黄瓜风味乳的研究

以黄瓜汁、牛乳为主要原料 ,采用 75℃ ,2 0～ 2 5MPa的均质压力 ,85℃以上热灌装封口 ,1 2 1℃ ,1 5min二次灭菌的生产工艺条件 ,通过正交试验方法 ,选出最佳工艺配方为 :牛乳 76 68% ,黄瓜汁的添加量 2 0 % ,糖的添加量 2 % ,无糖乳粉的添加量 1 3 2 %。该产品呈淡绿色 ,具有乳香味及清爽的黄瓜味。     

低乳糖芒果风味发酵乳制作工艺研究

以生牛乳、芒果泥为原料,通过试验对低乳糖芒果风味发酵乳产品配方及乳化稳定剂的复配方案进行了研究。结果表明:低乳糖芒果风味发酵乳最优配方为白砂糖8.0%、乳清蛋白粉1.0%、芒果泥5.0%、芒果香精0.04%、乳糖酶0.025%;产品最佳稳定剂为羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯0.4%、明胶0.15%、琼脂0.1%。在该配方及稳定体组合条件下,可获得口感优良,风味合适,货架期质量稳定的低乳糖芒果风味发酵乳。     

Sensory Evaluation and Electronic Tongue for Sensing Flavored Mineral Water Taste Attributes

In this article a trained sensory panel evaluated 6 flavored mineral water samples. The samples consisted of 3 different brands, each with 2 flavors (pear‐lemon grass and josta berry). The applied sensory method was profile analysis. Our aim was to analyze the sensory profiles and to investigate the similarities between the sensitivity of the trained human panel and an electronic tongue device. Another objective was to demonstrate the possibilities for the prediction of sensory attributes from electronic tongue measurements using a multivariate statistical method (Partial Least Squares regression [PLS]). The results showed that the products manufactured under different brand name but with the same aromas had very similar sensory profiles. The panel performance evaluation showed that it is appropriate (discrimination ability, repeatability, and panel consensus) to compare the panel's results with the results of the electronic tongue. The samples can be discriminated by the electronic tongue and an accurate classification model can be built. Principal Component Analysis BiPlot diagrams showed that Brand A and B were similar because the manufacturers use the same aroma brands for their products. It can be concluded that Brand C was quite different compared to the other samples independently of the aroma content. Based on the electronic tongue results good prediction models can be obtained with high correlation coefficient (r² > 0.81) and low prediction error (RMSEP < 13.71 on the scale of the sensory evaluation from 0 to 100).     

Chocolate Milk with Chia Oil: Ideal Sweetness,Sweeteners Equivalence,and Dynamic Sensory Evaluation Using a Time‐Intensity Methodology

The ideal sucrose concentration and equivalent concentrations of the stevia, sucralose, aspartame, and neotame in chocolate milk with chia oil as well as the dynamic behavior of certain sensory attributes were investigated using a time‐intensity methodology. The use of just‐about‐right (JAR) identified an ideal sucrose concentration of 9% (w/w). In addition, the magnitude estimation method showed that stevia had the lowest sweetness power whereas neotame presented the highest. Furthermore, the time‐intensity analysis indicated that there was no significant change between the maximum intensities of the sweetness for any evaluated sweeteners. In general, the desired sensory profile and some economic considerations are decisive on the choice of which sweetener is better to be used in chocolate milk formulation added with chia oil.     

饮用型苹果风味发酵乳的研制

以生牛乳和浓缩苹果汁为原料,以蔗糖为调味剂,添加一定量的水,经保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌的混合乳酸菌发酵后均质,制得饮用型苹果酸奶。以发酵时间、发酵温度、苹果汁的添加量及菌种接种量为因素,以感官评价和理化检测为评价标准,通过单因素试验和正交试验,确定最佳发酵工艺条件:发酵温度42℃、苹果汁添加量4%、发酵菌种接种量0.2%、发酵时间9 h。以此发酵条件制成的饮用型酸奶色泽诱人,组织状态均匀稳定,风味醇厚,口感细腻爽滑,且理化指标均符合国家标准,为饮用型果汁酸奶的生产提供了一定的理论依据。     

