Selection Cooperation in Heterogeneous Cooperative Networks

Selection cooperation is an attractive cooperative strategy for wireless networks due to its simplicity and efficiency. In this paper, we consider a heterogeneous cooperative network consisting of different kinds of nodes with low-cost radios where the activities of one kind of nodes are triggered by the other kinds of nodes. This is a common scenario for many networks, such as wireless sensor networks. By exploiting the transmission relationship between heterogeneous nodes, we propose a selection cooperation protocol where inducing nodes can cooperate with the following nodes after their own transmissions for improving the communication reliability of the latter nodes. Through performance analysis, we show an interesting feature that the diversity-multiplexing tradeoff of the proposed protocol does not rely on the best relay selection method and the protocol always achieves the full diversity gain. We further develop an energy-efficient best relay selection method based on power control where the power consumption is minimized without decreasing the full diversity order. Simulation results demonstrate the good performance of the protocol and the remarkable energy reduction of the proposed best relay selection method.     

On the Optimality of the ARQ-DDF Protocol

In this correspondence, the performance of the automatic repeat request-dynamic decode and forward (ARQ-DDF) cooperation protocol is analyzed in two distinct scenarios. The first scenario is the multiple access relay channel where a single relay is dedicated to simultaneously help two multiple access users. For this setup, it is shown that the ARQ-DDF protocol achieves the channel's optimal diversity multiplexing tradeoff (DMT). The second scenario is the cooperative vector multiple access channel where two users cooperate in delivering their messages to a destination equipped with two receiving antennas. For this setup, a new variant of the ARQ-DDF protocol is developed where the two users are purposefully instructed not to cooperate in the first round of transmission. Lower and upper bounds on the achievable DMT are then derived. These bounds are shown to converge to the optimal tradeoff as the number of transmission rounds increases.     

Automated Development of Cooperative MAC Protocols

Letting users cooperate is a promising approach to improve reliability and throughput in wireless networks, but it has not yet made the transition into practice. Unlike conventional wireless communication, cooperation distributes each single transmission among multiple users and channels. Consequently, a Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol developer has to cope with various new, heavily distributed protocol functions that are tedious to implement and to debug. To untie this complex development process, we propose to automate its most error-prone parts: Implementation of MAC automata, analysis, and code generation. To do so, we formalize cooperative MAC protocols by a new, easy-to-use specification language and propose a compiler for which we construct various backends to automatically analyze validity and performance of the specification and to translate the specified protocols into program code for simulators and even Software-Defined Radio (SDR) prototypes. All this provides a lightweight, heavily automated development process that quickly turns a cooperative MAC protocol specification into a practical implementation.     

Protocol for the application of cooperative MIMO based on clustering in sparse wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) using cooperative multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication are effective tools to collect data in several environments. However, how to apply cooperative MIMO in WSN remains a critical challenge, especially in sparse WSN. In this article, a novel clustering scheme is proposed for the application of cooperative MIMO in sparse WSN by extending the traditional low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) protocol. This clustering scheme solves the problem that the cluster heads (CH) cannot find enough secondary cluster heads (SCH), which are used to cooperate and inform multiple-antenna transmitters with CHs. On the basis of this protocol, the overall energy consumption of the networks model is developed, and the optimal number of CHs is obtained. The simulation results show that this protocol is feasible for the sparse WSN. The simulation results also illustrate that this protocol provides significant energy efficiencies, even after allowing for additional overheads.     

The research of cooperative routing algorithm in mobile Ad hoc networks

1 Introduction Ad hoc [1, 2] network is a dynamic-topological mobile self-organized network without any centralized access point. In such a network, each node acts as both host and router simultaneously, entering and departing from the network freely. How…     

BTAC: A Busy Tone Based Cooperative MAC Protocol for Wireless Local Area Networks

Cooperative communications has been actively studied as an effective approach to achieve multi-user/spatial diversity gains and better overall system performance by coordinating multiple users in a dynamic wireless network to share their resources and capabilities. Based on the concept of cooperative communications, this paper proposes and analyzes a Busy Tone based cooperative Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol, namely BTAC, for multi-rate Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs). A cross-layer Markov chain model is then developed to evaluate the performance of BTAC under dynamic wireless channel conditions. Analytical and simulation results show our BTAC protocol is simple, robust, fully compatible with the IEEE 802.11b standard and can achieve better throughput and delay performance than the standard Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) protocol and the recently-proposed CoopMAC protocol.     

