Impact of Legume Flours on Quality and In Vitro Digestibility of Starch and Protein from Gluten-Free Cakes

The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of incorporation of different legumes (chickpea, pea, lentil and bean) on quality, chemical composition and in vitro protein and starch digestibility of gluten-free layer cake (rice flour/legume flour, 50:50). The incorporation of legume flours increased the batter viscosity and, with exception of chickpea, resulted in higher specific cake volume than that in control. Chickpea and pea containing cakes had the brightest and the most yellowish crust. The legumes significantly increased the hardness and chewiness in the cakes, except with addition of lentil. Enriched cakes had higher total protein, available proteins, minerals, fat, as well as fiber content with except in the case of chickpeas. Legumes significantly affect the in vitro hydrolysis of starch fractions, decreasing the rapidly digestible starch yielding a reduction in the eGI, except chickpea containing samples. Overall, considering physicochemical properties and nutritional quality, lentil flour incorporation resulting in the best gluten-free cakes.     

Original article: Influence of flour mill streams on cake quality

Wheat‐milling process generates different flour streams that differ in particle size, composition and functional and cake‐making properties. Particle size, composition and pasting properties of flour fractions (two from break and three from reduction system) obtained during milling of three wheats varying in protein content were determined. Shape, textural, colour and sensory analyses were performed on cakes prepared with the different mill streams. The final break and reduction streams had the highest protein and ash contents, pasting temperatures and the lowest starch percentage. Cakes prepared with the last streams showed higher batter density and lower volume. These results could indicate good air incorporation but deficient air distribution. Last streams cakes showed a darker, more reddish and yellowish crumb that was significantly related to flour colour characteristics. Because of these differences, such cakes obtained the lowest sensory scores. In this study, it has been verified that, to adapt flours to cake preparation, the final streams should be eliminated. The particle size of each stream is the most determinant parameter to obtain cakes with better volume and texture, being the flours with small particle size the most adequate.     

Addition of pin-milled pea flour and air-classified fractions in layer and sponge cakes

Legumes have interesting nutritional properties and many organizations, such as the World Health Organization, encourage their inclusion in the diet; their incorporation into bakery products could be a good method for increasing consumption. The aim of this study was to examine the addition of different percentages of pin-milled pea flour or its air-classified protein and starch fractions to sponge and layer cakes. Specific volume, pH and viscosity were measured in batters and specific volume, shape and texture in cakes. Evaluation through sensory analysis in a consumer test was performed after exclusion of the poorest cakes. Pin-milled pea-flour and starch-fraction cakes had similar specific volumes and firmness to wheat-flour cakes with substitution of up to 50% of the wheat flour in sponge cakes and up to 25% in layer cakes. In contrast, protein produced a lower cake specific volume and increased firmness at lower substitution percentages. Sensory acceptability decreased with increasing substitution percentages, and this was more pronounced in layer cakes. In sponge cakes, evaluations were similar to controls after substitution of 25% of the wheat flour by starch concentrate.     

Use of wheat,triticale and rye flours in layer cake production

In this study, the capacity of obtaining high quality layer cakes from rye and triticale lines was analysed and compared to wheat lines. The samples were characterised considering grain hardness, flour composition and quality parameters as protein, pentosan, damaged starch, pasting viscosity and functional predictive test – solvent retention capacity test. Cakes were analysed in weight, symmetry, volume, volume index (VI) by measuring the height in different points of the cake, crust and crumb colour, crumb structure and texture. Wheat and triticale cakes showed similar characteristics. Rye cakes showed higher volume and lower weight than those with crumbs darker in colour, higher adhesiveness, springiness and resilience. The multiple regression analysis was used to develop an equation for cake volume index prediction. The best‐fit linear regression model was: VI = 14.75 – 0.14 × protein + 0.93 × water soluble pentosan – 0.27 × total pentosan. Despite the differences, high quality cakes can be elaborated with rye, triticale and soft wheat cultivars.     

Physicochemical Characteristics of Dry-Roasted Navy Bean Flour Fractions

Navy beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) were dry roasted in a particle-to-particle heat exchanger, dehulled by air aspiration, pin-milled and air-classified to yield whole, hull, high protein, and high starch flour fractions. Proximate analysis, color, ENDF, starch, nitrogen solubility indices, and oligosaccharide contents of these flour fractions were determined. Compositional differences were demonstrated among all flour fractions. Stachyose was the major oligosaccharide in all fractions and was highest in the protein fraction. Substituting 10% bean flours for wheat changed water absorption and dough stability for all fractions. Dry roasted navy bean flour fractions appeared to be suitable ingredients for use in appropriate food systems.     