新型植物基代乳:营养特性、加工现状与未来挑战

在素食主义、膳食营养以及环境友好等因素共同推动下,替代动物源食品的植物基饮食近年来在全球得以快速发展,植物基代乳作为其中一个重要分支,受到科研、产业界及消费者的广泛关注。回顾了国内外植物基代乳产业发展和研究现状,针对关注度高的植物基代乳营养功能特性、加工技术及品质提升等的科研进展和产业发展状况进行了全面总结。对比分析了牛奶和常见植物基代乳的营养组成,介绍了植物基代乳在健康功效研究方面的初步成果;系统梳理了植物基代乳加工过程中涉及的原料预处理、研磨、酶解、均质、杀菌等的关键技术环节及其对产品品质的影响;探讨了目前此类产品在稳定性、风味口感、营养品质等方面存在的普遍性问题以及改进措施;从原料加工适宜性,绿色、先进加工技术选用以及植物基新资源挖掘等几方面,对产业的科技创新和未来发展重点提出部分建议,以期为促进植物基代乳这一新兴产业的可持续发展提供参考。     

Extrinsic Attributes That Influence Parents’ Purchase of Chocolate Milk for Their Children

The consumption of milk is essential for children's heath; and flavored milk, especially chocolate milk, is often purchased to increase children's milk consumption. However, the sugar content of chocolate milk has raised health concerns. As such, it is important to understand chocolate milk extrinsic attributes that influence parents’ purchase decisions when they are purchasing chocolate milk for their children. The objective of this study was to determine the key extrinsic attributes for parents when they purchase chocolate milk for their children. An online survey with a conjoint analysis design, emotions questions, and Kano questionnaire that focused on chocolate milk was conducted targeting parents. Three hundred and twelve parents participated in the survey. Parents reported positive emotions including good, good natured, happy, loving, and satisfied when purchasing chocolate milk for their kids. Three segments of parents were identified with subtle but distinct differences in their key preferences for chocolate milk attributes for their children. Type of sweetener was the primary driver of choice for purchasing chocolate milk for children followed by fat content. Among sweetener types, natural noncaloric/nonnutritive sweeteners or sucrose were preferred over artificial sweeteners, and reduced fat was preferred over full fat or skim milk. Kano results revealed that reduced fat and sugar with an all natural label and added vitamins, minerals, and protein were attractive to the majority of parents when purchasing chocolate milk for their kids.     

Sensory and Nutritional Quality of Nonfat Dry Milk in Long‐term Residential Storage

ABSTRACT: Twenty samples of regular and instant nonfat dry milk (NFDM) stored up to 29 y in residential locations at ambient conditions in Nr 10 cans were analyzed for sensory and nutritional quality. Overall acceptability hedonic scores varied widely (2.9 to 6.2), but all samples were considered acceptable for use in an emergency situation by most panelists. A 23‐y‐old sample with low oxygen was not significantly different from fresh samples in overall acceptability hedonic scores. There was no difference in overall acceptability between regular and instant NFDM. Amounts of available lysine (1.4 to 2.6 mg/100 g), thiamin (2.7 to 4.0 μg/g), and riboflavin (12.7 to 20.2 μg/g) were not significantly correlated with sample age.     

Farm to Sensory Lab: Taste of Blueberry Fruit by Children and Adults

The average American child eats fewer fruits than recommended. Although taste is the primary motivator for food intake among children, little research has systematically measured children's liking of fruit and determined whether their preferences differ from adults. We phenotyped 49 children and their mothers to determine: (1) their liking of the taste of 3 blueberry cultivars (“Arcadia,” “Keecrisp,” and “Kestrel”) from 2 harvests for which total soluble solids were determined using a handheld Brix refractometer; (2) the association between liking and blueberry sugar content; and (3) the most preferred level of fructose, one of the primary sugars in blueberry fruit. Multiple methods, identical for all participants, assessed which cultivar they liked best. Dietary intake, determined via 24‐h dietary recall, revealed most children (73%) and adults (92%) did not meet dietary guidelines for fruit intake. We found that during the 1st harvest, Keecrisp was sweeter by 4° Brix than either Arcadia or Kestrel and was the cultivar most preferred by both children and adults. For the 2nd harvest, mothers liked each of the cultivars equally, but children preferred Arcadia, which was 2° Brix sweeter than the other 2 cultivars. Like other sugars, children's most preferred concentration of fructose was significantly higher than that of adults. In sum, children appear to be more sensitive to smaller variations in sweetness than are adults. Identifying drivers of fruit preference and assessing children's liking for whole fruits are important steps in developing strategies to increase fruit consumption among children.     

