豌豆抗性淀粉的酶法制备及其性质研究

以豌豆淀粉为原料,经糊化、普鲁兰酶脱支和凝沉处理,使其分子结构发生改变,制备出高含量的抗性淀粉,并研究了其理化性质。结果表明,在加酶量为300 ASPU/g,脱支时间12 h,凝沉时间24 h时,抗性淀粉含量达到最高52.66%;经糊化、脱支和凝沉处理后的样品结晶结构由C型变为B+V型;随着抗性淀粉含量的增加,其溶解度逐渐降低且均高于原淀粉,但膨胀度均低于原淀粉;消化产物随抗性淀粉含量的增加而降低。     

酶法制备板栗缓慢消化淀粉的工艺优化

以板栗淀粉为原料,采用普鲁兰酶进行脱支处理制备缓慢消化淀粉(SDS),通过单因素试验及响应面法优化制备工艺,以提高SDS的含量。制备板栗缓慢消化淀粉的最优工艺条件是:淀粉乳质量分数8%,普鲁兰酶浓度8.90 PUN/g淀粉,酶作用时间6.3 h,4℃回生52.2 h。在最佳工艺条件下,通过葡萄糖氧化酶法进行测定,酶改性的板栗淀粉中缓慢消化淀粉质量分数可达41.91%(预测值42.31%),并较板栗原淀粉中缓慢消化淀粉含量提高了5.43倍。试验表明,普鲁兰酶脱支处理是制备板栗缓慢消化淀粉的有效方法。     

脱支玉米淀粉-壳聚糖复合物的制备及结构表征

为了探究脱支处理对玉米淀粉-壳聚糖复合物理化性质和流变特性的影响,以玉米淀粉（MS）为原料,用普鲁兰酶酶解脱支,将脱支淀粉（DBS）与壳聚糖（CS）溶液混合制备脱支玉米淀粉-壳聚糖复合物（DBS-CS）,测定复合物的微观结构、粒径分布、结晶结构、分子短程有序结构、流变学特性。结果表明：脱支玉米淀粉-壳聚糖复合物的颗粒表面附着壳聚糖越多,颗粒间的结合力越紧密且复合物的平均粒径越大,热稳定性提高。脱支后的DBS和DBS-CS的结晶度降低,结晶结构由A型转变为B型。红外光谱和核磁共振氢谱表明淀粉与壳聚糖能够形成复合物且脱支后的玉米淀粉与壳聚糖复合效果更好。脱支淀粉-壳聚糖复合物具有典型的弱凝胶动态流变行为和假塑性剪切变稀行为。本研究结果为获得一种新型绿色的复合改性淀粉提供了理论依据。     

抗性淀粉直链淀粉含量测定及消化性研究

以蜡质玉米淀粉为原料,经过糊化后使用普鲁兰酶脱支,产生更多的短直链淀粉重新结晶来制备抗性淀粉。通过碘吸光度法测定,直链淀粉含量高的样品的抗性淀粉含量不一定高,但直链淀粉含量低的样品不容易产生高含量抗性淀粉。在In-Vitro消化模型中,和原淀粉相比,所有的抗性淀粉样品消化产物的量、还原糖释放率和平均消化速率都减少或降低,并且抗性淀粉含量越高,减少或降低得越多。     

玉米抗性淀粉酶解法制备工艺的研究

以抗性淀粉得率为评价指标,采用酶解法制备玉米抗性淀粉,通过正交试验确定了酶解法制备的最佳工艺条件:α-淀粉酶酶解条件为淀粉乳浓度20%,α-淀粉酶用量15u/g,酶解温度70℃;普鲁兰酶脱支条件为普鲁兰酶用量4u/g,脱支时间10h,pH值4.5;糊化条件为糊化时间20min,糊化温度120℃。     

脂肪酸链长对高直链玉米淀粉—脂质复合物结构及理化性质的影响

目的：探究淀粉—脂质复合物的形成机理。方法：采用12~18个碳链的脂肪酸与脱支/非脱支高直链玉米淀粉复合,利用差示扫描量热仪、X-射线衍射仪、傅里叶红外光谱仪等分析复合物的热特性、结晶结构及有序结构等,探究脂肪酸链长及脱支/非脱支高直链玉米淀粉对淀粉—脂肪酸复合物结构及性质的影响。结果：脱支处理的淀粉与脂肪酸的复合率随碳链的增长而降低,其中月桂酸复合率最高(15.00%);未脱支处理的淀粉与脂肪酸的复合率随碳链的增长先升高后下降,其中软脂酸复合率(13.73%)最高。复合物的热特性、结晶结构、分子有序度等与其复合程度有关,淀粉和脂肪酸复合后,糊化峰值温度升高,热稳定性升高,经复合后,淀粉由B型结晶结构转变为V型。结论：脂肪酸链长及淀粉脱支对淀粉—脂质复合物结构及理化性质具有较大影响。     

