基于三种植物蜡构建大黄鱼鱼油凝胶体系及其微观结构的研究

以食品级蜡米糠蜡、蜂蜡、巴西棕榈蜡为凝胶剂,以大黄鱼鱼油为基料油,构建了3种油凝胶体系,系统地分析了3种凝胶体系的外观形态、持油率、流变行为、凝胶晶型及熔化结晶曲线,并对微观结构进行了表征。结果表明：3种凝胶剂临界凝胶浓度为3%。蜂蜡持油率98%以上,棕榈蜡最差;油凝胶的储能模量(G′)大于损失模量(G″),但G′随着角频率的增加而增加;3种油凝胶均存在α、β、β′晶型结构,并以α和β′型为主;熔化结晶曲线显示,随着凝胶剂质量分数的增加,其结晶过程中结晶温度和熔化过程中熔化峰值温度均提高;结构表征发现,米糠蜡的小晶体以簇状结构形式存在,蜂蜡形成的晶体在一维方向上形成少量的“絮状”结构,棕榈蜡油凝胶中晶体以“放射状”形态聚集成小球状结构。该研究结果表明在鱼油中添加适量的天然蜡可以形成结构稳定性、热稳定性良好的油凝胶。     

蜡添加量对巴西棕榈蜡-油茶籽油凝胶物性、氧化稳定性及消化特性的影响

以油茶籽油为基料油,巴西棕榈蜡为凝胶剂制备巴西棕榈蜡-油茶籽油凝胶,探讨不同蜡添加量对其外观形态、持油率、硬度、晶型、热力学性质、氧化稳定性以及消化特性的影响。结果表明：蜡添加量为5%时才能使油茶籽油凝胶化,凝胶的硬度、持油率以及结晶/熔融峰值温度总体随着蜡添加量的增加而增大;凝胶的网络结构能够抑制油茶籽油次级氧化产物生成,提高油茶籽油的氧化稳定性;蜡添加量越高的凝胶脂肪酸释放率越低。     

米糠蜡添加量对亚麻籽油基油凝胶结构及性质的影响

为探究亚麻籽油基油凝胶作为替代传统塑性脂肪的潜力,以米糠蜡为凝胶剂,探究不同米糠蜡添加量对亚麻籽油基油凝胶外观形态、微观结构、持油率、理化性质及热力学性质的影响。结果表明：在室温条件下,米糠蜡添加量不小于6%时才会使亚麻籽油凝胶化;随着米糠蜡添加量的增加,油凝胶的结晶网络结构由簇状逐渐转变为针状,结晶密度增大;油凝胶的持油率、酸值以及熔融峰/结晶峰峰值温度均随着米糠蜡添加量的增加而增大;油凝胶的过氧化值随着米糠蜡添加量的增加呈现先增后减的趋势。综上,在亚麻籽油中添加适量的米糠蜡可形成热塑性好、结构稳定、理化性质良好、持油率高的油凝胶。     

利用蜂蜡-米糠蜡制备大豆油凝胶油

利用蜂蜡、米糠蜡及其混合物作为凝胶剂,开发大豆油基凝胶油,并将制备的凝胶油与起酥油的物理性质进行比较。通过对2 种添加量下（5%、8%）蜂蜡和米糠蜡（蜂蜡与米糠蜡质量比10∶0、9∶1、8∶2、7∶3、6∶4、5∶5、3∶7、1∶9、0∶10）制备凝胶油的性质测定,结果发现随着米糠蜡比例的增加,凝胶油的硬度（11.9～140.4 g）呈先增加后减小再略有增加的趋势,当蜂蜡与米糠蜡比例为8∶2时,凝胶油的硬度最大,表明蜂蜡和米糠蜡混合后有协同作用;同时析油率采用离心的方法评价,结果发现米糠蜡比例较低（蜂蜡∶米糠蜡＞5∶5）时,凝胶油稳定,析油率为0%,且添加量8%条件下凝胶油的析油率低于普通起酥油。同时固体脂肪曲线、差示扫描量热法结果显示,在10～40 ℃条件下凝胶油的固体脂肪质量分数（8.5%～4%）显著低于起酥油（65%～20%）;融化峰值温度（50.2 ℃）高于起酥油（43.1 ℃）;X射线衍射结果显示8%蜂蜡-米糠蜡（8∶2）凝胶油样品的晶体形态（β’）与起酥油接近,都是细小的结晶。应用发现,蜂蜡与米糠蜡比例为8∶2,添加比例为8%的凝胶油具有较好的烘焙效果,使最终产品的固体脂肪含量大大降低,或许能为消费者拥有更健康的产品提供一条可行途径。     

