Mechanical properties and bone densities of canine trabecular bone

The purposes of this study were (1) to evaluate the mechanical properties of canine epiphyseal cancellous bones from adult canine femoral heads, femoral condyles, tibial plateau, and humeral heads, using indentation and compression tests, and (2) to measure bone densities (apparent density and ash density) of these cancellous bones so as to develop a normal data base of mechanical strength and bone density. The correlations between the two mechanical tests and between these tests and bone densities were also considered. The results showed all of the three mechanical parameters, ultimate load, stiffness, and ultimate strength, measured by the indentation test were higher than those measured by the compression test. Correlation analysis showed that the two sets of mechanical values correlated well (r=0.823–0.952, p<0.01). The apparent density and ash density correlated well with the mechanical parameters determined by the two types of mechanical tests (r=0.737–0.966, p<0.05). © 1998 Chapman & Hall     

Indentation of polyethylene laminates by a flat-bottomed cylindrical punch

Cross-ply polymer laminates reinforced by ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHWMPE) fibers and tapes have been subjected to quasi-static indentation by a flat-bottomed, circular cross section punch and their penetration resistance and failure mechanisms investigated. Three fiber- and two tape-reinforced grades progressively failed during indentation via a series of unstable failure events accompanied by substantial load drops. This resulted in a ‘saw-tooth’ load versus indentation depth profile as the load increased with indentation depth after each failure event. The penetration behavior scaled with the ratio of the thickness of the remaining laminate to the diameter of the punch, and the indentation pressure scaled with the through thickness compressive strength. Failure occurred by ply rupture. The results are consistent with penetration governed by an indirect tension failure mechanism, and with experimental reports that tape-reinforced materials have a similar ballistic resistance to the higher tensile strength fiber-reinforced grades in rear-supported test conditions.     

Finite element analysis of deep indentation by a spherical indenter

Using the finite element analysis, the deep indentation of strain-hardening elastoplastic materials by a rigid, spherical indenter has been studied. The simulation results clearly show that the ratio of the indentation load to the maximum indentation depth increases with the increase of the strain-hardening index and reaches a maximum value at the maximum indentation depth being about 10% of the indenter radius. The power law relation between the indentation load and the indentation depth for shallow indentation becomes invalid for deep indentation. However, the ratio of the plastic energy to the total mechanical work is a linear function of the ratio of the residual indentation depth to the maximum indentation depth, independent of the strain-hardening index and the indentation depth.     

Indentation fatigue behaviour of polycrystalline copper

Conventional indentation experiments have been widely used to extract the mechanical properties of materials from a load–depth curve. However, most of them are focused on static loading conditions. In the present study, the detailed indentation fatigue behaviour of polycrystalline copper under cyclic loading was studied experimentally. The experimental work emphasized indentation depth propagation behaviour such as the influence of overloading and underloading. It was shown that an increase in the maximum load can accelerate indentation depth propagation, while a decrease in the maximum load can retard indentation depth propagation. Further experiments showed that a sudden increase in maximum load after achieving a steady state followed by cycling at normal loading conditions can also delay indentation depth propagation, while a sudden drop in maximum load had a contrary effect. Those experimental phenomena implied that there were some similarities in the behaviour of indentation fatigue depth propagation and conventional fatigue crack propagation. In the following analysis, optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to investigate the microstructures of the indentation cross-sections. The results revealed that the nucleation and accumulation of cavities to develop cracks was promised to be the main damage mechanism during the indentation fatigue.     

Estimation of the Limiting Pressure in a Pipe with an Indentation

Urgent requirements for the determination of the ductile-fracture ultimate load for defects of the indentation type in pipelines are pointed out. The authors propose an idealized model of the limiting plastic state of a pipe with a longitudinally infinite indentation. To assess the influence of the finite length of the indentation, an approximate model for rectangular indentation has been developed. Practical formulas for the calculation of residual strength in the case of the absence of axial stresses have been derived and analyzed.     

