Object-stack: An object-oriented approach for top-k keyword querying over fuzzy XML

Keyword search is the most popular technique of searching information from XML (eXtensible markup language) document. It enables users to easily access XML data without learning the structure query language or studying the complex data schemas. Existing traditional keyword query methods are mainly based on LCA (lowest common ancestor) semantics, in which the returned results match all keywords at the granularity of elements. In many practical applications, information is often uncertain and vague. As a result, how to identify useful information from fuzzy data is becoming an important research topic. In this paper, we focus on the issue of keyword querying on fuzzy XML data at the granularity of objects. By introducing the concept of “object tree”, we propose the query semantics for keyword query at object-level. We find the minimum whole matching result object trees which contain all keywords and the partial matching result object trees which contain partial keywords, and return the root nodes of these result object trees as query results. For effectively and accurately identifying the top-K answers with the highest scores, we propose a score mechanism with the consideration of tf*idf document relevance, users’ preference and possibilities of results. We propose a stack-based algorithm named object-stack to obtain the top-K answers with the highest scores. Experimental results show that the object-stack algorithm outperforms the traditional XML keyword query algorithms significantly, and it can get high quality of query results with high search efficiency on the fuzzy XML document.     

Keyword query with structure: towards semantic scoring of XML search results

Keyword search is an effective paradigm for information discovery and has been introduced recently to query XML documents. Scoring of XML search results is an important issue in XML keyword search. Traditional “bag-of-words” model cannot differentiate the roles of keywords as well as the relationship between keywords, thus is not proper for XML keyword queries. In this paper, we present a new scoring method based on a novel query model, called keyword query with structure (QWS), which is specially designed for XML keyword query. The method is based on a totally new view taken by the QWS model on a keyword query that, a keyword query is a composition of several query units, each representing a query condition. We believe that this method captures the semantic relevance of the search results. The paper first introduces an algorithm reformulating a keyword query to a QWS. Then, a scoring method is presented which measures the relevance of search results according to how many and how well the query conditions are matched. The scoring method is also extended to clusters of search results. Experimental results verify the effectiveness of our methods.     

模糊XML关键字近似查询方法研究

在精确XML文档上的关键字查询方法的研究大多是基于LCA语义或者其变种语义(SLCA,ELCA等)开展的,将包含所有关键字的最紧致XML子树片段作为查询结果返回。但是这些基于LCA语义产生的查询结果中通常包含了大量的冗余信息,现实世界中存在着大量的不确定和模糊信息,因而如何从模糊XML文档中搜索到高质量的关键字查询结果是一个需要研究的问题。针对模糊XML文档上的关键字近似查询方法进行研究,通过引入最小连接树(MCT)的概念,提出在模糊XML文档上关键字查询的所有GDMCTs问题,并给出解决这一问题的基于栈的算法All fuzzy GDMCTs,该算法可以得到满足用户指定的子树大小阈值和可能性阈值条件的所有GDMCTs结果。实验表明,该算法在模糊XML文档上能够得到较高质量的关键字查询结果。     

GPE:一种基于图模型的NFS有意义结果确定模型

XML非完全结构查询(NFS)允许用户利用部分XML结构信息,甚至仅仅是关键字来描述查询要求,是在缺乏完整的XML文档结构信息情况下的重要查询手段.针对图模型下的NFS有意义结果判断问题,在PE模型基础上提出一种基于图的有意义结果判断模型GPE,包括结果粒度、模式实体定义、等价模式定义和判断规则;针对标签歧义性和复杂的结构语义,GPE提出一种结合基于领域字典的语境受限的标签语义相似性和模式结构相似性的等价模式计算方法.通过在实际数据集和XML实验数据上的实验表明,GPE模型在查准率和查全率上均有较大提高.     

