The relations among identity development, self-consciousness, and self-focusing during middle and late adolescence.

Two studies were completed to investigate the association between identity status and self-consciousness in adolescence. In Study I, subjects (n?=?445 males and n?=?425 females) were administered the Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status and the Imaginary Audience Scale. Results for ideological identity confirmed that being identity-achieved (compared with being diffused, foreclosed, or moratorium) was associated with greater willingness to reveal one's abiding self and transient self to others (i.e., greater willingness to be less self-conscious). In Study 2 (n?=?80 males and n?=?80 females), diffused, foreclosed, moratorium, and identity-achieved subjects in late adolescence completed a self-focus questionnaire and engaged in a laboratory study that required the subjects to estimate the likelihood of being the focus of others' attention. Among other findings, identity-achieved subjects were least self-focused and diffused subjects were most self-focused. Study 3 demonstrated empirical evidence for the conceptual association between cognitive and emotional components of self-focusing and self-consciousness for high school and college-age youths. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Construct validity of WAIS—R factors: Neuropsychological test correlates in adults referred for evaluation of possible head injury": Erratum.

Reports an error in the original article by E. M. S. Sherman et al (Psychological Assessment, 1995[Dec], Vol 7[4], 440–444. On page 444, line 36 of the reference list incorrectly reads, "Reitan, R. M., & Davidson, L. A.' The correct spelling is Davison. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1996-10111-001.) A 3-factor solution of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS—R; Wechsler, 1981) in 260 adults with suspected head injury suggested relatively good construct validity for the factors, based on correlations with neuropsychological tests purported to measure similar abilities. The Verbal Comprehension factor was related to verbal ability, verbal memory, and executive functioning. The Perceptual Organization factor, although measuring primarily visual-spatial perception and visual construction ability, was related to visual-spatial memory, visual attention, and executive functioning. The Freedom From Distractibility factor was correlated with two attention measures and was not associated with memory measures. Its association with executive functioning was inconsistent. The findings are discussed in terms of the multidimensional nature of neuropsychological tests and WAIS—R factors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Self-focused attention, gender, gender role, and vulnerability to negative affect.

Research has independently shown that both gender and self-focused attention are linked to depression. In this article, we report a series of studies investigating the relation between these variables. Using a standard self-focusing manipulation, Study 1 suggested that women evidence a greater propensity to self-focus than men. We replicated these findings in Study 2. In Study 3, we conducted an experiment to determine if sex role in conjuction with experimentally increased self-focused attention would lead to more emotional distress after a negative event had occurred. Results suggested that feminine individuals who received a self-focusing manipulation responded with greater levels of self-focused attention and negative affect than did any other group. We interpreted findings in terms of a tendency to self-focus that might prime feminine people to experience depression, or alternately, as a lack of self-focusing that may insulate masculine individuals from the experience of depression. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

"White matter atrophy, ventricular dilation, and intellectual functioning following traumatic brain injury": Correction.

Reports an error in the original article by S. C. Johnson et al (Neuropsychology, 1994[July], Vol 8[3], 301–315). On page 309, Figure 2 was printed upside down. Figures are provided in the correct position. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1994-38110-001.) Examined the role in traumatic brain injury (TBI) of injury severity measured by the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), white matter atrophy identified by various magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) morphometric techniques, and postinjury intellectual functioning measured with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS—R). MR images of 31 female and 33 male TBI patients were used to calculate corpus callosum (CC) areas, ventricular volumes (estimates of white matter loss), and parenchymal volumes. Results indicated that the men were on the average more severely injured, as indicated by significantly lower GCS scores. CC size correlated significantly with the ventricle-to-brain ratio (VBR), but no significant correlations were found between CC size and WAIS—R scores. Significant correlations were found for men only between VBR and Performance IQ and between VBR and the Digit Symbol subtest of the WAIS—R. Implications for the roles of white matter atrophy and intellectual functioning in TBI are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Incidental concept learning, feature frequency, and correlated properties": Correction to Wattenmaker.

Reports an error in "Incidental concept learning, feature frequency, and correlated properties" by William D. Wattenmaker (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1993[Jan], Vol 19[1], 203-222). This article included three typographical errors in the statistics. The corrected statistics are provided in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1993-16363-001.) Four experiments examined sensitivity to feature frequencies and feature correlations as a function of intentional and incidental concept learning. Feature frequencies were encoded equally well across variations in learning strategies, and although classification decisions in both intentional and incidental conditions preserved correlated features, this sensitivity was achieved through different processes. With intentional learning, sensitivity to correlations resulted from explicit rules, whereas incidental encoding preserved correlations through a similarity-based analogical process. In incidental tasks that promoted exemplar storage, classification decisions were mediated by similarity to retrieval examples, and correlated features were indirectly preserved in this process. Results are discussed in terms of the diversity of encoding processes and representations that can occur with incidental category learning. [An erratum concerning this article appears in Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1993(Mar), Vol 19(2). The statistics on page 211 are corrected.] (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Impact of perfectionism and need for approval on the brief treatment of depression: The National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program revisited": Correction.