复合材料层合板准静态横压损伤及其压缩破坏研究

为了考察一种小试件CAI试验方法的有效性,本文作者对复合材料层合板的准静态横向压缩特性和损伤,以及损伤后的压缩破坏进行了试验研究,采用C扫描、热揭层等技术对层合板内的损伤进行测量,并将含准静态横压损伤层合板的剩余压缩强度与低速冲击后板的压缩强度进行了比较。结果表明:在横压过程中存在分层损伤起始门槛压缩载荷值或压入深度值,以及横压载荷极限值;小板试件各界面的分层面积沿厚度方向的分布和继后的压缩破坏形式等与SACMA的CAI试验标准的情况相异。     

Elastic modulus of rat whiskers—A key biomaterial in the rat whisker sensory system

Nanoindentation tests were carried out to measure the elastic modulus of rat whisker, which is used as a high-acuity sensor for exploring the world and discriminating object distance, size and surface texture. The measured load–depth curves show that the biomaterial of rat whisker exhibits obvious visco-elastic characteristic, such as load relaxation and displacement creeping. The measured indentation modulus of rat whiskers decreases with indentation depth at the same location. The mean value of the measured indentation moduli of 24 major whiskers varies from 0.33 GPa to 4.92 GPa. The elastic modulus is independent of the freshness of the whisker sample. It is also found that the length and diameter of whiskers have no direct relationship to the indentation modulus at the base. Based on the measured elastic modulus, the bending stiffness at the base of a whisker is predicted in the range of 0.58–134.79 mN mm² and the rotational stiffness at the middle of a whisker is within 0.06–10.93 mN mm/rad. These results can be used to study the mechanical behavior of the rat whisker sensor system.     

平头压头下基体对压痕规律的影响研究

本文通过对软薄膜/硬基体两相材料体系的平头压痕弹塑性模拟.重点研究了平压头压入过程中,不同屈服强度比(软薄膜屈服强度与硬基体屈服强度之比)以及不同压头尺寸下硬基体对压痕规律的影响.研究发现硬基体对压痕规律的影响与屈服强度比近似满足线性关系,且这种线性关系不随压头尺寸的改变而改变,相同压头半径下,屈服强度比越大,影响就越明显;相同屈服强度比下,压头半径越大,影响就越小.研究还发现压头压入过程中,材料的堆积对压入深度没有影响.     

Mechanical properties characterisation of welded joint of austenitic stainless steel using instrumented indentation technique

The instrumented indentation test is a promising nondestructive technique for evaluating mechanical properties of metallic materials. In this study, the localised mechanical properties of welded joint of 304 austenitic stainless steel were characterised with the instrumented indentation test. The single V-groove welded joint was produced using the electric arc welding. A series of instrumented indentation tests were carried out at different regions, including base material, weld zone and heat-affected zone (HAZ). A soft zone regarding strength properties was found in the coarse-grain HAZ. The results show that the HAZ has the lowest yield strength and tensile strength (263.6 MPa, 652.5 MPa) compared with the base material (307.4 MPa, 807.9 MPa) and the weld zone (285.6 MPa, 702.1 MPa). In addition, characterisations of microstructure, microhardness and conventional tensile tests have been performed for comparison. The results reveal that the localised mechanical properties of welded joint of austenitic stainless steel can be represented effectively with the instrumented indentation technique.     

The Analytical and Numerical Study on the Nanoindentation of Nonlinear Elastic Materials

In nanoindentation testing of materials, the analytical/numerical models to connect the indentation load, indentation depth and material properties are crucial for the extraction of mechanical properties. This paper studied the methods of extracting the mechanical properties of nonlinear elastic materials and built general relationships of the indentation load and depth of hyperelastic materials combined with the dimensional analysis and finite element method (FEM). Compared with the elastic contact models and other nonlinear elastic contact models, the proposed models can extract the mechanical properties of nonlinear elastic materials under large deformation simply and effectively.     

Prediction of Fracture Parameters of High Strength and Ultra-High Strength Concrete Beams using Minimax Probability Machine Regression and Extreme Learning Machine

This paper deals with the development of models for prediction of facture parameters, namely, fracture energy and ultimate load of high strength and ultra high strength concrete based on Minimax Probability Machine Regression (MPMR) and Extreme Learning Machine (ELM). MPMR is developed based on Minimax Probability Machine Classification (MPMC). ELM is the modified version of Single Hidden Layer Feed Foreword Network (SLFN). MPMR and ELM has been used as regression techniques. Mathematical models have been developed in the form of relation between several input variables such as beam dimensions, water cement ratio, compressive strength, split tensile strength, notch depth, and modulus of elasticity and output is fracture energy and ultimate load A total of 87 data sets (input-output pairs) are used, 61 of which are used to train the model and 26 are used to test the models. The data-sets used in this study are derived from experimental results. A comparative study has been presented between the developed MPMR and ELM models. The results showed that the developed models give reasonable performance for prediction of fracture energy and ultimate load.     