蜂蜡基油凝胶中的晶型及结晶聚集体的结构层次

为解释蜂蜡基油凝胶持油性较好的原因,对蜂蜡基油凝胶中的晶型及结晶聚集体的结构层次进行研究。分别以高油酸葵花籽油和大豆油为原料油,蜂蜡为凝胶因子制备蜂蜡基高油酸葵花籽油油凝胶和蜂蜡基大豆油油凝胶,采用X-射线衍射和偏光显微分析技术分别研究了2种蜂蜡基油凝胶的晶型与微观形态。X-射线衍射分析结果表明,蜂蜡基油凝胶在2θ为21.3°和23.7°处有明显衍射峰;但在小角区域没有明显的衍射峰。偏光显微分析结果表明,在放大倍数为500倍时,可观察到单个的细小针状物或棒状物(初级颗粒)及其聚集体(簇),还有由3个或4个这样的聚集体形成的更大的聚集体群(簇群),其形状呈十字花瓣状或海胆状,据此提出了蜂蜡基油凝胶结晶聚集体的结构层次,即初级颗粒-簇-簇群-网络结构,这种网络结构使油凝胶结晶聚集体的结构紧凑、比表面积大、颗粒细小,能很好地束缚油凝胶中的液体油,使得蜂蜡基油凝胶表现出很好的持油性。     

β-谷甾醇/γ-谷维素和月桂酸单甘油酯对蜂蜡山茶油油凝胶结构性质的影响

目的 探究基于蜂蜡(beeswax, BW)的复配凝胶剂对山茶油凝胶结构性质的影响。方法 以山茶油为基料油, 以蜂蜡为基本凝胶剂, 添加β-谷甾醇/γ-谷维素(β-sitosterol/γ-oryzanol)和月桂酸单甘油酯(glyceryl monolaurate, GML)来制备蜂蜡-β-谷甾醇/γ-谷维素(beeswax-β-sitosterol/γ-oryzanol, BSO)和蜂蜡-月桂酸单甘油酯(beeswax-glyceryl monolaurate, BGM)复配山茶油油凝胶, 并测定其色度、微观形态、晶体结构、热力学性质和硬度。结果 色度分析表明随着添加量增大, BSO复配油凝胶的颜色变化较显著, BGM复配凝胶的颜色则无明显差异。微观形态观察和硬度分析表明BSO复配油凝胶的晶体网络结构更为疏松,BGM复配油凝胶的网络空隙变大,两者硬度都远低于蜂蜡油凝胶的硬度。晶体结构分析表明随着添加量增大,BSO和BGM复配油凝胶中α晶型逐渐转变为β晶型。热性能分析表明BSO和BGM复配油凝胶的熔点和结晶点低于蜂蜡油凝胶。结论 BSO和BGM复配使蜂蜡油凝胶的性能得到一定改善,在提高油凝胶的应用价值方面具有重要意义。     

葵花籽油基油凝胶在面包及冰淇淋产品中的应用研究

以葵花籽油为基料油,食品级植物蜡(米糠蜡、蜂蜡、棕榈蜡)作为凝胶剂构建油凝胶,分别以黄油、起酥油、葵花籽油作对照烘焙面包,以黄油、淡奶油作对照制备冰淇淋,对比分析不同油脂制作的面包和冰淇淋的感官及物性。结果表明:与对照组面包相比,油凝胶面包在各项指标上均无太大劣势,同时,油凝胶面包烘焙损失率比用传统黄油和起酥油烘焙面包小,且饱和脂肪酸含量降低;在抗融化性能方面,蜂蜡油凝胶冰淇淋和棕榈蜡油凝胶冰淇淋的抗融化性能好于黄油冰淇淋,但油凝胶冰淇淋膨胀率较低,不利于冰淇淋形成疏松绵软结构,且有少许蜡感,还需进一步改进。     

大豆油基凝胶油储藏过程中结晶结构及物理性能变化研究

以大豆油为原料,添加玉米蜡制备玉米蜡基凝胶油,研究储藏温度及时间对凝胶油微观结构及物理性能的影响。结果表明,储藏不会改变凝胶油晶型,凝胶油形成的结晶呈长纤维针状,在20℃下12周的储藏中结晶的生长呈现生长-聚集-生长的趋势,而4℃下结晶的生长趋势为重组-生长-聚集-生长;4℃下凝胶油SFC变化不显著,凝胶油质量分数为1%、3%时硬度和持油性(OBC)随时间延长逐渐减小,而凝胶油质量分数为7%、10%、15%时硬度变化呈现先增后减,OBC储藏中变化不显著(P0.05);20℃下凝胶油SFC储藏6周后出现下降趋势,而硬度与OBC变化与4℃时储藏相似;4℃下凝胶油的SFC、硬度与持油性均要高于20℃,5%的凝胶油在4、20℃储藏中表现出不同的变化趋势。     