Nutritional, Sensory and Microbiological Qualities of Labneh Made from Goat Milk and Cow Milk

Labneh, a concentrated yogurt product routinely consumed in the Middle East, was prepared from cow milk and goat milk by a procedure normally used in the Middle East. Goat labneh was significantly higher in ash than cow labneh. Protein, fat and total solids were the same. Storage for six months had no significant influence on the chemical composition. Levels of Ca, P and K were higher in goat labneh. Goat labneh protein had significantly higher levels of aspartic acid, threonine, proline, valine and phenylalanine than cow labneh. On the other hand, cow Labneh protein had significantly higher levels of histidine and arginine. Total aerobic counts, lactic acid bacterial counts and counts of yeast and molds decreased by 2 to 4 log_tO numbers during 6 months of storage in both labnehs. Storage of goat labneh, but not cow labneh, for six months significantly improved the sensory qualities.     

Physical and Sensory Properties of Milk Chocolate Formulated with Anhydrous Milk Fat Fractions

Maximum additions of milk fat that produced temperable milk chocolates were anhydrous milk fat (AMF), middle-melting fraction (MMF) or low-melting fraction (LMF) up to 40 wt % total fat, and high-melting fraction (HMF) up to 35%. The solid fat content (SFC), melting point, melting enthalpy, instrumental and sensory hardness of milk chocolates decreased with increasing milk fat addition. No differences in sensory attributes sweetness, milk powder, chocolate, butter flavor or thickness of melt were observed. Chocolate with 40% MMF or LMF had greater milk flavor than that with 12.2% HMF. Onset of melt correlated (r = 0.96) with melting enthalpy. No differences between types of milk fat (AMF, HMF, MMF, LMF) were observed for any textural attribute assessed.     

驴乳营养成分和生物活性研究进展

中医古籍记载,驴乳具有清热解毒、润燥止渴等功效。欧洲和南美,驴乳流行作为人乳的替代品。研究表明,驴乳含有蛋白质、必需脂肪酸、矿物质、维生素等丰富的营养成分,而且其含量与人乳接近,有利于人体吸收和利用。生物活性研究表明,驴乳的蛋白质构成特点使驴乳致敏性低,可用于对牛乳过敏的婴儿。驴乳富含溶菌酶,具有抗菌功能。随着我国驴产业链的发展,驴乳资源将越来越丰富,市场和应用前景广阔。     

Chemical, Physical and Sensory Characteristics of Peanut Milk as Affected by Processing Conditions

The influence of processing conditions on chemical, physical and sensory characteristics of aqueous extracts of peanuts (peanut milk) prepared for lactic bacterial fermentation was investigated. Soaking peanuts in 1.0% NaHCO₃ before extraction resulted in a lighter colored milk, and homogenization enhanced lightness. Cooking peanuts before grinding reduced total solids and protein contents of milk. Hexanal concentration was greatly reduced by cooking peanuts for 10 min. The most satisfactory conditions for preparing peanut milk consisted of soaking peanuts in 0.5% NaHCO₃, cooking for 10 min and homogenizing the extract at 4000 psi.     

Milk Proteins Affect Yield and Sensory Quality of Cooked Sausages

Sausages were produced with seven different mixtures with skim milk powder, sodium caseinate and whey protein (1.5, 3, 5%) according to a simplex-centroid design, where the proportion of each ingredient varied from 0 to 100%. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified that sausages with 1.5% milk protein were most similar in sensory quality to the controls and had minimum cooking loss. PCA was effective to reduce the number of attributes to five to describe the main variation among the 1.5% milk protein sausages. A mixture of 1:1 blend of skim milk powder and whey protein resulted in the product with lowest cooking loss.     

