THE FUTURE OF UHT MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS IN EUROPE

The development of packed milk relative to total milk consumption in Switzerland from 1958-76 is illustrated and the future of the industry in Continental Europe considered. Decrease in milk consumption in both Switzerland and Germany and the limitations of climatic conditions and transport are discussed and the advantages of UHT long-life milk evaluated. The potential in an increasing market for UHT milk products and in aseptic filling machines is assessed. ( Editor's summary ).     

THE NUTRITIONAL IMPORTANCE OF MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS IN THE NATIONAL DIET

The average consumption of milk and milk products is related to their composition and to the recommended intakes for nutrients, and the nutritional importance of dairy products is considered. The major contribution to the average diet is in the protein, calcium, riboflavin and vitamin A contained in dairy products.     

TRENDS IN SUPPLY AND DEMAND FOR MILK AND DAIRY PRODUCTS IN THE UK

The paper examines the changes in yields and dairy cow numbers in recent years and considers the likely economic prospects for investment in modern dairy units. With full Community prices applied in the UK at a realistic rate of exchange, dairying would be very profitable. In spite of the setback between 1973 and 1975 the milk output objective of the Government's White Paper 'Food from Our Own Resources' should be reached in the first half of the 1980s. Liquid milk consumption will be fairly stable in the future, but with the higher prices under the Community régime the butter market will contract. A modest increase in cheese consumption will continue. Higher milk production in the UK and a reduced market will increase self-sufficiency. In spite of the European surplus in the dairy sector the competitive strength of the UK industry at Community prices is substantial and it is economically right for it to expand.     

ADVANCES IN THE CHEMISTRY OF MILK AND DAIRY PRODUCTS

Present knowledge of the chemistry of the fat and proteins of milk is reviewed briefly in relation to properties of milk and dairy products of commercial importance. The dietary factors affecting milk composition and the chemical and physical changes during storage or processing are also discussed.     

A STUDY ON THE OCCURRENCE OF AFLATOXIN IN RAW MILK DUE TO FEEDS

Milk and milk products are the most important group of food which carries aflatoxin to the people. Therefore, the existence of aflatoxin M₁ (AFM₁) in milk is a potential risk for public health. AFM₁ existence in milk and milk products was found in studies performed in Turkey. In this study, aflatoxin contamination was detected in 48 raw milk and 48 feed samples. Milk and feed samples, in which the positive sample rate was determined as 24%, included different levels of aflatoxin. Altogether, 20 raw milk samples (41.67%) and 15 feed samples (31.25%) contained over the level of legal limits established by the Turkish Food Codex (TFC) and the European Communities (EC) regulation in positive samples. According to these results, the milk and feed samples collected from this area constitute a potential risk for public health. The most effective way of controlling aflatoxin M₁ in milk is to reduce the contamination of aflatoxin in raw milk and feed samples. Both the producers and the consumers, as well as the government, have important obligations on this subject.     

THE FUTURE OF MILK DISTRIBUTION IN THE UK

The changes in the pattern of milk distribution since the 1930s are sketched, including the incidence of 'other goods' sales. Changes brought about by the supermarket era and the permanent problem of labour shortage and ability were illustrated, with some comments on the difficulties of the present 'throw-away' glass age. It is suggested that the maintenance of doorstep delivery is of great importance to the industry and this will be helped by the delivery of refrigerated milk in non-returnable containers throughout the year.     

THE QUALITY OF BLENDED RAW MILK IN CREAMERIES IN SOUTH-WEST SCOTLAND

The quality of raw blended milk going to manufacture at five creameries in southwest Scotland has been surveyed over a two-year period. Analyses of gross composition, somatic cell count, numbers and types of bacteria present and the concentration of free fatty acid in the milk show that milk quality was of a high standard. However, extended storage of the milk at 6°C indicated that the bacteria in the milk were actively multiplying and the results showed that extended storage of milk at creameries could seriously jeopardize milk quality. The development of lipolysis on extended storage of the milks was associated with the numbers and types of bacteria present in the milk before storage.     

THE EFFECT OF EEC REGULATIONS ON THE MARKETING OF MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS IN THE UK

The effect on the dairy industry of membership of the EEC and the distinction between its regulations and directives as set out in the Treaty of Rome are described. Over 3,000 regulations were issued in 1974, 250 of which dealt with milk and dairy products and a list of the main regulations is given in an appendix. The advantages of price reviews more than once a year and possible seasonal milk pricing are discussed. The marketing field is described and the need for products with the greatest earning potential stressed. Developments in liquid milk markets are shown and their importance in the United Kingdom emphasized. Possible standardization in the liquid milk market, and the difficulties involved in the operation of milk marketing boards is considered. {Editor's summary).     