卫星通信系统的协同通信策略研究

提出了一种新的基于卫星通信系统的协同通信策略,利用两个协同中继进行Alamouti空时编码协同发送来提高系统的可靠性。该策略利用信道状态信息来解决何时协同和同谁协同的问题。仿真结果验证了该策略的有效性,并证明了在相同的星地链路下,同直接传输相比,该策略能够通过分集增益有效提高系统的BER性能。     

一种用于AdHoc网络的协同MAC协议

基于IEEE802．11 DCF模型,利用协同分集技术,提出了一种适用于AdHoc网络的协同MAC协议。此协议在目的节点实时选择传输模式和协同节点,可有效减小节点移动和信道变化对网络性能产生的影响。同时,利用分集技术,对源节点和协同节点的数据信号进行最大比合并（MRC）,可有效提高系统的可靠性。仿真结果表明,在文中的仿真条件下,和传统IEEE802．11DCF协议相比,该协议在系统分组递交率和延迟性能上分别提高了20％和50％。     

基于协作干扰的全双工中继系统混合安全传输协议

针对全双工中继系统的安全问题,提出一种基于协作干扰的物理层安全混合传输协议.系统根据自身信道状态信息,自适应地选择基于中继节点与信源节点轮流发送干扰(RSCJ)协议或基于中继节点与目的节点轮流发送干扰(RDCJ)协议中安全容量相对较高的协议进行信息的传输.在全双工节点自干扰因素被抑制的条件下,给出了系统的传输协议选择策略,并理论推导了采用RSCJ或RDCJ传输协议下系统的安全中断概率表达式.仿真结果表明,利用所提的混合安全传输协议可以显著提高全双工中继系统的安全中断性能,与传统未利用协作干扰的传输机制相比,具有明显的安全性能优势.     

Reputation-Based Cooperative Detection Model of Selfish Nodes in Cluster-Based QoS-OLSR Protocol

The QOLSR is a multimedia protocol that was designed on top of the optimized link state routing (OLSR) protocol for mobile ad hoc network. It considers the quality of service (QoS) of the nodes during the selection of the multi-point relay (MPRs) nodes. One of the drawbacks of this protocol is the presence of selfish nodes that degrade the network lifetime. The limited energy and resources, and the absence of any motivation mechanism cause mobile nodes to behave selfishly during the MPRs selection. A new MPR selection based on cluster head election was proposed in previous work to increase network lifetime. In this paper, we consider the selfishness during the election and selection process by proposing the use of reputation system that will motivate nodes to participate during the selection of MPRs, where the reputation is calculated based on VCG mechanism design. After solving the selfishness during network formation, we have discovered that nodes can misbehave after being selected/elected. Such a passive malicious behavior could lead to a denial of service attack due to the drop of packets. As a solution, we propose a hierarchal cooperative watchdog detection model for the cluster-based QOLSR, where nodes cooperate in a hierarchical manner to detect selfish nodes. Moreover, to motivate watchdogs to monitor and cooperate with each other, incentives are given and calculated using cooperative game theory, where Shapley value is used to compute the contribution of each watchdog on the final decision. Simulation results show that the novel cluster-based QoS-OLSR model can give incentive to nodes to behave normally without sacrificing the quality of service of the network. In addition, the hierarchical cooperative detection model shows a more reliable and efficient detection of selfish nodes.     

Partner selection strategies in cooperative wireless networks with optimal power distribution

There have been several results that illustrate the best performance that a network can get through cooperation of relay nodes. For practical purposes, not all nodes in the network should be involved at the same time in every transmission. Therefore, optimal partner selection protocols in cooperative wireless networks are believed to be the first important thing that should be paid attention to. This problem in our article is considered in the context of regenerative nodes and non-altruistic cooperation （no pure relay exists; all nodes have their own data to transmit）. For each transmission, the protocol must provide the user （source node） a ＇best partner＇ （relay node） to cooperate with （for network simplicity and less transmission signals here, assume that each user has only one cooperative node）. A criterion is essentially needed when defining what a ＇best partner＇ is; in this article, two factors, i.e, the successful transmission probability and the transmission power, are considered. Three optimal partner selection strategies with different goals are proposed and analyzed respectively. The simulation results show that these are all supposed to be good tradeoffs between power consumption and transmission performance.     

