Emissions from Fires Part II: Simulated Room Fires

Detailed quantitative characterization of the combustion gases from a series of room fires is reported in this article. Three simulated room fires were conducted with a test room containing a typical domestic fuel load of furniture including a TV-set. Two types of TV-sets were studied in the experiments, i.e. those containing fire retarded and non-fire retarded enclosure material. The measurement of the combustion gases included inorganic species and various organic species among them polychlorinated and polybrominated dibenzodioxins and furans, and selected brominated flame retardant agents. The detailed quantitative characterization of the combustion gases from the room fires forms a unique source of emission data for fire incidents in buildings. Chlorinated dibenzodioxins and furans were found in the combustion gases from all room tests. No brominated dioxins were found, however brominated furans were found. Further, the results from the room tests indicate that a TV-set treated with brominated flame retardants included in the fire load of a room fire does not necessarily increase the emission of bromine containing organic combustion products. The methodology applied for the sampling and analysis has been described in Part I of this series of articles.     

Carbon Monoxide Levels in Structure Fires: Effects of Wood in the Upper Layer of a Post-Flashover Compartment Fire

This experimental study was performed to determine the effects of wood pyrolyzing in a high-temperature, vitiated compartment upper layer on the environment inside the compartment and an adjacent hallway. This was done by comparing species concentrations and temperature measurements from tests with and without wood in the compartment upper layer. Experiments were performed with a window-type opening and a door-type opening between the compartment and the hallway. In these tests, the wood in the compartment upper layer caused CO concentrations inside the compartment to increase, on average, to 10.1% dry, which is approximately 3 times higher than levels measured without wood in the upper layer. Down the hallway 3.6 m from the compartment with wood in the upper layer, CO concentrations were measured to be as high as 2.5% dry. The use of the global equivalence ratio concept to predict species formation in a compartment was explored for situations where wood or other fuels pyrolyze in a vitiated upper layer at a high temperature.     

运输时间对水泥-石灰石粉浆体屈服应力的影响

通过测定水泥-石灰石粉浆体的屈服应力,并基于EDLVO理论计算不同运输时间下浆体颗粒间的作用力,研究了运输时间对浆体屈服应力的影响机制.结果表明：各运输时间下浆体的屈服应力随着颗粒总比表面积的增加先减后增,随着运输时间的增加逐渐增大;浆体中颗粒的水膜厚度与屈服应力具有良好的负相关性;同一颗粒间距下,随着石灰石粉掺量和细度的增加,浆体的范德华力和A-B作用力逐渐减小,静电力没有明显变化规律,且不同浆体的颗粒间总作用力变化较小.同时还建立了不同运输时间下浆体屈服应力与颗粒间总作用力的关系.     

Reducing Carbon Emissions from Transport: Multi-level Governance and the Problem of Monitoring

Tackling climate change and reducing global greenhouse gas emission levels to meet the target ceiling of two degrees above pre-industrial average global temperatures will require multi-level governance. In this paper we examine the idea of multi-level governance and the role of the transport sector at city level in contributing to the global goal. We examine international examples and options for Australia. Although policy at city level is sometimes well developed, monitoring of the effect of policies is not yet carried out systematically, transparently and in such a way that would enable city governments to adjust their policies to maximise goal achievement. Without monitoring we cannot know whether policies are effective. We explore methods that have been proposed to monitor carbon emissions from urban transport and their potential application in Australia.     

海水淡化厂外排浓盐水输移扩散数值模拟预测

为研究海水淡化厂外排浓盐水对周边环境产生的影响,利用数值模拟方法对浓盐水进入水体(循环渠)的盐度进行了模拟预测并提出相应的改善措施。模拟结果显示:现状工况下盐度最大值出现在相对蒸发量较大而循环渠取水量较小的4月份;海水淡化厂开始运营后,若其浓盐水全部排入循环渠,循环渠中的盐度将会显著增加,盐度最大值出现在取水量最小的3月份;提高取水量可以有效降低循环渠内的盐度值,并使之满足排放要求。     

Large-scale Spatial Patterns in Species Richness of Orthoptera in the Greater London Area,United Kingdom: Relationships with Land Cover

This paper explores species richness of insects of the order Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, etc.) along spatial gradients defined using remotely sensed land cover data for an area of 5600?km² centred on the city of London. The number of species within grid-squares of a national atlas, controlled for recording effort, declined along composite multivariate spatial gradients representing landscapes with increasing dominance of arable and urban land uses, yet was uncorrelated with the area of an individual land cover representing cultivated land, and only weakly correlated with a second land cover representing urban development. Few orthopteran species reside directly within either arable crops or non-vegetated urban land covers. Thus, whilst the areas of the individual land covers are intuitively sensible (and simple) measures of agricultural and urban cover respectively, their areas do not capture ecologically relevant information about variation in the composition of the uncultivated and non-urban land cover matrices within which the species actually reside. The results illustrate the advantages of using multivariate data reduction techniques (such as the Principle Components Analysis applied here) to describe spatial gradients in the extent of agricultural and urban influence. Relatively few landscape scale studies have focused on insects and the present study illustrates a) the potential for using Orthoptera to explore issues of biodiversity in the landscape and to monitor impacts of land use via analysis of large-scale spatial patterns from national species distribution atlases combined with remotely sensed land cover, and b) the importance of selecting appropriate measures of land use which incorporate information on the complex mix of land cover types utilised by the species under investigation.     

综合交通视角看国外铁路客运站区域更新设计

该文基于综合交通的发展规律,分析交通发展对铁路客运站建筑的作用机制,以客运站区域更新的原动力为视角,探讨在综合交通体系建立与完善过程中,国外客运站区域更新的变化现象,研究其更新设计的区域空间特征、设计策略,以及对既有城市空间矛盾的解决方法,揭示客运站区域城市设计的发展方向。     

城市交通与土地使用一体化的探讨及启示

城市交通与土地使用的一体化对于城市可持续发展至关重要。立足于城市经济学,试图在理论层面理清交通与城市之间错综复杂的关系,进而在实践层面分析总结国际城市处理城市交通与土地使用一体化之间关系的成功经验。在此基础上对上海既有的规划进行反思,并对未来城市空间发展政策的导向提出建议。     

西气东输管道通过长江工程地质勘察水上钻探工艺合理性分析

长江水深流急 ,流态紊乱 ,给其水上钻探造成极大困难。在大型铁壳运输船上铺设枕木与木板构成侧跨钻探平台 ,抛锚泊位后多方位固定 ;利用厚壁套管隔离江水 ,并在一定水深所对应的套管部位逆水流斜拉钢丝绳 ;钻进不同的地层采用各异的钻具、泥浆和钻进方法等等。这些措施有机地结合在一起 ,能够克服各种复杂的影响因素 ,使钻探作业得以顺利进行。