XML 数据流上Top-K 关键字查询处理

利用关键字可以在模式未知的情况下对XML数据进行查询.在当前的XML数据流上的关键字查询处理中,打分函数往往不能都满足各种用户不同的需求.提出了一种基于skyline的XML数据流上的Top-K关键字查询.对于这种查询,不需要考虑影响结果与查询相关性的复杂因素,只需利用skyline挑选与查询最相关的结果.提出了两种XML数据流上的有效的基于skyline的Top-K关键查询处理算法,包括对单查询和多查询的处理算法.通过扩展实验对两种算法的有效性和可扩展性进行了验证.经过实验验证,所提出的查询处理算法的效率几乎不受关键字个数、查询结果数量、查询数量等参数的影响,运行时间和文档大小大致呈线性关系.     

ELCA evaluation for keyword search on probabilistic XML data

As probabilistic data management is becoming one of the main research focuses and keyword search is turning into a more popular query means, it is natural to think how to support keyword queries on probabilistic XML data. With regards to keyword query on deterministic XML documents, ELCA (Exclusive Lowest Common Ancestor) semantics allows more relevant fragments rooted at the ELCAs to appear as results and is more popular compared with other keyword query result semantics (such as SLCAs). In this paper, we investigate how to evaluate ELCA results for keyword queries on probabilistic XML documents. After defining probabilistic ELCA semantics in terms of possible world semantics, we propose an approach to compute ELCA probabilities without generating possible worlds. Then we develop an efficient stack-based algorithm that can find all probabilistic ELCA results and their ELCA probabilities for a given keyword query on a probabilistic XML document. Finally, we experimentally evaluate the proposed ELCA algorithm and compare it with its SLCA counterpart in aspects of result probability, time and space efficiency, and scalability.     

高效的XML关键字查询改写和结果生成技术

用户使用关键字查询时可能不能准确地表达他们的意图,即使用户正确地表达了查询意图,查询引擎也可能不能准确地返回查询结果.针对这一问题,重点研究了在XML关键字查询中如何进行有效的查询改写并生成有意义的结果.提出4种查询改写操作和查询改写代价的概念,给出了动态规划的方法计算查询改写代价.为了找出最优的查询改写,给出了基于栈的查询改写和结果生成算法,并提出了基于划分的优化算法.最后通过丰富的实验对提出的方法进行了验证.     

A query refinement framework for xml keyword search

Existing work of XML keyword search focus on how to find relevant and meaningful data fragments for a query, assuming each keyword is intended as part of it. However, in XML keyword search, user queries usually contain irrelevant or mismatched terms, typos etc, which may easily lead to empty or meaningless results. In this paper, we introduce the problem of content-aware XML keyword query refinement, where the search engine should judiciously decide whether a user query Q needs to be refined during the processing of Q, and find a list of promising refined query candidates which guarantee to have meaningful matching results over the XML data, without any user interaction or a second try. To achieve this goal, we build a novel content-aware XML keyword query refinement framework consisting of two core parts: (1) we build a query ranking model to evaluate the quality of a refined query RQ, which captures the morphological/semantical similarity between Q and RQ and the dependency of keywords of RQ over the XML data; (2) we integrate the exploration of RQ candidates and the generation of their matching results as a single problem, which is fulfilled within a one-time scan of the related keyword inverted lists optimally. Finally, an extensive empirical study verifies the efficiency and effectiveness of our framework.     

XBridge-Mobile: efficient XML keyword search on mobile web data

Mobile computing over intelligent mobile is affecting human’s habits of obtaining information over Internet, especially keyword search. Most of previous keyword search works are mainly focused on traditional web data sources, in which the performance can be improved by adding more computing power and/or building more offline-computed index. However, it is very challenging to apply the traditional keyword search methods to mobile web-based keyword search because mobile computing has many different features, e.g., frequent disconnections, variety of bandwidths, limited power of mobile devices, limited data size to be downloaded, etc.. To address this challenge, in this paper we design an adaptive mobile-based XML keyword search approach, called XBridge-Mobile, that can derive the semantics of a keyword query and generate a set of effective structured patterns by analyzing the given keyword query and the schemas of XML data sources. Each structured pattern represents one of user’s possible search intentions. The patterns will be firstly sent to the mobile client from web server. And then, the mobile client can select some interested patterns to load the results. By doing this, we can reduce the communication cost a lot between web server and mobile client because only the derived patterns and a few results need to be transferred, not all the keyword search results, by which we can save lots of expenses when the downloaded data is priced. In addition, we can economically maintain the frequent structured pattern queries in the mobile device, which can further reduce the expense of downloading data. At last, we analyze and propose a ranking function to measure the quality of keyword search results, design a set of algorithms to optimize mobile keyword search based on the maintained structured patterns, and present the experimental study of XBridge-Mobile with real XML datasets.     