Reports an error in the original article by S. J. Blatt et al (Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1995[Feb], 63[1], 125–232. Corrections in Table 2, which presented correlations of 5 measures of therapeutic change at pretreatment with 4 outcome variables, resulted in reducing the size and significance of the correlations of pretreatment Social Adjustment Scale scores in predicting therapeutic change. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1995-25991-001). Patients in the National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program (TDCRP) were administered at intake with the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS; A. N. Weissman & A. T. Beck 1978). Factor analyses of the DAS in the TDCRP data as well as in several independent samples reveal two primary factors: an interpersonal factor, Need for Approval, and a self-critical factor, Perfectionism. This study explored the hypotheses that these factors, assessed prior to treatment, would have differential interactions with the two forms of psychotherapy evaluated in the TDCRP as well as differential relationships to various outcome measures (depression, clinical functioning, and social adjustment). … (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Confidence intervals for gamma-family measures of ordinal association": Correction.

Reports an error in "Confidence intervals for gamma-family measures of ordinal association" by Carol M. Woods (Psychological Methods, 2007[Jun], Vol 12[2], 185-204). The note corrects simulation results presented in the article concerning the performance of confidence intervals (CIs) for Spearman's rs. An error in the author's C++ code affected all simulation results for Spearman's rs (but none of the results for gamma-family indices). (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2007-07830-005.) This research focused on confidence intervals (CIs) for 10 measures of monotonic association between ordinal variables. Standard errors (SEs) were also reviewed because more than 1 formula was available per index. For 5 indices, an element of the formula used to compute an SE is given that is apparently new. CIs computed with different SEs were compared in simulations with small samples (N = 25, 50, 75, or 100) for variables with 4 or 5 categories. With N > 25, many CIs performed well. Performance was best for consistent CIs due to N. Cliff and colleagues (N. Cliff, 1996; N. Cliff & V. Charlin, 1991; J. D. Long & N. Cliff, 1997). CIs for Spearman's rank correlation were also examined: Parameter coverage was erratic and sometimes egregiously underestimated. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"APA-accredited predoctoral internships for doctoral training in psychology: 1996": Correction.

Reports an error in "APA-accredited predoctoral internships for doctoral training in psychology: 1996" by (American Psychologist, 1996[Dec], Vol 51[12], 1287-1305). In the original article, Central Louisiana State Hospital was incorrectly listed under Programs Withdrawing From Accreditation at the End of Training Year 1995-1996 on page 1305. The correct listing is provided in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1996-06917-011.) Lists the agencies whose predoctoral internship training programs in psychology were accredited by the American Psychological Association's (APA's) Committee on Accreditation. For each program, the date of accreditation and the date for the next regularly scheduled site visit are listed. Programs listed as accredited have been judged by the Committee to be consistent substantively and procedurally with the "Guidelines and Principles for Accreditation of Programs in Professional Psychology" in a satisfactory manner. (A correction concerning this article appears in American Psychologist, 1997[Jan], Vol 52[1], 31. On page 1305, Central Louisiana State Hospital was incorrectly listed under "Programs withdrawing from acceditation at the end of training year 1995–1996." It should have been included in the list of APA-accedited professional internships.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Selective attention and the formation of linear decision boundaries": Erratum.

Reports an error in the original article by S. C. McKinley and R. M. Nosofsky (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 1996[Apr], Vol 22[2], 294–317). In each row of Table 2, the Akaike's information criterion (AIC) fits for the models are in error by a roughly constant amount. (When calculating the fits, the constant portion of the log-likelihood function that enters into the AIC computation was inadvertently deleted.) The relative AIC fits of the models, the proportion of variance accounted for, as well as all conclusions based on these fits, remains the same. The corrected table appears here. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1996-03036-003.) Classification experiments were designed to compare the predictions of a linear decision bound model with those of an exemplar-similarity model incorporating an explicit selective attention mechanism. Linear boundaries could account for the data only in tasks involving separable dimension stimuli and where the boundary separating the categories was orthogonal to the psychological dimensions. Linear boundaries provided poor fits to the classification data in situations involving integral dimensions or when the boundary needed to be oriented in oblique directions in the space. The results were consistent with the selection-attention assumptions embodied in the exemplar model. It was argued that similar assumptions about selective attention need to be incorporated within decision bound models. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Assessment of irrational health beliefs: Relation to health practices and medical regimen adherence": Correction.