不同加工方式对全豆蛋糕品质和营养价值的影响

采用烤箱烘烤和蒸锅蒸制2种不同加工方式分别制作全豆蛋糕,并对其感官性状和营养成分进行比较分析。结果显示:与蒸锅蒸制的全豆蛋糕相比,烤箱烘烤的全豆蛋糕感官评分更高;在营养成分方面,烘烤的蛋糕蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、维生素A、维生素B2的含量以及能量均较高,但总膳食纤维和钙的含量却较低;亚麻籽油健康且稳定,可作为全豆蛋糕的烹调用油。2种加工方式各有优缺点,建议根据实际需求进行选择。     

Effects of Supplementation of Short Bread Cookies with Roasted Whole Navy Bean Flour and High Protein Flour

The quality, nutritional content and sensory acceptability of cookies supplemented with roasted whole navy bean flour and high protein bean flour were examined. The bean cookies tended to have lower spread factors and breaking strengths than the wheat flour control. The bean-supplemented cookies had higher protein content and quality than the control cookies. The control and 30% high protein flour-supplemented cookies had 7.04% and 9.42% protein and chemical scores of 27.11 and 66.41, respectively. The sensory scores were inversely related to the level of bean flour used.     

Functional characterization of steam jet‐cooked buckwheat flour as a fat replacer in cake‐baking

BACKGROUND: With rising consumer awareness of obesity, the food industry has a market‐driven impetus to develop low‐fat or fat‐free foods with acceptable taste and texture. Fancy buckwheat flour was thus subjected to steam jet‐cooking and the performance of the resulting product in cake‐baking was evaluated as a fat replacer. RESULTS: Steam jet‐cooking caused structural breakdown and starch gelatinization of buckwheat flour, thus increasing its water hydration properties. In the pasting measurements, steam jet‐cooked buckwheat flour exhibited high initial viscosity, while no peak viscosity was observed. Also, the suspensions of steam jet‐cooked buckwheat flour exhibited shear‐thinning behaviors, which were well characterized by the power law model. When shortening in cakes was replaced with steam jet‐cooked buckwheat gels, the specific gravity of cake batters significantly increased, consequently affecting cake volume after baking. However, shortening replacement with steam jet‐cooked buckwheat up to 20% by weight appeared to be effective in producing cakes as soft as the control without volume loss. CONCLUSION: When buckwheat flour was thermomechanically modified by steam jet‐cooking, it was successfully incorporated into cake formulations for shortening up to 20% by weight, producing low‐fat cakes with comparable volume and textural properties to the control. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Pasting properties of starch and protein in selected cereals and quality of their food products

In an attempt to improve intake of dietary fibre and antioxidants and quality of whole grain products, whole grain meals from barley, millet, rye and sorghum were evaluated individually and in blends with wheat flour in terms of starch pasting properties and protein heat damage, during cycles of heating and cooling in RVA tests. The whole grain meals were blended with either hard or soft wheat flour and processed into bread, cake, cookie or snack products. The products were then evaluated with regard to physical properties and acceptability. Significant differences were observed between cereals in starch peak, breakdown and setback viscosities as well as in protein peak viscosity. The results showed that RVA could be used to help formulate cereal blends with certain pasting properties. Substitution of wheat flour, with 15% of barley, rye, millet or sorghum whole grain, did not have significant detrimental effects on physical properties or acceptability of pita bread. Additionally, replacement of wheat flour with up to 30% of barley, rye, millet or sorghum whole grain meal had no significant effects on quality of cakes or cookies. A multigrain snack-like food was also developed as a healthy product and was highly acceptable in a sensory test. The developed product would help enhance consumption of whole grain foods, resulting in improved intake of fibre and health-enhancing components.     

Effect of wheat flour characteristics on sponge cake quality

BACKGROUND: To select the flour parameters that relate strongly to cake‐making performance, in this study the relationship between sponge cake quality, solvent retention capacity (SRC) profile and flour physicochemical characteristics was investigated using 38 soft wheat samples of different origins. Particle size average, protein, damaged starch, water‐soluble pentosans, total pentosans, SRC and pasting properties were analysed. Sponge cake volume and crumb texture were measured to evaluate cake quality. Cluster analysis was applied to assess differences in flour quality parameters among wheat lines based on the SRC profile. RESULTS: Cluster 1 showed significantly higher sponge cake volume and crumb softness, finer particle size and lower SRC sucrose, SRC carbonate, SRC water, damaged starch and protein content. Particle size, damaged starch, protein, thickening capacity and SRC parameters correlated negatively with sponge cake volume, while total pentosans and pasting temperature showed the opposite effect. CONCLUSION: The negative correlations between cake volume and SRC parameters along with the cluster analysis results indicated that flours with smaller particle size, lower absorption capacity and higher pasting temperature had better cake‐making performance. Some simple analyses, such as SRC, particle size distribution and pasting properties, may help to choose flours suitable for cake making. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Quality and antioxidant property of green tea sponge cake

