浅谈球头铣刀加工曲面时刀具路径的优化

文章首先分析了球头铣刀的铣削参数和铣削方式,其次,以平行走刀精加工刀具路径为例,从行距、步长、曲面分区加工、切入点和切出点确定、行间和层间附加圆滑转接等方面对刀具路径的优化进行了较详细的说明,文章结论对加工复杂的模具曲面有一定的指导意义.     

高速铣削球头立铣刀加工倾角的研究

球头立铣刀铣削曲面时,刀具轴线与工件曲面法线之间的夹角对工件表面质量及刀具寿命有着重要影响,在扼要介绍高速铣削对球头铣刀要求的基础上,通过对球头铣刀刀具轴线和工件加工表面之间的倾角研究,得出了调整刀具和工件之间的加工倾角,有效改善切削条件的策略,对高速铣削参数以及刀具切削路径的优选具有一定的指导意义.     

微细铣削技术研究综述

微细铣削可以加工三维自由曲面及复杂零件,其应用前景日益广阔。然而由于刀具尺寸及加工参数的急剧减小,微细铣削表现出显著不同于传统铣削的切削特性,因此近年来研究人员对微细铣削技术进行了广泛研究。微细铣削的加工过程复杂,涉及到许多方面,综述国内外在微细铣削方面的研究,总结了微细铣削加工过程中最小切削厚度、切削力、表面粗糙度、刀具磨损及其他方面研究的最新进展。探讨了微细铣削所研究的各方面的发展趋势,并对其应用前景进行了初步讨论。     

基于MasterCAM自由曲面加工刀具路径优化

为提高自由曲面数控加工的切削效率和加工精度,对自由曲面三坐标数控加工刀具路径工艺特点进行研究。分析了在MasterCAM软件内可采用的几种刀具路径规划方法及其实现的约束条件。研究了该软件内由参数线法、路径截面法和等残留高度法等三种算法生成各种刀具路径的优缺点,并根据三种算法所生成刀具路径的特点优化加工各种曲面的刀具路径。通过实例对三种算法所生成的刀具路径进行应用比较,结果表明,根据曲面形状特点合理选用及规划刀具路径,可提高刀具路径对曲面形状变化的适应性,减少残留高度,从而提高切削效率和加工质量。     

基于Pro/E的加工方式优化在零件相贯线加工上的应用

针对三通类零件相贯线数控加工上的难点,介绍了基于Pro/E的加工方式优化,分析了行距、进给速度、主轴转速等铣削参数和铣削方式;从曲面分区加工、切削线方向选择、行间和层间附加圆弧转接等方面对刀具路径的优化进行了较详细的说明。本文对三通类零件相贯线处的加工有很大的指导意义。     

基于反求工程的复杂曲面数控加工关键技术的研究

通过对复杂曲面的反求工程关键技术的研究,分析了复杂曲面数控加工工艺参数的确定,阐述了如何在MasterCAM环境下选定切削参数和刀具参数并生成粗精加工的刀具路径,对复杂曲面的数控加工有一定的借鉴意义.     

周铣变曲率曲面铣削力与弯曲误差建模与分析

小直径周铣曲率变化的曲面时,影响铣削力的几何参数都会随着刀具路径而变化,同时小直径刀具加工过程中若f/R(每齿进给量与刀具半径比)不是极小值时其刀齿路径不再近似于圆,传统切削厚度和切削力计算不适用于此类加工时切削厚度和切削力的计算。本文提出了对于f/R不是极小值的小直径刀具圆周铣削曲率变化的曲面时其铣削力的计算模型,对于刀具弯曲模型根据实际情况考虑其受到均布载荷,运用悬臂梁结构对刀具弯曲的误差模型进行建立。     