油茶籽油基复合油凝胶的制备工艺研究

以油茶籽油为基料油,通过添加单甘酯与蜂蜡制备复合油凝胶,探讨复合凝胶剂添加量、单甘酯与蜂蜡质量比、加热温度以及加热时间对油茶籽油基复合油凝胶持油性的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,采用Box-Behnken试验设计方法优化试验条件,并对复合油凝胶体系的性质进行分析。结果表明,油茶籽油基复合油凝胶的最优制备工艺条件为:复合凝胶剂添加量9.9%,单甘酯与蜂蜡质量比4∶6,加热温度71℃,加热时间47 min。在最优工艺条件下,复合油凝胶持油性为98.70%,体系中存在α、β、β'3种晶型,并且与单一凝胶剂油凝胶相比,油茶籽油基复合油凝胶具有较好的持油性和适中的硬度。     

乳化剂对米糠蜡凝胶油理化特性的影响

将单硬脂酸甘油酯、硬酯酰乳酸钠、聚甘油脂肪酸酯分别与米糠蜡复配制备凝胶油,研究乳化剂添加量对凝胶油持油率、晶体形态、热学性质、分子间作用力、晶型和流变学的影响。结果表明：乳化剂的复配质量比对凝胶油的微观结构和宏观特性都会产生影响,但对持油率和总焓变却不呈浓度依赖。随着单硬脂酸甘油酯含量的增加,α、β和β3种晶型共存,晶体形态从针状转变为簇状,且表现出较好的流变性质。当单硬脂酸甘油酯与米糠蜡复配质量比为5:2时,持油率高达87.94%。分子间作用力表明单硬脂酸甘油酯和聚甘油脂肪酸酯依靠氢键的键合作用增加液态油的束缚力和粘弹性质。     

甘蔗蜡制备稻米油基油凝胶及其相关性质

在稻米油中添加一定量的甘蔗蜡制成具有塑性的油脂凝胶。研究甘蔗蜡添加量对油脂凝胶硬度、热力学性质、固体脂肪含量（solid fat content,SFC）、X射线衍射（X-ray diffraction,XRD）和微观结构的影响。结果表明：在20 ℃条件下,油脂凝胶中甘蔗蜡添加量不小于7%时,即可出现凝胶行为。油脂凝胶体系的硬度、SFC、融化焓和结晶焓均随甘蔗蜡添加量的增多而增加。XRD结果显示,甘蔗蜡油脂凝胶中同时含有α、β、β’三种晶型,其中以β晶型为主,随着甘蔗蜡添加量增多,α和β’晶型的量增多。晶体呈球状,分布均匀。随甘蔗蜡添加量的增加,结晶数量增加,尺寸减小,导致分布密度增加,即甘蔗蜡添加量越高,硬度越大,结构化植物油的能力越强,形成油脂凝胶结构稳定性越好,表明在稻米油中加入甘蔗蜡可以形成油脂凝胶,该油脂凝胶中无反式脂肪酸,富含天然营养成分,具有适宜的油脂凝胶硬度及良好的结构稳定性等优势。     

米糠蜡对稻米油基凝胶油形成的影响及动力学

以三级稻米油为基料油,研究了米糠蜡(rice bran wax,RBW)添加量对凝胶油形成特性的影响及凝胶油结晶形成的动力学参数。结果表明:在25℃时,RBW添加量为4%时便可形成凝胶油。随着RBW添加量的增加,凝胶油的硬度明显增加,贮藏30 d后凝胶油硬度变化不显著。凝胶油的固体脂肪含量也随RBW添加量的增加呈增多趋势,凝胶油主要为β′晶体。4%和7%RBW添加量凝胶油晶体为絮状,添加量为10%时凝胶油晶体转变为长枝晶状且密度增大。该凝胶油仅有一个结晶峰,采用Avrami方程模型拟合出的直线具有良好的线性关系(R~2=0.934 31),说明Avrami方程能较好地适用于稻米油基凝胶油结晶过程的研究,得到Avrami指数n为1.396 83,表明该凝胶油的晶体成核为均相瞬时成核并按照一维与二维混合结晶方式生长。     

Physicochemical properties and oxidative stability of oleogels made of carnauba wax with canola oil or beeswax with grapeseed oil

Two types of oleogels—made of carnauba wax with canola oil or beeswax with grapeseed oil—were prepared at concentrations from 0 to 15% (w/w) of wax. Physical characterization was done and oxidative stability of the oleogels were evaluated. As the proportion of wax increased from 5 to 15%, the enthalpy of crystallization and melting increased in both oleogels. The carnauba wax-based oleogel (CWO) required greater enthalpy than the beeswax-based oleogel (BWO). Differences in L*, a*, and b* values between control oils and the oleogels significantly decreased as the concentration of wax increased in the oleogels (5–15%; p<0.05). Oil-binding capacity of the BWO was higher than that of the CWO. Solid-fat content of the CWO did not change significantly from 10 to 60oC, whereas that of the BWO decreased. In general, oxidative stability of the CWO was better at 60 and 180oC heat treatment in comparison with control oils (p<0.05). However, the BWO did not provide high oxidative stability than the control oils.     