PREVALENCE OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESIDUES IN MILK AND DAIRY PRODUCTS IN THE STATE OF KUWAIT

ABSTRACT

Approximately, 1,000 locally produced and imported milk and dairy product samples were collected at different seasonal periods from different farms and retail outlets in Kuwait, and screened for the presence of four antimicrobial residues (beta‐lactams, tetracyclines sulfonamides and chloramphenicol) using Charm II system. Results indicated that 29.1% of the analyzed local fresh milk samples were above the maximum residue level (MRL) for tested residues with tetracycline as predominant residue. The prevalence of antimicrobial residues in imported pasteurized milk samples (5.4%) was higher than that of local pasteurized milk samples (3.4%). No residues were detected in powdered and condensed milk samples imported from the European Union (EU) countries with the exception of tetracyclines. Results also showed that 9.4% of the analyzed imported cheese samples were above the MRL for tested residues, while tested ice cream samples were negative for antimicrobial residues. The significant presence of antimicrobial residues, particularly chloramphenicol, in raw and pasteurized milk, clearly implies the misuse of antimicrobial drugs in animal farms in Kuwait and neighboring countries, and implies the need for stricter regulations on antimicrobial drug usage in the dairy industry.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

This article addresses the generation of a baseline data on the current presence of four antimicrobial residues in locally produced and imported milk and dairy products in the state of Kuwait. The outcome of this study will provide valuable baseline information for local governmental authorities for effective monitoring for the use and misuse of agricultural antimicrobial drugs. Such data will also be important for other Gulf Cooperation Council countries, because such countries share similar farming practices and import comparable foodstuffs.

     

ADVANCES IN THE MICROBIOLOGY OF MILK AND DAIRY PRODUCTS

The techniques of microbiology from the seventeenth century up to the present time are reviewed and the problems of disease in dairy herds with its effect on raw milk supplies assessed. Progress in the cleaning of milk vessels and sterilization is detailed and the history of pasteurization with its affect on the keeping quality of milk is shown. The introduction of starters in cheese manufacture during the last century is described and the important advances made are stressed.     

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE INCIDENCE OF B. CEREUS SPORES IN MILK

The many factors involved in the contamination of milk with B. cereus cells and the importance of minimizing the number of spores at the time of pasteurization are discussed. Methods of controlling the level of B. cereus spores and the use of heat in the cleaning and sterilizing operation are shown, and studies on the level of aerobic spores in raw milk supplies showing a seasonal effect evaluated.     

EXTRACTION of MILK FAT IN HIGH PRESSURE SOLVENTS

Extraction of milk fat in several high pressure solvents was compared. Solubility of milk fat in supercritical (SC) ethylene and liquid propane was compared to previous results in SC CO₂. At the same operating conditions (temperature and pressure), solubility of milk fat was higher in SC ethylene than in CO₂, although levels generally remained below 5% (w/w). This resulted in significantly higher solubility in SC ethylene when compared at equivalent solvent density. Very little fractionation of milk fat occurred in liquid propane over the range of pressures (3.45 to 5.52 MPa) and temperatures (30 to 90C) studied. Below 77.5C and 2.76 MPa, liquid propane and milk fat were miscible, while a slight fractionation was observed above these conditions. A high pressure sight-gage apparatus was used to visually confirm these conditions for separation.     

HACCP在核桃乳饮料生产中的应用

运用HACCP原理对核桃乳生产过程进行了危害分析（HA），确定关键控制点（CCP）为原料的验收及处理、去皮脱涩、调配、灭菌、无菌灌装，且制定相应控制限值，并通过建立HACCP计划表对关键控制点进行监控．确保核桃乳饮料的安全质量。     

QUALITY AND SAFETY CHARACTERISTICS OF MILK SOLD IN THE STATE OF KUWAIT

ABSTRACT

The food chain operational links for locally produced and imported milk were prepared. Quality and safety assessment of milk were also carried out by collecting raw milk samples from the farms, and pasteurized milk from retail and wholesale outlets. Milk samples were analyzed for pH, titratable acidity, clot on boiling, aflatoxin M1, antibiotic residues, and microbiological quality and safety. Results have shown that the mean pH and acidity of raw milk were 6.83 and 0.180%, while the mean pH and acidity values for local and imported pasteurized milk were 6.9 and 0.170%, and 6.8 and 0.150%, respectively. Furthermore, all raw and pasteurized milk samples were negative for the clot on boiling test and were within the allowable limits for aflatoxin M1 and antibiotic residues. However, raw milk samples collected from the local dairy farms were unacceptable because of the high somatic cell count and high Staphylococcus aureus counts.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Securing an adequate food supply for the nation has always been the fundamental concern of Kuwait's policy makers. Under local Kuwaiti conditions, with high temperatures over most of the year and the high level of imported products with unknown histories, combined with handling by unskilled labors, food losses can be excessive. This situation creates marketing problems for some of the highly perishable foods like milk. The baseline data of milk losses obtained during this study would help to bring about improvements in storage, handling and distribution practices and develop recommendations for private/public agencies to adopt technologies for improving milk losses. Furthermore, since there are no accurate statistics on milk losses in Kuwait, these primary data could be used to determine the economic values of milk losses in Kuwait.

