are observed. The first is the stable steady friction of mixed EHL with low values of the friction coefficient and wear rate. The second type of the ML region is the region of unstable friction and wear when a decrease of lubricant film leads to a change of external (roughness, temperature, friction and wear) and internal (strain and stress) parameters. It was found out that a transition to the unstable ML region occurs within a narrow range of Z parameter under definite values of the load and sliding velocity.     

磨合试验及磨合吸引子初探

为了表征磨合过程和磨合状态,掌握磨合过程中表面形貌的变化规律,在销-盘式试验机上对45#钢摩擦副进行了润滑条件下的磨合试验,用T1000型表面粗糙度测量仪和计算机数据采集系统测量磨合过程中的表面形貌和粗糙度值,并用分形方法对表面形貌进行分形表征和分形参数计算。研究表明:随着磨合过程的进行,摩擦副表面的粗糙度和分形参数逐渐变化,当达到磨合状态时,2个表面具有互适匹配的稳态参数值。因而从非线性科学原理出发,将磨合过程当作摩擦学系统的自组织过程,提出磨合吸引子的概念,并进行了初步的探讨。     

大变形量下高碳钢环件冷轧变形过程模拟与试验研究

研究了大变形量下高碳钢环件冷轧变形行为,利用有限元模拟方法分析了环件冷轧过程中的形变规律,采用光学显微镜、SEM等材料表征手段研究了大变形量下环件冷轧过程中的组织演化特点。结果表明：在较小的变形量下,环件内外侧应变较中间应变大,且变形首先发生在环件外侧;整个环件变形过程中,环件中间层的晶粒变形程度最小,外层次之,内层的变形最为剧烈;铁素体基体沿轧制方向呈现明显的方向性,碳化物颗粒分布更为均匀,且数量变少;随着变形量的增大,环件内层的应变明显大于外层的应变,且最小应变的位置偏移至靠外层比较近的区域,其组织中碳化物颗粒脱落加重;当变形量达到625%时,环件达到塑性极限,在内侧表面产生裂纹发生破坏。     

自旋对角接触球轴承弹流润滑与油膜刚度的影响

根据角接触球轴承自旋运动特征,同时考虑弹流润滑效应,建立角接触球轴承考虑自旋运动的弹流润滑模型;采用多重网格法求解弹性变形,利用有限差分法迭代求解雷诺方程,得到较为精确的数值解;分析不同赫兹接触压力、滚道表面粗糙度下自旋对角接触球轴承弹流润滑和油膜刚度的影响。结果表明：考虑自旋时随着Hertz接触压力、自旋角速度增大,油膜厚度减小,油膜压力增大,油膜承压区域呈细长状,并向接触中心靠近;随着滚道表面粗糙度幅值增大,油膜压力和膜厚均出现了波动,且考虑自旋运动时,轴承油膜厚度明显减小,油膜局部压力峰值更大;随着卷吸速度、润滑油黏度增大,油膜刚度减小,而考虑自旋运动时油膜刚度值更大;随着自旋角速度增大,油膜刚度逐渐增大。