基于合作分集的新型自动重传协议

研究了一种基于合作分集的新型链路层自动重传协议——合作ARQ协议,传输错误的数据包将由一个中继节点进行重传。根据接收端处理重传数据包的不同方式,探讨了2种协议:1)合作简单ARQ协议,目的节点在收到重传的数据包之后丢弃原始的数据包;2)合作混合ARQ协议,目的节点将重传的数据包和原始数据包进行分集合并。分析了独立慢衰落信道下合作ARQ协议性能,仿真成果证明,合作ARQ协议相比传统ARQ协议能够降低链路层的丢包率,提高了系统的传输性能。     

分布式协同传输协议设计与系统实现

协同传输作为一种可靠通信技术,通过利用空间分集,能够克服无线通信收发双方经历的信道衰落、噪声干扰、路径损耗等,有效提升系统传输性能。目前有关协同通信技术的基础理论研究较多,但大多数理论研究并没有应用到实际的原理样机中,因此缺少实测数据作为支撑。本文首先设计实现了一种自适应分布式协同传输协议,该协议通过信道感知技术实时获取信道质量信息,自适应地选择协同节点和协同传输方式。通过将所设计的传输协议实现在自主研发的原理样机上,本文从误码率、丢包率和吞吐量三个性能指标上,分别测试了系统在室内、室外、地面、空中等应用场景下的实际传输性能。测试结果表明,相比于传统点对点直传方式,本文所提的自适应分布式协同传输技术能够显著提升节点间的可靠传输性能,实现分布式多节点的自主协同组网通信。      

Ad Hoc网络中一种具有优先控制的自适应协同MAC协议

ARQ(Auto Repeat reQuest)机制通常用来在传输失败后重传数据,但是在深衰落信道下,源节点多次重传有可能导致系统性能持续变坏,作为未来无线通信的重要技术,协同通信能够大大提高链路的可靠性,可以有效解决上述问题。本文针对Ad Hoc网络,提出了一种基于优先控制的自适应协同MAC(Media Access Control)协议。此协议采用ARQ机制,根据瞬时信道情况,自适应地选择信道质量更好的中继节点来重传数据,并且在优化的退避算法和中继选择算法的控制下,赋予中继节点相对源节点更高的优先级,协议中还在传统RTS/CTS分组交互基础上加入了新的握手交互机制,使得协议的性能进一步提升。本文还对经典二维Markov模型进行了改进,加入了协同机制并提出中继节点冲突模型,对所提协议进行了建模并推导出了吞吐量性能表达式。仿真结果表明,本文所提协议相对IEEE 80211 DCF协议和传统采用ARQ机制的协同MAC协议有着更好的性能。
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Cooperative transmission protocol with full diversity and iterative detection

The authors propose a three-node full diversity cooperative protocol, which allows the retransmission of all symbols. By allowing multiple nodes to transmit simultaneously, relaying transmission only consumes limited bandwidth resource. To facilitate the performance analysis of the proposed cooperative protocol, the lower and upper bounds of the outage probability are first developed, and then the high signal-to-noise ratio behaviour is studied. Our analytical results show that the proposed strategy can achieve full diversity. To achieve the performance gain promised by the cooperative diversity, at the relays decode-and-forward strategy is adopted and an iterative soft-interference-cancellation minimum mean-squared error equaliser is developed. The simulation results compare the bit-error-rate performance of the proposed protocol with the non-cooperative scheme and the scheme presented by Azarian et al. (2005).     