Microbial and Sensory Assessment of Milk with an Electronic Nose

ABSTRACT: An electronic nose (e-nose) was used to assess milk odor inoculated with Pseudomonas fluorescens or Bacillus coagulans , and odors were correlated with microbial loads and sensory scores. Sterile whole, reduced-fat, and fat-free milk were inoculated, stored at 1.7, 7.2, and 12.8 °C, and evaluated at d 0, 3, 5, 7, and 10 by e-nose and sensory panel. Aerobic plate counts were performed. E-nose readings, microbial counts, and sensory data were analyzed using discriminant function analysis. The e-nose discriminated differences in odor due to microbial load and sensory data. This may lead to a rapid method for determining sensory evaluation and microbial loads of milk.     

气相色谱-质谱法测定婴幼儿奶粉中多不饱和脂肪酸的方法研究

为建立同时测定奶粉中DHA、EPA、AA、α-亚麻酸、γ-亚麻酸和亚油酸含量的气相色谱-质谱联用方法,对样品前处理方法、色谱条件进行优化,最终选定HP-88型脂肪酸专用色谱柱分离目标脂肪酸,使用加速溶剂萃取装置萃取奶粉中的多不饱和脂肪酸,以二十三烷酸作为内标物.试验结果表明,DHA、EPA、AA、α-亚麻酸、γ-亚麻酸、亚油酸和二十三烷酸的分离效果非常好,6种被测物质的回收率均在90%～110%之间,变异系数均小于2%.     

四川部分山羊品种(系)产奶量及乳营养分析

母羊泌乳量高低及乳的营养是影响羔羊成活及生长速度的两个重要因素。本实验对四川4个山羊品种(系)的产奶量及乳的常规营养成分进行研究。结果表明:4个山羊品种(系)产奶量高低顺序为天府肉羊>简阳大耳羊>乐至黑山羊>营山黑山羊,依次为(84.28±5.11)、(81.90±3.27)、(80.63±4.48)、(65.08±2.43)kg。产后48h内初乳中的干物质和蛋白质含量均迅速下降;脂肪含量先上升后下降,然后再上升;乳糖含量差异不大,相对稳定于4～5g/100mL之间。产后2h时蛋白水平高低为营山黑山羊>天府肉羊>乐至黑山羊>简阳大耳羊;乳中干物质含量为天府肉羊>营山黑山羊>乐至黑山羊>简阳大耳羊;脂肪含量为乐至黑山羊>简阳大耳羊>天府肉羊>营山黑山羊;乳糖含量为简阳大耳羊>乐至黑山羊>天府肉羊>营山黑山羊。2月龄所测定的常乳中,蛋白质与干物质含量最高的为天府肉羊,脂肪含量最高的为营山黑山羊,乳糖含量最高的为简阳大耳羊。     

儿童青少年肥胖的营养治疗策略

肥胖已成为世界性的公共健康问题,儿童青少年肥胖也越来越得到社会的关注。体质指数(BMI)是判定儿童超重及肥胖的指标。儿童青少年肥胖可累及全身多系统并出现相应的并发症,如糖耐量异常甚至2型糖尿病、血脂异常、高血压、非酒精性脂肪肝等。营养治疗是儿童青少年肥胖的主要治疗手段。建立健康饮食模式需在专业人员指导下,以家庭为基础,同时需社会、学校给予支持与协助。肥胖患儿的营养方案应个体化,能量达到患儿身高对应年龄的营养需求,保证三大营养素均衡(蛋白质供能占总能量的15%~20%,碳水化合物占55%~65%,脂肪占20%~25%),保证优质蛋白质,充足的膳食纤维及健康的油脂。体重控制目标为身高逐渐增长,体重不增或增长缓慢逐渐达到正常的BMI。在营养方案实施过程中,专业医师团队应监督患儿的实施,完成随访。运动也是减重过程中重要的组成部分。多位一体的关注与协助保证患儿身心健康成长。