基于关键字密度的XML关键字检索

关键字检索具有友好的用户操作体验,该检索方式已在文本信息检索领域得到了广泛而深入的应用.对XML数据采用关键字检索是目前研究的热点.基于查询语义的XML关键字检索方法存在返回大量与用户查询意图无关的查询片段或者丢失符合用户查询意图的片段这两个问题.针对这些问题,在考虑LCA横向和纵向两个维度的基础上,提出了用户查询意图与LCA相关性的两个规则,根据两个规则定义了LCA的边密度和路径密度,建立了综合的LCA节点评分公式,最后设计TopLCA-K算法对LCA进行排名,并利用中心位置索引CI提高了TopLCA-K算法的效率.实验结果显示,利用所提出的方法返回的查询节点更加符合用户需求.     

基于知识的网页检索工具

随着因特网在全球范围的广泛使用,越来越多的人们借助于因特网从事科研和商务活动,而网页检索工具成了人们必不可少的软件工具．然而,目前流行的检索工具大多基于关键字查询,常常出现信息过载或有用信息丢失等现象．造成这一原因主要有两方面：用户提交的查询不能很好地表达他的目的;查询的结果没有建立有效的索引机制,引导人们快速找到有用信息。为此我们提出一种基于知识的网页检索工具（ＫＷＳＥ）,它是在已有的检索工具的     

基于结果类型分组的XML关键字查询*

提出了基于结果类型分组的XML(extensible markup language,可扩展标志语言)关键字查询算法。采用熵值赋权法确定结果类型,继而对XML文档节点虚拟分组,并在虚拟组的基础上给出了相应的查询算法,不仅确保了结果信息的完整,避免了丢失某些有意义结果和返回无意义结果的现象。实验结果表明,所提出算法与SLCA、MLCEA相比,在查询质量、效率及稳定性上有一定提高。     

一种基于Schema的XML索引结构

XML Schema作为一种描述XML文档模式信息即结构信息的标准，对于XML索引的建立及查询效率的提高有着重要的作用。现有的大部分XML索引结构着重研究XML文档的结构查询，而对于XML文档的更新支持却不多，对无效查询也不能作出快速的判断。该文基于已有的XML文档的编码方式，提出了一种基于Schema的XML索引结构，不仅能支持基于有效性验证的动态更新，使得XML文档和XML Schema保持一致，而且对用户提出的无效的路径查询也能在较短时间内作出判断。     

一种基于自然语言生成的XML关键字查询技术

为了解决基于LCA（Lower Common Ancestor）的XML关键字查询丢失语义的问题,提出了一种基于“自然语言生成技术（Natural Language Generation,NLG）”的XML关键字查询技术,将NLG的内容规划应用到XML文档,产生针对用户查询的消息语句集,通过对消息语句集的筛选既可以实现基于语义的XML关键字查询,又可以极大地提高查询效率。     

A novel XML keyword query approach using entity subtree

Keyword query is an important means to find object information in XML document. Most of the existing keyword query approaches adopt the subtrees rooted at the smallest lowest common ancestors of the keyword matching nodes as the basic result units. The structural relationships among XML nodes are excessively emphasized but the semantic relevance is not fully exploited.To change this situation, we propose the concept of entity subtree and emphasis the semantic relevance among different nodes as querying information from XML. In our approach, keyword query cases are improved to a new keyword-based query language, Grouping and Categorization Keyword Expression (GCKE) and the core query algorithm, finding entity subtrees (FEST) is proposed to return high quality results by fully using the keyword semantic meanings exposed by GCKE. We demonstrate the effectiveness and the efficiency of our approach through extensive experiments.     