Reports an error in the original article by A. J. Christensen et al(Health Psychology, 1999[Mar], Vol 18[2], 169–176). On page 171, in the right column, the paragraph above Study 2 (Clinical Sample), the third sentence is has been corrected. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1999-10189-008.) The purpose of the present research was to provide initial validation of the 20-item Irrational Health Belief Scale (IHBS). Study 1 included 392 undergraduate psychology students. Results from Study 1 suggested that the IHBS total score is internally consistent and stable over an 18-month time period. Greater health-related cognitive distortion (higher IHBS scores) was associated with weaker internal health locus of control beliefs, lower positive affectivity, stronger chance health locus of control beliefs, and greater negative affectivity. Most important, greater cognitive distortion was uniquely and significantly associated with a less positive pattern of health practices. Study 2 involved 107 individuals with Type I diabetes mellitus. Results indicated that higher IHBS scores were significantly associated with both objective (hemoglobin HbA?) and self-reported diabetic regimen adherence independent of trait neuroticism and conscientiousness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Item context effects on personality scales: Measuring changes the measure.

Repeated consideration of items on single-trait personality tests should increase the accessibility, clarity, and content of test-related schema. Item answers should become more polarized, consistent, and reliable as a function of the number of previous items answered. Two studies unconfounded item content from item serial position so that changes due to the number of previous items could be assessed. In Study 1, 120 undergraduates filled out counterbalanced forms of James's (1957) internal–external locus of control (I–E) scale. In Study 2, 600 undergraduates filled out the I–E scale, Dogmatism Scale, Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, or Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. In both studies, an item's correlation with the rest of the test increased linearly with its serial position in a test. Study 3 showed that answers became more polarized, especially for internals, and less variable later in the test. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Self-consciousness, self-attention, and social interaction.

Conducted 2 experiments with a total of 128 female undergraduates to test the effects of self-focused attention on positive and negative social interactions. In Study 1 the behavior of dispositionally high and low publicly self-conscious women (as measured by the Self-Consciousness Scale) was examined in an interpersonal situation involving rejection by a group. It was hypothesized that persons high in self-consciousness, being more aware of how they are perceived by others, would be more sensitive and react more negatively to the rejection than those low in self-consciousness. The predictions were confirmed. In Study 2, female Ss were presented with favorable or unfavorable feedback in the context of an interview, and self-attention was experimentally manipulated by exposing half the Ss to their images in a mirror. Self-awareness increases the negative response to the negative evaluation and tended to increase the positivity of the positive evaluation. The implications of self-awareness theory for the social self and social interaction are discussed. (38 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Proneness to shame, proneness to guilt, and psychopathology:" Correction.

Reports an error in the original article by J. P. Tangney et al ( Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1992, Vol 101[3], 469–478). The squared multiple correlation data in Tables 3 and 4 were misplaced. The corrected tables are given. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1992-43157-001). Examined the links between shame, guilt, and psychopathology. In 2 studies, 245 and 234 undergraduates completed the Self-Conscious Affect and Attribution Inventory, the SCL-90, the Beck Depression Inventory, the State-Trait Anxiety Scale, and the Attributional Style Questionnaire. Results failed to support H. B. Lewis's (1971) notion that shame and guilt are differentially related to unique symptom clusters. Shame-proneness was strongly related to psychological maladjustment in general. Guilt-proneness was only moderately related to psychopathology; correlations were ascribable entirely to the shared variance between shame and guilt. Although clearly related to a depressogenic attributional style, shame accounted for substantial variance in depression, above and beyond attributional style. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Self-esteem, self-consciousness, and task performance: Replications, extensions, and possible explanations.

Previous research has suggested that the task performance of low self-esteem individuals (low SEs) is impaired under conditions designed to increase self-focused attention. Task-focusing, rather than self-focusing, manipulations have actually bolstered the achievement of low SEs. The results of the present 2 experiments with 207 undergraduates demonstrated that the performance of low SEs on a concept formation task was affected by a variety of attentional manipulations. As before, task-focusing instructions enhanced and self-focusing stimuli impaired their performance on a concept formation task (Study 1). Similar results were obtained for Ss who scored high (but not for those who scored low) on an individual difference measure of self-consciousness. Study 2 also demonstrated that when the task-focusing manipulation worked, it neutralized the adverse effects of the self-focusing stimulus on the low SEs' performance. Supplementary data suggested that the manipulations generally had their intended effects on attentional focus and that attentional focus influenced performance. (27 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Perceptual speed in adulthood: Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies": Correction.