淀粉球晶的制备及其理化性质

本文以蜡质玉米淀粉为试验原料,采用酶法脱支淀粉后重结晶制备淀粉球晶,通过对所制淀粉球晶的链长分布与分支度、回收率、球晶形貌特征、结晶度分析及热力学性质测定,考察异淀粉酶添加量和结晶时间对球晶理化性质的影响。结果表明:淀粉糊化后冷却至50℃加入25 U/g异淀粉酶反应24 h可使支链淀粉完全脱支,所得淀粉球晶平均链长为26.70;已脱支的淀粉于25℃条件下重结晶,回收率和结晶度随着结晶时间的延长而提高,结晶24 h回收率和结晶度分别为76.58%和51.1%;淀粉球晶的起糊温度(T_o)、峰值温度(T_p)、终止温度(T_c)和焓值(△H)高于原淀粉,且随着结晶时间的延长而呈现增大趋势;SEM图像显示,随着结晶时间的延长,淀粉球晶的颗粒度逐渐清晰,但淀粉球晶颗粒出现聚集现象。     

普鲁兰酶加酶量对蜡质玉米抗性淀粉影响及性质研究

选用蜡质玉米淀粉为原料,高温糊化后采用普鲁兰酶脱支,产生短直链淀粉,重新结晶制备抗性淀粉。结果表明,8%(w/w)淀粉乳添加20 ASPU/g(基于淀粉干基重)普鲁兰酶在58℃反应24 h,然后在20℃凝沉24 h产生样品抗性淀粉含量最高,达到27.69%。理化性质研究表明,所有抗性淀粉样品颗粒形貌遭到破坏,形成不规则碎片;X-射线衍射图谱均有新的结晶结构出现,显示为B+V型;DSC分析结果显示,随抗性淀粉含量增加,不同样品峰值温度和糊化焓也增加。     

双酶协同制备玉米慢消化淀粉及其性质研究

以普通玉米淀粉为原料,利用β-淀粉酶和葡萄糖苷转移酶协同处理制备慢消化淀粉,并研究其理化性质。试验表明,原淀粉在β-淀粉酶加酶量为20 mL、反应时间为4 h,葡萄糖苷转移酶加酶量为20 mL、反应时间为12 h时,慢消化淀粉含量最高可达16.37%;所有经过双酶处理后的样品的淀粉-碘吸附结合物的最大吸收峰位置,随着慢消化淀粉含量的增加而偏移增大;差示扫描量热仪结果表明慢消化淀粉样品的糊化起始温度、峰值温度、终止温度、起始与终止温度差均有显著的升高,淀粉热稳定性增强,糊化变得困难;与玉米原淀粉A型结晶结构相比,所有样品的晶型消失,仅在2？=19.8°附近出现尖锐的衍射峰,2？=13.1？附近有一弥散峰;扫描电镜结果显示,酶解后的样品变成不规则碎片,不再具有原淀粉的颗粒结构。     

大米缓慢消化淀粉的制备

以黑龙江大米淀粉为原料,糊化时采用普鲁兰酶进行脱支处理,并经冷却贮存可使缓慢消化淀粉的含量超过50%。实验证明,制备缓慢消化淀粉的最优条件:10%的普鲁兰酶水解4h、5℃贮存2d,缓慢消化淀粉含量达到58%。     

Structural characterizations and digestibility of debranched high-amylose maize starch complexed with lauric acid

Structural characterizations and digestibility of debranched high-amylose maize starch complexed with lauric acid (LA) were studied. The cooked starch was debranched by using pullulanase and then complexed. Light microscopy showed that the lipids complexed starches had irregularly-shaped particles with strong birefringence. Gel-permeation chromatograms revealed that amylopectin degraded to smaller molecules during increasing debranching time, and the debranch reaction was completed at 12 h. Debranching pretreatment and prolonged debranching time (from 2 h to 24 h) could improve the formation of starch lipids complex. X-ray diffraction pattern of the amylose–lipid complexes changed from V-type to a mixture of B- and V-type polymorphs and relative crystallinity increased as the debranching time increased from 0 to 24 h. In DSC thermograms, complexes from debranched starch displayed three separated endotherms: the melting of the free lauric acid, starch–lipid complexes and retrograded amylose, respectively. The melting temperature and enthalpy changes of starch–lipid complex were gradually enhanced with the increasing of debranching time. However, no significant enthalpy changes were observed from retrograded amylose during the starch–lipid complex formation. Rapidly digestible starch (RDS) content decreased and resistant starch (RS) content increased with the increasing of debranching time, while the highest slowly digestible starch (SDS) content was founded at less debranching time of 2 h. The crystalline structures with dense aggregation of helices from amylose-LA complex and retrograded amylose could be RS, while SDS mostly consisted of imperfect packing of helices between amylopectin residue and amylose or LA.     