XML文档语义检索方法研究

由于半结构文档如XML越来越广泛的应用,在数据库和信息检索领域,对半结构XML数据相似度的研究也变得尤为重要。给定XML文档集D和用户查询q,XML检索即是从D中查找出符合q的XML文档。为了有效地进行XML信息检索,提出了一种新的计算用户查询与XML文档之间相似度的算法。该算法分为三步：基于WordNet对用户查询q进行同义词扩展得到q';将q'和D中的每一篇XML文档都进行数字签名,并通过签名之间的匹配对D进行有效过滤,除去大量不符合用户查询的文档,得到一个文档子集D',[D'?D];对q'与D'中的文档进行精确匹配得到检索结果。     

XML keyword search with promising result type recommendations

Keyword search enables inexperienced users to easily search XML database with no specific knowledge of complex structured query languages and XML data schemas. Existing work has addressed the problem of selecting data nodes that match keywords and connecting them in a meaningful way, e.g., SLCA and ELCA. However, it is time-consuming and unnecessary to serve all the connected subtrees to the users because in general the users are only interested in part of the relevant results. In this paper, we propose a new keyword search approach which basically utilizes the statistics of underlying XML data to decide the promising result types and then quickly retrieves the corresponding results with the help of selected promising result types. To guarantee the quality of the selected promising result types, we measure the correlations between result types and a keyword query by analyzing the distribution of relevant keywords and their structures within the XML data to be searched. In addition, relevant result types can be efficiently computed without keyword query evaluation and any schema information. To directly return top-k keyword search results that conform to the suggested promising result types, we design two new algorithms to adapt to the structural sensitivity of the keyword nodes over the keyword search results. Lastly, we implement all proposed approaches and present the relevant experimental results to show the effectiveness of our approach.     

基于智能分组策略的XML关键字查询算法

XML关键字查询作为一种信息检索方式,一直是相关领域的热点研究问题。在经典查询语义SLCA的基础上,设计并实现了一种基于智能分组策略的XML关键字查询的优化算法。提出的算法通过合理的分组策略可以保证在运算过程中及时 去除组内祖先节点和重复节点,减少了大量冗余计算,提高了算法的效率。最后设计多组实验在不同的XML数据上进行测试,实验结果表明了该算法的有效性和高效性。     

Beyond Single-Page Web Search Results

Given a user keyword query, current Web search engines return a list of individual Web pages ranked by their "goodness" with respect to the query. Thus, the basic unit for search and retrieval is an individual page, even though information on a topic is often spread across multiple pages. This degrades the quality of search results, especially for long or uncorrelated (multitopic) queries (in which individual keywords rarely occur together in the same document), where a single page is unlikely to satisfy the user's information need. We propose a technique that, given a keyword query, on the fly generates new pages, called composed pages, which contain all query keywords. The composed pages are generated by extracting and stitching together relevant pieces from hyperlinked Web pages and retaining links to the original Web pages. To rank the composed pages, we consider both the hyperlink structure of the original pages and the associations between the keywords within each page. Furthermore, we present and experimentally evaluate heuristic algorithms to efficiently generate the top composed pages. The quality of our method is compared to current approaches by using user surveys. Finally, we also show how our techniques can be used to perform query-specific summarization of Web pages.     

一种基于XLCA的XML关键字搜索方法

关键字搜索是大多数普通用户搜索信息的有效手段,因为他们不需要学习复杂的查询语言,也不需要了解底层数据的结构.本文研究了针对XML文档的关键字搜索问题,首先指出前人基于SLCA的结果集定义的不完备性,进而提出基于XLCA的结果集定义,使得其能够包含所有可能的结果.基于这样的结果集定义,给出了一种精简的索引结构以及相应的搜索算法,并实现了这两种不同的方法,实验证明本文提出的方法在性能以及可扩展性方面均有较大的提高.