复杂曲面零件超精密多轴铣削加工工艺研究

常规的铣削加工工艺在工艺规划中具有不确定性,影响工艺质量。针对铣削加工工艺的质量问题,研究人员设计了多种加工工艺。基于NSGA-Ⅱ的多轴铣削加工工艺,与基于切削稳定性与表面质量约束的多轴铣削加工工艺的应用较为广泛。因此,设计了复杂曲面零件超精密多轴铣削加工工艺。选择小楔角铣削加工刀具,选用0°前角作为刀具楔角,结合刀柄结构缩小回转半径,实现铣削刀切削稳定的目标。规划复杂曲面零件超精密多轴铣削走刀轨迹,将多轴轮廓铣的刀轴位姿与投影方向进行调整,在复杂曲面零件表面生成光滑轨迹,确保铣削加工质量。采用仿真实验,验证了该工艺的铣削质量更佳。     

基于过程集成优化的复杂曲面数控铣削性能分析

针对复杂自由曲面变曲率、大扭曲的特征及其铣削性能难预测的问题,提出加工过程的集成优化的切削性能分析方法,在曲面多轴铣削工作流程中综合评价和提高切削加工效率和质量。建立了自由曲面体零件多轴加工集成优化铣削模型,集成切削加工刀位轨迹计算、切削仿真与机床运动仿真、切削力预测、工艺参数优化工作流程及其输入输出文件,实时从输出文件中解析提取计算结果参数,有效分析预测切削参数与切削力对加工效率和质量的影响,实现复杂自由曲面铣削过程的集成与全局优化。将该方法应用于大型混流式水轮机叶片的数控铣削性能分析,并与生产数据进行对比,进一步验证了所提加工过程集成优化方法可有效分析和预测大型自由曲面的数控铣削性能。     

自由曲面三坐标加工等间距刀具路径规划

为提高自由曲面数控加工的切削效率,改善刀具的受力状态,提出了一种自由曲面三坐标加工等间距刀具路径规划方法.分析了在实际加工过程中可采用的几种刀具路径规划方法及其实现等距加工的约束条件.研究了等间距刀具路径的计算方法,并针对计算过程中出现的逼近误差校验和刀具路径延伸与裁剪问题给出了解决方法.对等参数线法和等距截面法进行了比较,表明应用该方法规划自由曲面刀具路径,可提高走刀路径对曲面形状变化的适应性和切削行间距分布的均匀性.     

超声纵扭辅助铣削高强铝合金表面润湿性能研究

针对超声辅助加工在工件表面形成微刻划表面可以提高高强铝合金表面的微结构性能的现象,进行了单激励旋转超声纵扭复合铣削表面微观结构的试验,基于水接触角理论和纵扭铣削运动学理论分析了加工参数对水接触角的影响;搭建了单激励超声纵扭铣削试验平台,采用正交试验法研究了不同加工参数对表面粗糙度、铣削力以及表面润湿性能的影响。结果表明：超声振幅为4μm时表面质量最佳,切削速度和进给量与表面粗糙度和水接触角呈正相关的关系;超声加工方式下的表面水接触角较普通方式更大,而在超声加工时低振幅加工比高振幅加工的表面水接触角大,当转速达到一定值时,高振幅和低振幅所加工的表面水接触角差别不大。合适的加工参数条件下超声纵扭加工方式可以降低加工表面的粗糙度,改变表面的润湿性。     

Cutting force prediction for ball nose milling of inclined surface

Ball nose milling of complex surfaces is common in the die/mould and aerospace industries. A significant influential factor in complex surface machining by ball nose milling for part accuracy and tool life is the cutting force. There has been little research on cutting force model for ball nose milling on inclined planes. Using such a model ,and by considering the inclination of the tangential plane at the point of contact of the ball nose model, it is possible to predict the cutting force at the particular cutting contact point of the ball nose cutter on a sculptured surface. Hence, this paper presents a cutting force model for ball nose milling on inclined planes for given cutting conditions assuming a fresh or sharp cutter. The development of the cutting force model involves the determination of two associated coefficients: cutting and edge coefficients for a given tool and workpiece combination. A method is proposed for the determination of the coefficients using the inclined plane milling data. The geometry for chip thickness is considered based on inclined surface machining with overlapping of previous pass. The average and maximum cutting forces are considered. These two forces have been observed to be more dominating force-based parameters or features with high correlation with tool wear. The developed cutting force model is verified for various cutting conditions.     