The effect of work-hardening and pile-up on nanoindentation measurements

Nanoindentation is performed on the cross-section of copper samples subjected to surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT). The cross-section of the SMAT samples provides a unique microstructure with varying amounts of work-hardening depending on the distance from the SMAT surface. Results show that for a given indentation load the pile-up height decreases and the indentation depth increases as the distance from the SMAT surface increases, both following a power law relationship. Based on image analysis of the indented surface this increase in the pile-up height and decrease in indentation depth is attributed to the localization of plastic strain due to the increased resistance to dislocation motion in the work-hardened region. For a given amount of work-hardening (in terms of distance from SMAT surface), the indentation depth increased with the indentation load obeying a power law relationship with the exponent ranging from 0.58 to 0.68. However, the pile-up height increased linearly with the load, with the rate (slope) increasing with the amount of work-hardening. The observed linear increase in pile-up height with indentation load would naturally introduce an indentation size effect (ISE) if the hardness is corrected for the pile-up. Interestingly, this ISE associated with pile-up increased with an increase in indentation depth, in contradiction to the ISE associated with strain gradient. Deviation of the hardness values corrected for pile-up from the bulk behavior due to surface effect is highlighted and a method to obtain a bulk-equivalent hardness quantity representing the bulk behavior is proposed.     

Numerical investigation on strength design and curling effect of mechanically fastened joints in cold-formed austenitic stainless steel

A variety of parametric studies utilizing the finite element analysis (FEA) have been performed by Kim et al in order to predict the mechanical behavior (ultimate strength) of single shear bolted joints in cold-formed (thin-walled) stainless steel sheet. Strength equations considering the strength reduction by curling effect in bolted joint with long end distance and edge distance have been suggested. The applicability of numerical fracture analysis has been already verified through the comparisons of ultimate strength and curling occurrence between the test results conducted by Kuwamura et al. and FEA results. The precedent researches have been conducted with respect to the mechanical behaviors of single shear bolted joints fabricated with four bolts (2 columns × 2 rows bolt arrangement) and two bolts (1 column × 2 rows bolt arrangement) for extended variables such as plate thickness, end distance parallel to the direction of load and edge distance perpendicular to the direction of load. Subsequently, this study has been focused on the ultimate behaviors and the influence of curling on ultimate strength in bolted joints fabricated with one bolt. FE models are assumed with varying end distance, edge distance and plate thickness. It is found that the design manual of Stainless Steel Building Association of Japan (SSBA) is more reasonable for estimating the ultimate strengths of bolted joints with no curling compared with ultimate strengths predicted by American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) standard or American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) standard (North American specification). Whereas, for fastened joints with severe local buckling or out of plane deformation(hereafter, curling) like previous results about other bolt arrangements, even SSBA manual tended to overestimate the ultimate strength of joint. Also, it has been known that the conditions of curling occurrence differ from the above stated variables. Therefore, revised strength equations considering the strength reduction by curling for one bolted joint were suggested in this paper.     

DP590双相钢点焊接头的正交试验及超声检测分析

对DP590双相钢点焊接头进行正交试验,研究不同工艺因素对点焊接头失效载荷和焊核直径的影响,确定最优点焊工艺参数,并探讨点焊接头压痕深度的超声测量方法.采用超声波水浸聚焦入射法对1.5 mm厚的DP590双相钢点焊接头进行超声C扫描,获得接头焊核直径,利用超声A扫信号,计算点焊接头压痕深度,并与实际测量结果对比.研究表明:焊接参数对DP590点焊接头的失效载荷与焊核直径的显著性影响一致,从大到小依次为焊接电流、焊接时间、电极压力;DP590点焊接头最优的焊接工艺参数为:焊接时间70 ms,焊接电流15.0 k A,电极压力6.5 k N,在此参数下接头的抗拉强度为9 521.4 N;超声A扫信号计算得到的点焊接头表面压痕率与实际压痕率的误差在2.5%~9.7%,超声计算所得压痕深度与实际测量压痕率较为接近.     

A New Model Developed to Evaluate the Contact Area Arising During Nano-indentation Tests With Pileup Behavior of Metal Materials

A new mechanical model is developed in this paper for metal materials to investigate the behavior arising during the loading/unloading process of an indentation test. Two governing differential equations are derived for the depth solution of the indenter tip and the depth solution formed at the separation point, expressed in a power form. All spring/block and damping coefficients shown in these governing differential equations associated with the elastic/plastic and viscous behaviors are determined by the real-coded genetic algorithm. With the aid of experimental results of the depth at the indenter tip shown at large and small indentation depths, aluminum and steel were used as two examples of soft materials in this paper. The pileup behavior is implicitly included in the evaluation of the contact projected area (A) in the present model. A significant difference in is caused if the pileup is not considered in the model. Under a constant maximum load, the contact area is slightly increased by decreasing the loading/unloading rate.     