Green tea powder was used to substitute 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% of wheat flour to make sponge cakes, called the control, GT10, GT20, and GT30, respectively. The viscosity and specific gravity in cake batter, and hardness, gumminess, chewiness, crumb a value, protein, total dietary fibre, ash, and various catechin content of baked cakes increased with increasing green tea levels whereas the volume, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, springiness, resilience, crust L, a, b and crumb L, b values of samples showed a reverse trend. No differences were found in all hedonic sensory results for control, GT10, and GT20 whereas GT30 were rated lower in all sensory results. Green tea cake contained a greater variety of catechins, and had good antioxidant activity, reducing power, scavenging ability on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals and chelating ability on ferrous ions. Overall, green tea cake could be developed as a food with more effective antioxidant properties.     

微波改性大豆浓缩蛋白在蛋糕中的应用

以微波改性蛋白和低筋粉为原料,制作富含大豆蛋白的蛋糕。实验采用单因素和正交实验对微波改性蛋白蛋糕成品进行感官评定,确定出微波改性蛋白蛋糕的最佳工艺配方。结果表明：微波改性蛋白具有良好的起泡性,可替代蛋糕制作中的部分鸡蛋。微波改性蛋白的替代率对产品感官品质的影响最大,其次是糖用量、搅打时间和疏松剂用量。微波改性蛋白蛋糕的最佳工艺条件为：微波改性蛋白替代率20%、绵白糖用量110%、搅打时间16min、疏松剂用量0.6%,以此最佳工艺条件生产的产品口感松软,风味纯正,品质优良。质构仪测定结果为硬度642.663,弹性0.883,咀嚼性0.809,咀嚼度459.367。     

Effects of adding chickpea and chestnut flours to layer cakes

Chestnut and chickpea flours have interesting nutritional characteristics and can be incorporated into layer cake formulations. This study aims to evaluate the effect of incorporating mixtures of these flours with wheat flour in the elaboration of layer cakes. With this aim, layer cakes were elaborated with the three different flours. Mixes of 50% of these flours and a mixture of the three flours in the same proportion were analysed. Batter density, microstructure and viscosity, as well as the specific volume, texture and acceptability of layer cakes were evaluated. Chickpea flour reduced the batter density and increased viscosity compared to wheat flour, while chestnut flour reduced viscosity and did not clearly affect density. Although both flours produced layer cakes with lower specific volume, as well as less cohesive and springiness, the effect on specific volume was clearer in chestnut flour. With 50% of chickpea flour, it was possible to obtain layer cakes with the same specific volume and hardness as those made with wheat flour. Layer cake acceptability decreased with the reduction in wheat flour, regardless of the type of flour incorporated. No improved acceptability has been found when combining chickpea and chestnut flours.     

Physical and nutritional evaluation of wheat cookies supplemented with pulse flours of different particle sizes

With the aim to develop functionally and nutritionally improved cookies, the influence of the total or partial replacement of wheat flour by pulses flours on the quality characteristics of cookies was analysed. Blends containing 25, 50, 75 and 100 g/100 g of navy bean, pinto bean, green lentil and commercial yellow pea flours were prepared. Green lentil, navy and pinto bean flours were used at two degrees of milling (fine and coarse). The incorporation of pulse flours significantly affected the physical and chemical parameters of the cookies. Incorporation of fine flours remarkably increased cookies’ hardness and decreased spread while coarse flours marginally reduced both parameters. The greatest impact on the physical characteristics was observed with the incorporation of green lentil flour, where cookies made with coarse flour were of unacceptable structure and were sticky to handle. Cookies baked with pulse flours were higher in protein level and showed increased antioxidant activity compared to the control. Overall analysis indicated that cookies with acceptable physical characteristics and improved nutritional profile could be produced with partial or complete replacement of the wheat flour.     

Functionality of Commercially Produced Wheat Flour Solubles in Cakes, Cookies, and Wieners

The performance of wheat flour solubles (WFS) obtained by ultrafiltration and spray drying of a gluten-wheat starch plant effluent was evaluated in cakes, cookies, and wieners. Batter density, cake volume, and quality of high ratio white layer cake decreased with increase in the level of WFS when it was used either as a wheat flour substitute (0–20%) or an egg white substitute (0–50%). Volume and textural characteristics of a yellow layer cake with and without substitution by WFS of 50% whole egg was not significantly different. Increasing WFS substitution levels (0–25%) of a sugar-snap cookie formulation reduced the spread factor and increased the crispness of the cookies without significantly affecting other textural characteristics. Firmness and cook stability of wieners with (6% level) and without WFS were not significantly different.     