Effect of Pullulanase Debranching of Sago (Metroxylon sagu) Starch at Subgelatinization Temperature on the Yield of Resistant Starch

The effects of pullulanase debranching of sago (Metroxylon sagu) starch in the granular state and subsequent physical treatments on the formation and yield of type III resistant starch (RS 3) have been investigated. Sago starch was enzymatically debranched with pullulanase at 60°C and at pH 5.0 using different enzyme concentrations (24, 30, 40, 50 PUN/g dry starch) which was added to 20% (w/v) starch slurry and incubated for 0 to 48 h. Optimum enzyme concentration of 40 PUN/g dry starch and three debranching times (8, 16 and 24 h) have been selected for subsequent preparation of RS. Granule morphology and molecular weight distribution (MWD) of the debranched and resistant starch were examined. Debranched starch samples showed blurred birefringence patterns, a decrease in amylopectin fraction, an increase in low molecular weight fraction and a broadening of MWD. Debranched starch samples with a maximum RS yield of 7% were obtained at 8 h debranching time. Temperature cycling and incubation at certain temperature and storage time enhanced the formation of RS. Under the conditions used in this study, the optimum conditions to obtain the highest RS yield (11.6%) were 8 h of debranching time, followed by incubation at 80°C for seven days. The MWD analysis showed that RS consisted of material with relatively low degree of polymerization. This study showed that pullulanase treatment of starch in the granular state resulted in limited debranching of amylopectin but the subsequent physical treatments (incubation time/temperature) can be manipulated to promote crystallization and enhance formation of RS 3.     

Effect of debranching and storage condition on crystallinity and functional properties of cassava and potato starches

Debranching starch by pullulanase is considered to improve the RS content of starch which is widely used to produce the starch‐based foods with high‐health benefit impacts. In this study, the cassava and potato starches were debranched by pullulanase, followed by an autoclave treatment and storage at −18°C, 4°C, or 25°C to investigate their crystallinity and functional properties. After debranching, the potato starch contained significantly higher CL (35.4 glucose units) than did the cassava starch (32.4 glucose units). The debranched cassava and potato starches after retrogradation at the storage temperatures had a typical B‐type crystalline structure although the native cassava and potato starches exhibited the different crystalline forms (A‐ and B‐type, respectively). The RS contents of the debranched cassava and potato starches significantly improved with higher RS content of the debranched potato starch than that of the debranched cassava starch at the same storage condition. The storage temperature significantly affected the RS formation of the debranched starches with the highest RS content at storage temperature of −18°C (35 and 48% for the debranched cassava and potato starches, respectively). The debranched starches had significantly lower viscosities and paste clarities but higher solubilities than did the native starches. As a result, the debranched cassava and potato starches can be considered for use not only in functional foods with enhanced health benefits but also in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.     

超声波-酶法联用制备玉米缓慢消化淀粉研究

缓慢消化淀粉是近年来新兴起的一种新功能性淀粉,具有很好的生理功能特性。该文以玉米淀粉为原料,采用超声波辅助酶法技术联用制备缓慢消化淀粉。其原理为:普鲁兰酶本身对淀粉具有一定的脱支作用,使淀粉链长度变短,而引入的超声波一方面作为一种能量,能够被淀粉乳溶液吸收,震裂长链淀粉分子,另一方面超声波利用其高频率在与普鲁兰酶协同作用降解淀粉的同时,可以使酶解速度增加,缩短酶的作用时间,通过控制反应条件,取得最佳的制备效果。本章研究了超声波功率、所加普鲁兰酶量、反应时间以及反应温度单因素对最终SDS得率的影响,并在此条件下进行了重复性试验,确定其优化的工艺条件。研究结果表明:超声波功率300W,加14%普鲁兰酶,反应时间为40min,反应温度为40℃,并在此条件下进行3次重复性试验,SDS得率为43.14%。     

Determination of Optimum Conditions for Enzymatic Debranching of Cassava Starch and Synthesis of Resistant Starch Type III using Central Composite Rotatable Design

Cassava starch was debranched by treatment with isoamylase and pullulanase and the yield of resistant starch type III (RS III) optimized with respect to starch solids concentration (7.5‐15%, w/v), incubation time (8‐24 h) and enzyme concentration using central composite rotatable design. Higher concentrations of pullulanase (10‐35 U/g starch) compared to isoamylase (30–90 mU/g starch) were required to give a similar degree of starch hydrolysis within the experimental domain. A clear debranching end‐point was identifiable by following the reducing value, blue value and β‐hydrolysis limit of cassava starches debranched using isoamylase. It was difficult to define a debranching endpoint of pullulanase treatment by these parameters due to contaminating α‐D ‐(1→4) activity. The yield of RS III was significantly higher in isoamylolysates and increased steadily with increasing degree of hydrolysis to peak at 57.3%. Purification of the debranched material further increased the RS III yield to 64.1%. Prolonged (24 h) hydrolysis of cassava starch with high concentration of pullulanase (35 U/g) gave lower RS III contents in the purified (34.2%) and unpurified (36.2%) hydrolysates compared to 49.5 and 62.4%, respectively, at moderate pullulanase concentration (22.5 U/g) and incubation time (16 h).     