A cross-layer protocol for exploiting cooperative diversity in multi-hop wireless ad hoc networks

Cooperative communication has emerged to reap the benefits of spatial diversity. To fully exploit cooperative diversity, we propose a medium access control and routing enabled cross-layer cooperative transmission (MACR-CCT) protocol for improving the performance in multi-hop wireless ad hoc networks (MWAN). Different from previous cooperative protocols that determine a receiver in one hop according to a non-cooperative routing protocol first and then select a cooperative relay, MACR-CCT selects the cooperative relay together with the receiver in one hop to exploit fully cooperative diversity, so that the receiver is selected for higher cooperative gain and closer distance to destination, and the relay is selected to achieve the better throughput performance while considering transmission error. Furthermore, considering that there are multiple source–destination pairs in MWAN, MACR-CCT takes interference mitigation into account to further improve network throughput when selecting the cooperative relay. Besides, we propose a theoretical model to analyze the throughput performance. Finally, we take advantage of simulation results to validate the effectiveness of our analytical model and show that our proposed MACR-CCT protocol can significantly outperform existing packet transmission mechanisms in terms of throughput and delay under the multi-hop multi-flow network scenario.     

基于三个认知用户的多分支频谱感知方法

为了在认知无线电网络中有效地感知出授权用户,通过在无线通信网络中对多分支协作分集方式的研究,提出了在3个认知用户组成的认知无线电网络中,2个认知用户作为1个认知用户的中继用户,采用多分支协作分集方式感知授权用户。对其检测性能进行了理论分析,表明该方法是一种有效的感知方法,并且在低信噪比环境下,也可以有效地提高检测概率和降低检测时间从而提高网络的敏捷度增益。实验仿真结果证明,在低信噪比的环境下,该方法也可以获得较好的性能。     

Analysis and determination of cooperative MAC strategies from throughput perspectives

In recent years, cooperative communication has been developed as a new communication strategy that incorporates a relay node to assist direct point-to-point transmission. By exploiting cooperative diversity, different types of techniques have been proposed to improve transmission reliability from the physical layer perspective. However, owing to the longer transmission time resulting from the cooperative schemes, there is no guarantee to enhance network throughput in view of the medium access control (MAC) performance. In this paper, system throughput of combined direct/cooperative communication is evaluated by exploiting the proposed analytical model based on the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol. The feasibility of adopting either cooperative or direct communication is also studied in the analytical model. In terms of network throughput, whether to adopt cooperative schemes depends on the tradeoff between cooperative transmission delay and channel quality of direct communication. Moreover, two cooperative MAC protocols are proposed to determine the circumstances to activate cooperative communication according to the channel quality. The full-channel quality indicator based cooperative (FCC) MAC protocol is introduced to choose both the transmission scheme and the relay node according to the full channel quality information. However, the overhead caused by the FCC scheme can degrade the throughput performance as the number of available relays is significantly increased. Therefore, the bitwise competition based cooperative (BCC) MAC protocol is utilized to efficiently determine a feasible relay node for data transmission. Simulations are performed to validate the effectiveness of proposed analytical models and cooperative MAC protocols. It is observed that the proposed BCC scheme can outperform both the FCC protocol and conventional direct transmission with enhanced system throughput.     

自主机器人足球系统的通信机制及通信语言设计

自主移动机器人系统涉及到在未知的动态环境中多智能体的协同工作，如何实现各移动机器人之间的高效实时通信是一个关键的问题。通信需要解决对话管理、通信语言和通信协议三个问题。其中，通信语言是智能体之间传送信息和交换知识的媒介。本文建立了全自主移动机器人系统的通信机制，为多机器人系统的协作问题求解和知识共享提供一套基于KQML的简单实用可靠的通信语言。实验证明该设计方法可行。     

基于网络编码的协作HARQ协议

该文基于网络编码技术提出了一种新的协作HARQ协议。在中继节点的协助下两个用户与基站进行通信。中继节点响应基站的重传请求,对两用户的增加冗余帧采用物理层网络编码即信号重叠调制技术进行处理,然后发送至基站。基站对接收信号采用多用户联合检测以及联合软判决译码。在平坦瑞利衰落信道下,该网络编码协作HARQ协议较传统的非协作HARQ协议可获得较大的性能改善,其性能接近没有采用网络编码的协作HARQ协议,且需要较少的硬件和带宽资源。