Internal fields in magnetic materials and superconductors

This Paper reviews some of the concepts needed for the correct analysis of magnetization data, both for magnetic materials and superconductors. Demagnetization factors, initial susceptibilities and hysteresis losses are discussed.     

Superconducting materials in oscillating and rotating magnetic fields

The methods of measurement of the oscillating field threshold amplitude, ΔB_ϱ, are reviewed. As this quantity increases, an effective resistance occurs. The dependence of ΔB_ϱ upon current and frequency for monofilament and multifilament conductors is studied. A theoretical approach is suggested and similar effects are also shown to exist in rotating magnetic fields.     

On plane magnetic fields in saturable materials

The equations governing two-dimensional flux and potential fields in nonlinear soft magnetic materials can be converted into a pair of linear conditions by means of a Legendre transformation. On this basis and for certain classes of constitutive equations, exact solutions are found that describe configurations such as plane multipole fields and fields near corners and edges. In case of perfectly saturable materials the formation of perfectly permeable domains is observed, and their shapes are determined     

Manipulation of matter by electric and magnetic fields: Toward novel synthesis and processing routes of inorganic materials

The use of external electric and magnetic fields for the synthesis and processing of inorganic materials such as metals and ceramics has seen renewed interest in recent years. Electromagnetic energy can be utilized in different ways to improve or accelerate phase formation and stabilization, chemical ordering, densification and coarsening of particle-based materials (pore elimination and grain growth), and mechanical deformation (plasticity and creep). In these new synthesis and processing routes, the resulting microstructures and macroscopic material behavior are determined by the interaction of the applied fields with defects such as single or clustered point defects, dislocation networks, and interfaces. Multiscale experimental investigations and modeling are necessary to unveil the mechanisms underlying this field-assisted manipulation of matter.     

Radically different effects on materials by separated microwave electric and magnetic fields

Using a 2.45 GHz wave-guided cavity, in a single mode TE₁₀₃ excitation, we were able to physically locate compacted 5 mm pellets of samples separately at the H (magnetic) node (where the E field is nearly zero), or the E (electric) node (where H field is nearly zero). A preliminary survey of a variety of metals, (Cu, Fe, Co..) ceramics (ZnO, etc.), and composites, (WC-Co, ZnO-Co) showed remarkable differences in their heating behaviors. The results establish conclusively that the magnetic field interaction contributes greatly to microwave heating of common materials in a manner, previously neglected in most theories of microwave heating, albeit still to be understood. Received: 15 June 2001 / Accepted: 15 June 2001     

超导强磁场诱导织构技术在功能材料制备中的应用

超导强磁场能够诱导磁各向异性材料形成织构组织,显著改变材料的组织和性能,已经成为功能材料制备的一个重要手段.本文探讨磁场诱导磁各向异性材料形成织构组织的机制,综述强磁场诱导织构组织的研究现状,并展望这项技术在功能材料制备中的应用前景.     

In situ observation of magnetic orientation process of feeble magnetic materials under high magnetic fields

Abstract

An in situ microscopic observation of the magnetic orientation process of feeble magnetic fibers was carried out under high magnetic fields of up to 10 T using a scanning laser microscope. In the experiment, carbon fibers and needle-like titania fibers with a length of 1 to 20 μm were used. The fibers were observed to gradually orient their axes parallel to the direction of the magnetic field. The orientation behavior of the sample fibers was evaluated on the basis of the measured duration required for a certain angular variation. As predicted from the theoretical consideration, it was confirmed that the duration required for a certain angular variation normalized by the viscosity of the fluid is described as a function of the fiber length. The results obtained here appear useful for the consideration of the magnetic orientation of materials suspended in a static fluid.     

Boundary element analysis of moiré fields in anisotropic materials

A procedure for analyzing moiré fringe patterns using boundary elements is presented. The kernels of the boundary integrals are based on anisotropic elastic Green's functions developed for bimaterial problems. The interfacial boundary conditions are incorporated in the Green's functions so the interface does not require discretization. The bimaterial kernels are also appropriate for homogeneous problems as well as degenerate isotropic problems. The moiré fringe data provide full-field displacement information and are analyzed in a least-squares sense. The numerical procedure is shown to be a logical extension of the local collocation method developed for linear elastic fracture mechanics. An example is given to investigate convergence of the method, predictions of stress, and to investigate factors influencing the analysis. It is shown that moiré fields associated with both displacement components are needed for an accurate analysis.     

A numerical analysis of time-dependent two-dimensional magnetic fields

The nonlinear diffusion equation as applied to two-dimensional time-dependent magnetic fields is solved with a finite element algorithm. This algorithm permits the analysis of problems possessing complex geometries, induced eddy currents, permanent magnets, and nonperiodic excitation currents. The numerical procedure utilizes implicit time stepping with an iterative scheme to solve the resulting set of equations. Two examples of applications of this program are presented.     

Nonlinear eddy current effects in ferromagnetic materials in the presence of DC magnetic fields

Eddy current effects in nonlinear ferromagnetic materials in the presence of a supplementary DC magnetic field are analyzed. The analysis is for a one-dimensional configuration, a semi-infinite plate magnetized homogeneously in a direction parallel to its surface. The nonlinear magnetization characteristic of the ferromagnetic plate material is assumed to be of a step-function form. Solutions of the electric field intensity on the plate surface, the penetration depth of eddy currents in the plate, the eddy current losses, and surface impedance in the presence of a DC magnetic field are obtained. A connection is found between the values obtained in simultaneous DC and AC magnetization conditions and the values obtained in the case of only AC magnetic field excitation.<>     

磁场作用下铝合金凝固过程的电阻变化

为了确定磁场对铝合金凝固过程的影响,利用双电桥测试了Al-21%Cu、Al-22Si合金分别在无磁场、直流磁场和交流磁场作用下从液态到固态的电阻变化.分析了Al-Cu合金与Al-Si合金电阻-温度曲线的差别,研究了磁场对合金凝固过程中液、固相线温度及微观结构的影响.结果表明,Al-21%Cu合金的电阻-温度曲线呈单调下降趋势,且有两个明显的转折点,而Al-22%Si合金的电阻-温度曲线不再是单调下降,两个转折点也很不明显,在直流磁场作用下,Al-21%Cu、Al-22%Si合金的液相线、固相线温度均有所降低,在交流磁场作用下,两种铝合金的液、固相线温度均有所升高.在Al-Si合金凝固过程中施加外磁场时,抑制了初生β-Si的生成.     

Strong static magnetic field processing of metallic materials: A review

Metallic materials processing in an imposed strong static magnetic field (SSMF) has attracted widely attention in the last decade since a magnetic field of 10 T or higher becomes easily attainable. Fundamentals including magnetic energy, magnetic anisotropy and magnetic forces influence significantly the research and development of this technology by means of both scientific and engineering paths. The ability to control metallic materials processing depends crucially on the understanding of the fundamentals and subsequently the engineering of the strong magnetic field effects. This review provides a critical examination of different SSMF effects together with the fundamentals that can be used in liquid/solid metal controlling and the subsequent metallic materials preparation. These effects are discussed by integrating them into different technologies or experimental results and accompanied by theoretical considerations of the fundamentals. Comprehensive comparisons are then carried out for each series of SSMF effects. It is aiming to provide an overview of the recent progress in SSMF processing of metallic materials.     

Temperature fields in heat-protective materials

A solution of the heat transfer equation for polymer heat-protective materials is presented for the case where three characteristic zones are established. The calculation includes the variation of thermophysical characteristics as a function of temperature and porosity of the material.Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 25, No. 5, pp. 827–836, November, 1973.