Effect of hydrocolloids and emulsifiers on the rheological,microstructural and quality characteristics of eggless cake

Effect of hydrocolloids like Arabic (AR), guar (GR), xanthan (XN), carrageenan (CG) and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) in combination with emulsifiers such as glycerol monostearate (GMS) and sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate (SSL) on the rheological, microstructural and quality characteristics of eggless cake was studied. Addition of GR to wheat flour in the presence of SSL increased peak viscosity, while in the presence of GMS all hydrocolloids excepting XN increased the peak viscosity. The set back value decreased with the addition of hydrocolloids. Addition of hydrocolloids to wheat flour as well as in the presence of GMS and SSL increased the eggless cake batter viscosity, specific gravity, and XN showed the highest value. Among different hydrocolloids tried, only HPMC improved the eggless cake making characteristics of wheat flour. Use of HPMC increased the overall quality score of eggless cake with GMS to the maximum extent followed in decreasing order by CG and XN. Addition of all the hydrocolloids increased the overall quality of eggless cake with SSL and highest improvement was brought about by HPMC. Microstructure studies of eggless cake crumb with hydrocolloids showed that the starch granules appeared wrapped by XN and HPMC. In eggless cake with combination of HPMC and SSL the protein matrix appeared more uniform.     

Incorporation of chia seed flour into gluten-free rice layer cake: Effects on nutritional quality and physicochemical properties

The purpose of this research was to incorporate 0% to 30% chia seed flour into rice flour gluten-free layer cake and evaluate its effect on nutritional qualities and physicochemical properties. The supplement of chia seed flour resulted in higher batter viscosity, hardness of gluten free layer cake, crude protein, fat, ash, α-linolenic acid (increase up to 10.2% of total fatty acid), total phenolics content, and reducing power but the lower crust, crumb white index, cohesiveness, and resilience of gluten-free layer cake was found. Substitution of rice flour with 10% prehydrated chia seed flour can achieve a higher center height and volume index of gluten-free layer cakes. Higher carosine and angiotension I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity was observed in the supplement of 10% chia seed flour when compared to a rice flour layer cake. Gluten-free layer cake with 10% prehydrated chia seeds flour had similar overall acceptability, texture, flavor, and odor scores except for lower appearance score to those of gluten-free layer cake made with 100% rice flour and layer cake made with 100% wheat flour. Incorporation of 10% prehydrated chia seed flour results in more desirable volume index of gluten-free layer cake and it is feasible for gluten-free layer cake application. Gluten-free layer cakes with improved quality characteristics and high nutritional value can be manufactured by the incorporation of chia seed flour.     

Functionality of Sorghum Flour Components in a High Ratio Cake

High ratio cakes baked from composite flours of hard red winter wheat and grain sorghum were inferior to those baked from wheat flour alone. The lipid, water-soluble and starch fractions of grain sorghum were interchanged with those of wheat to identify the responsible component(s). Sorghum lipids did not display functionality, perhaps due to their low concentration of glycolipids. The effect of exchanging water-solubles on cake quality was negligible. Both volume and texture were inferior when sorghum starch replaced wheat starch. Replacement of sucrose with dextrose greatly improved cake volume and texture, apparently by lowering the high gelatinization temperature of the sorghum starch.     

The role and function of chlorine in the preparation of high‐ratio cake flour

The literature on the role of chlorine treatment of flour for use in high‐ratio cake production is discussed in relation to current knowledge of cereal chemistry and cake technology. A brief perspective of the present use of chlorine in high‐ratio cake flours is included. Investigations of the uptake of gaseous chlorine by flour and its distribution among and chemical action upon the major flour components (water, protein, lipid, and carbohydrate) are assessed. The physical effects of chlorination as demonstrated by experiments with batters and cakes and by physicochemical observations of flour and its fractions are also considered. The characteristics of the starch in flour appear to be critical in high‐ratio cakes. Chlorine treatment modifies the gelatinization behavior of the starch granules yet does not change their gelatinization temperature nor is there evidence of chemical attack upon the starch molecules. Therefore, it is suggested that chlorine effects the necessary changes in starch behavior by reacting with the noncarbohydrate surface contaminants on the granules. Alternative methods of improving high‐ratio cake flours are mentioned, particularly heat‐treatment processes.     

杂粮蛋糕的营养分析及配方研究

为了满足现代人的营养保健需求,试验将荞麦粉和黑米粉添加到小麦粉中,以不同配比制作杂粮蛋糕,采用四因素三水平正交试验设计,根据感官评价及营养成分分析,研制出色香味美,高蛋白、高膳食纤维、低脂肪,营养均衡的杂粮蛋糕的最佳配方为:低筋面粉50g,荞麦粉20g,黑米粉40g,白砂糖90g,鸡蛋220g。