3-D Modeling of nanoindentation experiment on a coating-substrate system

The validity of indentation tests for the characterization of the mechanical properties of coatings relies greatly on the indentation depth. Deep indentation concludes to unreliable results due to the substrate effect on the measured properties. At shallow depths the size effect can also be an important error factor. The purpose of the present study is the determination of the critical ratio of coating thickness to indentation depth, up to which the substrate properties have a negligible effect on the force versus indentation depth curve and thus on determined mechanical properties of the coating. The analysis required, was conducted using finite element method. A spherical (ball) indenter was used and a three dimensional model of the indenter/coating-substrate system was applied. The effect of the coating to substrate Yield strength ratio, on the critical coating thickness to indentation depth ratio, was investigated for three different coating to substrate Young's modulus ratios. The results of this work provide considerable insight for the determination of the confidence indentation depth during micro-indentation for layered systems with different properties.     

Multiscale modelling of nanoindentation test in copper crystal

The nanoindentation test in the dislocation free crystal of copper is simulated by a nonlinear elastic finite element analysis coupled with both ab initio calculations of the ideal shear strength and crystallographic considerations. The onset of microplasticity, associated with the pop-in effect identified in experimental nanoindentation tests (creation of first dislocations), is assumed to be related to the moment of achieving the value of the ideal shear strength for the copper crystal. Calculated values of the critical indentation depth lie within the range of experimentally observed pop-ins in the copper crystal. The related indentation load is somewhat lower than that observed in the experiment.     

Comportement en flexion de poutres en béton de hautes performances munies d’armatures de hautes performances-Étude expérimentale et numérique

The improvement of mechanical strengths of the two constitutes of reinforced concrete (steel and concrete) on the behavior of reinforced High Strength Concrete beams under short term imposed load was investigated both experimentally and numerically. The mechanical strength of concrete (the mean compressive strength varying from 40 MPa to 100 MPa) and the yield steel strength (f_γ=540 MPa and 830 MPa) were taken as test parameters, the geometry of beams was kept changeless. A numerical study based on Finite Element Method (FEM) was undertaken to complete and to extend experimental results. The use of High Strength Reinforced Concrete made with HSC and High Yield Strength Steel induces an increase in the ultimate load. The longitudinal reinforcement ratio can be decreased by using High Yield Strength Steel, Nevertheless a lower stiffness and higher crack width can be observed. At a given load level, a decrease of the mean crack width due to higher mechanical strength of concrete can also be observed.     

Measurement of mechanical properties of 1045 steel with significant pile-up by sharp indentation

The Oliver–Pharr method has extensively been adopted for measuring hardness and elastic modulus by indentation techniques. However, the method assumes that the contact periphery sinks in, which limits the applicability to the materials pile up. This study proposed an improved methodology to calculate the real contact area of 1045 steel with significant pile-up. The contact boundary between indenter and specimen was assumed to overlap with the top points on the residual surface profile, and the real contact depth was defined by a sum of the indentation depth at maximum load, h _max, and average pile-up height, h_{\textpile - up}^\textave h_{\text{pile - up}}^{\text{ave}} , measured from the analysis on the residual indent morphology with atomic force microscope (AFM). The mechanical properties calculated by the newly proposed method were compared with those by the Oliver–Pharr method.     

Effect of soft substrate on the indentation damage in silicon carbide deposited on graphite

Indentation-induced damage is investigated in silicon carbide (SiC) deposited on graphite substrate. The SiC films have been grown by LPCVD (Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition) method using MTS (CH₃SiCl₃) as a source gas and H₂ as a diluent gas to provide highly dense deposited layer and strong interfacial bonding. The elastic-plastic mismatch is very high to induce distinctive damages in the coating and the substrate layer. The specimens with various coating thicknesses are prepared by changing CVD condition or mechanical polishing. Indentation damages with different sizes are introduced by controlling indentation load in Nanoindentation, Vickers indentation and Hertzian indentation test. Basic mechanical properties such as hardness, toughness, elastic modulus are evaluated against coating thickness. Mechanical properties are sensitive to the indentation load and coating thickness. The results indicate that coating thickness has a vital importance on the design of hard coating/soft substrate system because the soft substrate affects on the mechanical properties.