Effect of debranching and heat treatments on formation and functional properties of resistant starch from high-amylose corn starches

High-amylose corn starches [(Hylon V (H5) and Hylon VII (H7)] were debranched with pullulanase, followed by autoclaving–storing cycles and drying in an oven (at 50 °C) or freeze-dryer. The samples were autoclaved at 123 and 133 °C and stored at 4 and 95 °C. Molecular weights of the samples decreased and resistant starch (RS) contents increased with increased debranching time. RS contents of H7 samples were higher than those of H5 samples. RS contents of oven-dried samples were higher than those of freeze-dried samples. Debranching caused decreases in DSC peak temperature (T _p) and increases in enthalpy (ΔH) values of H5 and H7. Autoclaving at 133 °C caused higher ΔH values as compared to autoclaving at 123 °C. The solubility and water-binding values of autoclaved-only (control) and autoclaved–debranched (3–48 h) samples and the samples treated with autoclaving–storing cycles after debranching of both H5 and H7 were higher than those of their respective native starches. Debranching of starch samples affected the emulsion capacity of albumin adversely, but improved the emulsion stability of albumin. Cold viscosity values of freeze-dried samples were higher than those of oven-dried samples. Autoclaving–storing cycles after debranching caused decreases in peak, breakdown and final viscosity values.     

Effect of Cooling,and Freezing on the Digestibility of Debranched Rice Starch and Physical Properties of the Resulting Material

Ten percent non‐waxy and waxy starch suspensions were debranched with pullulanase followed by heating and cooling (1 °C) to crystallize and/or gel. Products with a range of textures can be made depending on the type (waxy and non‐waxy) of starch used. The water holding capacity was 35% and 84% for waxy and non‐waxy cooled debranched starch, respectively, at 4 h of cooling and did not change. The hardness of the debranched waxy and non‐waxy starch continued to increase beyond 24 h up to 45 g and 245 g of force, respectively. The particle size of precipitates of non‐waxy and waxy debranched starch was 45 μm and 4 μm after 4 h of cooling and did not change. Cooling of debranched non‐waxy starch at 1 °C for 12 h without agitation decreased digestibility by 59%; with stirring digestibility decreased by 42% after 24 h of cooling. Freezing of debranched cooled waxy and non‐waxy starch does not effect the decreases in digestibility. Particle size of debranched, cooled/freeze‐thawed, dried, and milled starch affects digestibility.     

3种大米淀粉脱支前后结构及流变特性

通过普鲁兰酶处理糯米、粳米和籼米淀粉,研究酶水解对3 种大米淀粉结构和流变特性的影响。结果表明,经普鲁兰酶处理后3 种大米淀粉的结晶度降低,无定型区域增加;链长分布结果表明3 种大米淀粉的精细结构相似,水解反应对较短的侧链更有效,糯米淀粉更易被酶解;脱支淀粉和天然大米淀粉的傅里叶变换红外光谱没有明显差异,—OH的伸缩振动吸收峰相对增强;添加普鲁兰酶后,淀粉糊黏度急剧下降,糯米淀粉黏度下降最快,较容易被水解;流变学特性表明淀粉颗粒分子间缔合、排列松散,运动性增强,溶解度和持水力有所增强。糯米淀粉对普鲁兰酶处理较其他两种大米淀粉更为敏感。结论：脱支处理改善了淀粉凝胶性能,增强了淀粉的流动性。     

Resistant Starch Made from Banana Starch by Autoclaving and Debranching

Resistant starches (RS) were prepared from banana starch by debranching with pullulanase for different times and after autoclaving treatment. The different treatments produced seven RS products, which were tested with respect to available starch (AS), RS and in vitro hydrolysis rate. The control sample (without debranching) had the highest AS (80.5%) and the lowest RS content (9.1%). The samples debranched for 5 h and longer did not show significant differences (α = 0.05) in AS (approximately 72%) and RS (approximately 18%). The RS values obtained in the samples prepared were twice as high as that of the control sample. However, the sample debranched for the longest time had the highest hydrolysis rate, demonstrating that this product has a high digestion rate. Banana starch is a good source for RS preparation by autoclaving due to its high RS content and can be an alternative source in developing countries for obtaining a nutraceutic ingredient for functional food preparation.