An Enhanced Force Model for Sculptured Surface Machining

The ball-end milling process is used extensively in machining of sculpture surfaces in automotive, die/mold, and aerospace industries. In planning machining operations, the process planner has to be conservative when selecting machining conditions with respect to metal removal rate in order to avoid cutter chipping and breakage, or over-cut due to excessive cutter deflection. These problems are particularly important for machining of sculptured surfaces where axial and radial depths of cut are abruptly changing. This article presents a mathematical model that is developed to predict the cutting forces during ball-end milling of sculpture surfaces. The model has the ability to calculate the workpiece/cutter intersection domain automatically for a given cutter path, cutter, and workpiece geometries. In addition to predicting the cutting forces, the model determines the surface topography that can be visualized in solid form. Extensive experiments are performed to validate the theoretical model with measured forces. For complex part geometries, the mathematical model predictions were compared with experimental measurements.     

EQUIVALENT NORMAL CURVATURE APPROACH MILLING MODEL OF MACHINING FREEFORM SURFACES

A new milling methodology with the equivalent normal curvature milling model machining freeform surfaces is proposed based on the normal curvature theorems on differential geometry. Moreover, a specialized whirlwind milling tool and a 5-axis CNC horizontal milling machine are introduced. This new milling model can efficiently enlarge the material removal volume at the tip of the whirlwind milling tool and improve the producing capacity. The machining strategy of this model is to regulate the orientation of the whirlwind milling tool relatively to the principal directions of the workpiece surface at the point of contact, so as to create a full match with collision avoidance between the workpiece surface and the symmetric rotational surface of the milling tool. The practical results show that this new milling model is an effective method in machining complex three- dimensional surfaces. This model has a good improvement on finishing machining time and scallop height in machining the freeform surfaces over other milling processes. Some actual examples for manufacturing the freeform surfaces with this new model are given.     

基于工艺参数响应曲面的干式铣削机床能效分析

针对干式切削加工能耗相对较高的问题,通过对数控铣床干切削加工过程的实时功率进行数据采集,采用响应曲面方法描述和分析了数控铣削加工各主要工艺参数与单位切削能耗和机床能效之间的定量关系。通过工艺参数对单位切削能耗和单位机床能耗的响应曲面及降维平面进行了分析,结果表明,增大工艺参数和材料去除率对于提升机床能效具有积极作用。此外,降低机床基础能耗占比、提高切削能耗占比,能有效提高干式切削机床能效。     

An Enhanced Force Model for Sculptured Surface Machining

Abstract

The ball-end milling process is used extensively in machining of sculpture surfaces in automotive, die/mold, and aerospace industries. In planning machining operations, the process planner has to be conservative when selecting machining conditions with respect to metal removal rate in order to avoid cutter chipping and breakage, or over-cut due to excessive cutter deflection. These problems are particularly important for machining of sculptured surfaces where axial and radial depths of cut are abruptly changing. This article presents a mathematical model that is developed to predict the cutting forces during ball-end milling of sculpture surfaces. The model has the ability to calculate the workpiece/cutter intersection domain automatically for a given cutter path, cutter, and workpiece geometries. In addition to predicting the cutting forces, the model determines the surface topography that can be visualized in solid form. Extensive experiments are performed to validate the theoretical model with measured forces. For complex part geometries, the mathematical model predictions were compared with experimental measurements.     

Milling Force Model for Aviation Aluminum Alloy:Academic Insight and Perspective Analysis

Aluminum alloy is the main structural material of aircraft,launch vehicle,spaceship,and space station and is pro-cessed by milling.However,tool wear and vibration are the bottlenecks in the milling process of aviation aluminum alloy.The machining accuracy and surface quality of aluminum alloy milling depend on the cutting parameters,material mechanical properties,machine tools,and other parameters.In particular,milling force is the crucial factor to determine material removal and workpiece surface integrity.However,establishing the prediction model of milling force is important and difficult because milling force is the result of multiparameter coupling of process system.The research progress of cutting force model is reviewed from three modeling methods:empirical model,finite element simulation,and instantaneous milling force model.The problems of cutting force modeling are also determined.In view of these problems,the future work direction is proposed in the following four aspects:(1)high-speed milling is adopted for the thin-walled structure of large aviation with large cutting depth,which easily produces high residual stress.The residual stress should be analyzed under this particular condition.(2)Multiple factors(e.g.,eccentric swing milling parameters,lubrication conditions,tools,tool and workpiece deformation,and size effect)should be consid-ered comprehensively when modeling instantaneous milling forces,especially for micro milling and complex surface machining.(3)The database of milling force model,including the corresponding workpiece materials,working condi-tion,cutting tools(geometric figures and coatings),and other parameters,should be established.(4)The effect of chatter on the prediction accuracy of milling force cannot be ignored in thin-walled workpiece milling.(5)The cutting force of aviation aluminum alloy milling under the condition of minimum quantity lubrication(mql)and nanofluid mql should be predicted.     