     

OCCURRENCE OF AFLATOXIN M1 IN RAW MILK DURING THE SUMMER AND WINTER SEASONS IN HAMEDAN, IRAN

A survey on the occurrence of aflatoxin M₁ (AFM₁) was carried out in summer and winter in raw milk samples from 93 traditional and industrial dairy farms of the Hamedan district in order to address representative data on AFM₁ in milk collected from these regions. Of the 186 milk samples, AFM₁ was detected in 119 samples (63.97%). The mean concentration of AFM₁ in contaminated samples was 43.4 ng/L, and the minimum and maximum levels were ≤10 and 410 ng/L, respectively. Fourteen (11.76%) contaminated samples had AFM₁ in concentrations in excess of the maximum levels specified in European Union regulations, i.e., 50 ng/L. The contamination ratio of milk in summer and winter months was 56.5 and 71.7%, respectively (P < 0.02). This is the first report on AFM₁ determinations in raw milk from western Iran, one of the main milk‐production areas, as well as comparison between milk obtained from different dairy farms in Iran.     

PROSPECTS FOR DAIRY PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION IN THE UNITED KINGDOM

Future developments in milk production and consumption until the end of the century and the gradual but steady changes in the structure of the dairy industry since the 1950s are discussed. The decline in herd numbers and corresponding increase in herd size are considered and the yield potential predicted. Hopes of increasing consumption of milk and its products on the Continent and the need to expand the market for milk and dairy products is stressed.     

PREDICTION ON THE RELATIVE DIELECTRIC LOSS FACTOR IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF NONFAT DRIED MILK THROUGH CHEMICAL SIMULATION

SUMMARY— The relative dielectric loss factor in aqueous solutions of nonfat dried milk has been studied through chemical simulation of its major constituents. This study shows that milk dielectric loss cannot be predicted simply on the basis of its chemical composition. It does, however, provide a conceptual basis for milk modeling which leads to a more general understanding of food dielectric properties. The focal point in milk simulation was shown to be a complex relationship of solute-solute and solute-solvent interactions which reduce the dielectric loss factors to levels substantially lower than those predicted by considering only chemical composition. These include both binding and nonbinding interactions of the solutes. The binding effects are believed to result from the incomplete dissociation of milk salts in a saturated ionic environment and are reflected by a reduction of specific ion activities in solution. Nonbinding effects, on the other hand, are seen to result from the formation of hydrated ion complexes. These effects, in conjunction with chemical composition, are shown to completely determine the dielectric loss level in dried milk solutions.     

A MODEL FOR PREDICTING THE GROWTH OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES IN PACKAGED WHOLE MILK

Experiments were conducted to determine growth characteristics of Listeria monocytogenes in sterilized whole milk at nine temperatures in the range of 277.15 to 308.15K (4 to 35C). Based on these data, the parameter values of the Baranyi dynamic growth model were statistically determined. Finite element software, ANSYS, was used to determine temperature distributions in milk cartons subject to a time‐varying ambient temperature profile. The space‐time‐temperature data were input to the Baranyi dynamic growth model, to predict the microbial population density distribution and the average population density in the milk carton. The Baranyi dynamic growth model and the finite element model were integrated and validated using experimental results from inoculated sterilized whole milk in half‐gallon laminated paper cartons. In all experiments, the milk cartons were subjected to the same temperature profile as the Baranyi dynamic growth model. Experimental microbial counts were within predicted upper and lower bounds obtained using the integrated Baranyi dynamic growth and finite element models. In addition, the growth curve at the mean value of initial physiological state parameter for L. monocytogenes underpredicted the microbial growth (standard error = 0.54 log (cfu/mL) and maximum relative difference = 15.49%).     

MODERN MILK PRODUCTION METHODS IN THE EEC-FRANCE

The development of the French dairy industry over the last decade and plans for the future are shown in a general picture illustrating details of a specific representative farm. The importance of the distribution and composition of dairy herds is emphasized, also the growing necessity for crop rotation in areas of fodder crops. The need for improvement in herd strains and herd size increase is discussed also trends in feeding, showing the development in maize and Italian rye-grass. Tables are given showing the national herd, AI recording, and milk production in France. ( Editor's summary. )