Reports an error in the original article by K. Warner Schaie (Psychology & Aging, 1989[Dec], Vol 4[4], 443–453). On page 449, some of the data in Table 8 were computed with an incorrect algorithm. The corrected table, which does not change the conclusions of the article, is included. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1990-09502-001.) Cross-sectional data on age differences in perceptual speed are presented from the Seattle Longitudinal Study for the age range 22–91 years (N?=?1,620, first assessed in 1977; N?=?628, first assessed in 1984). In addition, 838 subjects were followed over the 7-year interval. Markers of perceptual speed were the Identical Pictures and Finding A's tests from the Educational Testing Service's Kit of Factor-Referenced Cognitive Tests. Significant age differences, age changes, and cohort differences were found at both observed variable and latent construct levels. Cross-lagged correlations examine the role of perceptual speed in predicting later performance on other abilities (Verbal Meaning, Inductive Reasoning, Spatial Orientation, Number, and Word Fluency).… (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Treatment of depressive symptoms during short-term rehabilitation: An attempted replication of the DOUR project": Correction.

Reports an error in the original article by J. R. Sood et al (Rehabilitation Psychology, 2003, 48[1], 44-49). On page 47, the caption of Figure 1 should read "The solid line represents the treatment group. The dashed line represents the control group." (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 2003-04296-008.) Objective: To replicate and extend P. A. Lichtenberg and colleagues' (1996) cross-disciplinary intervention to improve physical and mental health among older adults. Participants: 14 depressed older adults (6 treatment, 8 control). Setting: The short-term rehabilitation unit of an urban nursing home. Intervention: Occupational therapists were trained to treat depression using pleasant events and cognitive-behavioral therapies. Outcome Measures: Geriatric Depression Scale, the Short Form-12, and the Multi-Level Assessment Instrument: Activities of Daily Living. Results: No significant group differences were found in physical or mental health. However, more control group members (75%) than treatment group members (33%) were depressed at study completion. Conclusions: The treatment of depressive symptoms can be integrated with a nonmental health treatment modality. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Citation impact, rejection rates, and journal value": Correction.

Reports an error in the original article by J. Rotton et al (American Psychologist, 1993[Aug], Vol 48[8], 911–912). Table 1 listed the journal Psychological Research twice, and the journals Cognition and Child Study Journal were omitted. The mean SSCI for applied journals in Table 1 should have been 1.17. Multiple rather than squared multiple correlations were reported for rejection rates. Area and type of journal explained 48% of variance in rejection rates, and the F ratio for predicting citations should have been F(9,28)?=?14.82. On page 912, the mean SSCI for experimental journals should have been 1.51. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1994-03368-001.) Comments on L. C. Buffardi and J. A. Nichols's (1981) list of rejection rates for psychological journals and further examines the relation between rejection rates, citation impact, and journal value. It was found that 69% of the variance in rejection rates was explained by area and type of journal. As Buffardi and Nichols reported, rejection rates were higher for APA than for non-APA journals (80.27% vs 65.37%), and citation indices were higher for APA than for non-APA journals (2.63 vs 0.91)… (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Male gender role conflict: Psychometric issues and relations to psychological distress:" Correction.

Reports an error in the original article by G. E. Good et al (Journal of Counseling Psychology, 1995 [Jan], Vol 42 [1], 3-10). On page 6, the numbers on line 2 for the Tucker-Lewis fit index should be .827 (Sample 2) and .830 (Sample 3). (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1995-15746-001.) Two distinct deficits in research on male gender role conflict are addressed: (a) lack of psychometric information and (b) lack of research involving clinical samples. First, using 1,043 men across 3 samples, the psychometric properties of the Gender Role Conflict Scale (GRCS) were examined through confirmatory analyses, internal consistency estimation, and construct validation. Next, using 130 male university counseling center clients across 2 samples, the relation between gender role conflict and psychological distress was examined. The GRCS demonstrated good internal consistency and was best modeled as 4 intercorrelated factors, as originally proposed by J. M. O'Neil, B. Helms, R. Gable, L. David, and L. Wrightsman (1986). Construct validity was supported through correlations with attitudes about masculinity, fear of intimacy, and social desirability in expected directions. However, male gender role conflict was significantly related to psychological… (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Clinicians, microcomputers, and confidentiality": Correction to Bongar.

Reports an error in "Clinicians, microcomputers, and confidentiality" by Bruce Bongar (Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 1988[Jun], Vol 19[3], 286-289). In this article, the address given on p. 286 for correspondence to the author is incorrect. The paragraph should read as follows: Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Brace Bongar, Department of Psychology, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Massachusetts 01610. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1988-33962-001.) Despite the microcomputer's ever-increasing popularity, one of its greatest strengths, the ability to store enormous quantities of text and data on small, concentrated types of magnetic media, could turn out to be an important structural weakness in the wall of client confidentiality that psychologists have so carefully constructed over the years. In this article I examine the possibilities for such breaches of confidentiality when psychologists use microcomputers in their practice or research. Examples illustrate the ease and rapidity with which the microcomputer's magnetic media can be duplicated, damaged, or destroyed. Recommendations are made for guidelines and techniques to ensure and maintain the confidentiality of clinical and research information when one is using a microcomputer. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)