INDUCTION-HEATED TOOL MACHINING OF ELASTOMERS—PART 2: CHIP MORPHOLOGY, CUTTING FORCES, AND MACHINED SURFACES

The induction-heated tool and cryogenically cooled workpiece are investigated for end milling of elastomers to generate desirable shape and surface roughness. Elastomer end milling experiments are conducted to study effects of the cutting speed, tool heating, and workpiece cooling on the chip formation, cutting forces, groove width, and surface roughness. At high cutting speed, smoke is generated and becomes an environmental hazard. At low cutting speeds, induction heated tool, if properly utilized, has demonstrated to be beneficial for the precision machining of elastomer with better surface roughness and dimensional control. Frequency analysis of cutting forces shows that the soft elastomer workpiece has low frequency vibration, which can be correlated to the surface machining marks. The width of end-milled grooves is only 68 to 78% of the tool diameter. The correlation between the machined groove width and cutting force reveals the importance of the workpiece compliance to precision machining of elastomer. This study also explores the use of both contact profilometer and non-contact confocal microscope to measure the roughness of machined elastomer surfaces. The comparison of measurement results shows the advantages and limitations of both measurement methods.     

MACHINING CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPLEX SURFACES USING FAST TOOL SERVO SYSTEM

Optical components with complex surfaces are more and more widely applied, but it is very difficult to manufacture these components by using traditional mechanical fabricating methods. Fast tool servo system can manufacture these complex surfaces or microstructures efficiently and accurately. The relative position between the tool and workpiece surface will vary continuously in the fast tool servo machining process, owing to the height change of workpiece profile in the same circle, and this will worsen the cutting conditions and debase the machining accuracy. In this paper, the cutting characteristics are studied in the fast tool servo machining process of complex workpiece, including the varying rule of cutting angle, and its influences on the rake angle and back angle, and the choice of machining parameters. Furthermore, the conditions for identifying tool interference are given. On the basis of the above work, two kinds of typical complex workpieces are manufactured by using fast tool servo system, including radial sinusoidal workpieces and lens array. The measuring results indicate that surface accuracy can reach 0.14 μm (peak-to-valley value) and the roughness is less than 10 nm (mean value).     

INDUCTION-HEATED TOOL MACHINING OF ELASTOMERS—PART 2: CHIP MORPHOLOGY,CUTTING FORCES,AND MACHINED SURFACES

ABSTRACT

The induction-heated tool and cryogenically cooled workpiece are investigated for end milling of elastomers to generate desirable shape and surface roughness. Elastomer end milling experiments are conducted to study effects of the cutting speed, tool heating, and workpiece cooling on the chip formation, cutting forces, groove width, and surface roughness. At high cutting speed, smoke is generated and becomes an environmental hazard. At low cutting speeds, induction heated tool, if properly utilized, has demonstrated to be beneficial for the precision machining of elastomer with better surface roughness and dimensional control. Frequency analysis of cutting forces shows that the soft elastomer workpiece has low frequency vibration, which can be correlated to the surface machining marks. The width of end-milled grooves is only 68 to 78% of the tool diameter. The correlation between the machined groove width and cutting force reveals the importance of the workpiece compliance to precision machining of elastomer. This study also explores the use of both contact profilometer and non-contact confocal microscope to measure the roughness of machined elastomer surfaces. The comparison of measurement results shows the advantages and limitations of both measurement methods.