不同种类凝胶因子对芝麻油基凝胶油特性的影响

以芝麻油为原料,通过添加虫胶(Shellac,LAC)、单硬脂酸甘油酯(Monoacylglycerol,MAG)、乙基纤维素(Ethyl Cellulose,EC)三种不同种类凝胶因子制备出构型不同的凝胶油,并对凝胶油的持油能力、硬度、热力学性质、结晶形态等特性做了初步研究.结果表明,凝胶因子种类及添加比例对凝胶油临...     

Characterization of Hazelnut Oil Oleogels Prepared with Sunflower and Carnauba Waxes

In this study, hazelnut oil oleogels prepared with sunflower wax and carnauba wax were analyzed and compared with a commercial shortening. Oil binding capacities of sunflower wax oleogels were higher than 99%, while carnauba wax had a maximum value of 97.6% for 10% addition level. At 3% addition level of carnauba wax, no gel developed. The crystal formation time of sunflower wax was shorter. Although the highest (8.5%) solid fat content was observed in the 10% carnauba wax containing oleogel (HC10) sample, it was 30.4% in the commercial shortening sample at 20°C. The peak melting temperature of commercial shortening was 52.3°C, and among all organogels, sunflower wax oleogel at 3% addition level had the closest value (58.4°C). The melting enthalpies of the oleogels ranged from 4.3 to 20.3 J/g, while it was 10.9 J/g for the commercial shortening sample. The firmness and stickiness values in the oleogel samples were lower than that of commercial shortening sample. On the other hand, there was no significant change of firmness and stickiness during storage, indicating good stability (p ≤ 0.001). Especially the sunflower wax oleogels were very homogenous and smooth in structure. The polarized light microscopy pictures revealed needle-like crystals for sunflower wax and aggregate-like crystals for carnauba wax oleogels. The x-ray diffraction measurements of the crystals showed the β´ types of the polymorphic structures. Furthermore, the oleogels were very stable against oxidation during the storage period. Hazelnut oil organogels prepared with sunflower wax can be good source material for shortening or margarine-like products.     

肉桂酸基油凝胶及其乳液的制备及理化性质表征

选择玉米油为溶剂,肉桂酸为凝胶剂制备油凝胶,探究其流变学、质构、持油性、热力学特性及凝胶剂晶体形态;以油凝胶为分散相,制备油凝胶乳液（O/W型）,分析其粒径、流变学、稳定性等物理性质。结果表明：肉桂酸临界成胶质量分数为4%,4?℃条件下存放的油凝胶持油性较常温条件下更好;肉桂酸质量分数越大的油凝胶硬度越大,热稳定性越好;肉桂酸在油凝胶中呈现随机分布的长纤维状聚集体;油相质量分数为10%～20%时,油相含量越低,其乳液粒径越小、黏度越低、物理稳定性越好。油凝胶在常温下稳定性较差,而油凝胶乳液在常温下能保持良好的稳定性,有益于其在食品工业领域的研发与应用。     

Vegetable organogels incorporation in cream cheese products

Edible oleogels made from rice bran wax (RBW) or ethylcellulose (EC) organogelators in combination with vegetable oils and other non-fat ingredients were used to produce oleogel cream cheese products. Four oleogel cream cheese products, two containing RBW and two with EC, were prepared and compared to control samples including full-fat and fat-free commercial cream cheese samples. Upon compositional analysis, all the oleogel cream cheese (OCC) samples showed approximately a 25% reduction in total fat content in comparison to the full-fat commercial control. More specifically by the replacement of saturated fat with healthier unsaturated fat alternatives, an improved fatty acid profile of cream cheese products was documented. Similar compositional analysis was also performed on a cream cheese sample made with non-gelled vegetable oil. Using a single penetration test and a strain sweep test, oleogel cream cheese samples prepared with RBW displayed comparable hardness, spreadability, and stickiness values to the full-fat commercial control sample. EC OCC samples also showed comparable hardness, spreadability and stickiness values but exhibited reduced adhesiveness values compared to the full-fat control. The successful microstructural incorporation of oleogels into a cream cheese, along with similarities in fat globule size, between OCC samples and commercial controls was confirmed with Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. The similarity in microstructure can be accounted for the similarities in textural properties between the OCC samples and the full-fat control. These results provide a thorough characterization of the use of RBW and EC in oleogels and their potential as a healthy alternative to saturated fat in cream cheese applications.