亚洲开发银行地区水政策

１有效水政策的７项重要原则（１）国家水资源开发与管理应以机能整体和可持续的方式来进行，实现国家开发目标并保护环境；（２）特定水资源的规划、开发与管理应根据流域划分；（３）提供特定的水服务应委托给各负其责的公、私或合作机构，在一定地区范围内，为客户或成...     

宁波市水资源开发利用新思考

宁波市属于水资源短缺地区，水资源的可持续利用已经成为经济社会可持续发展的关键因素之一。通过对宁波市水资源的深入思考，提出以下观点：（1）宁波市的水资源具有一定竞争力；（2）水资源的需求增长应当有一定限度；（3）合理配置是水资源可持续利用的关键；（4）水资源开发利用率的限制不能一概而论；（5）节约用水必须注重结构的合理性；（6）加大海水利用，中水利用则应适可而止；（7）水资源规划：观念比技术更重要。     

美国城市发展对淡水生态系统的影响

为满足城市发展对水的需求而实施的水资源开发，对淡水生态系统的完整性和生态系统的服务功能具有严重影响。通过对美国五大城市水资源开发的实例研究，得到以下结论：要维持淡水生态系统的健康发展，则需在城市水资源管理的生态系统计划和管理方面给予更多的考虑；水资源规划部门应在水资源供应超负荷之前建立一定的限制性措施以促进水资源的再生，并同时保护生态系统水资源；通过更为有效的用水以及在为城市储备及调用水之际实施必要的策略和措施，可有效限制或减少对生态系统的破坏。     

我国西部大开发中有关水资源的若干问题

我国在实施西部大开发战略中，应确切地计算和评价西部地区水资源。由于西北地区干旱少雨，水资源紧缺，因此要从可持续发展的角度保护西北水资源。在西北的开发中庆充分考虑水资源开发 与生态、环境相互间的协调发展，搞好规划，合理配置水资源。而西南地区拥有丰富的水资源，要合理开发、加强水环境保护。     

西部水资源开发管理与环境保护战略

分析了中国西部地区的水土资源情况，认为西部开发的成败在于水。西部水资源开发中要重视两件工作：是一做好好水资源开发规划；二是利用高新技术对水资源进行管理。     

用流域水资源统一管理的思想指导西部开发规划工作

通过对我国西部水资源供需矛盾状况的分析 ,提出了在西部开发中 ,用流域水资源统一管理的思想来规划、配置西部水资源 ;同时还指出在西部水资源规划中应遵循水资源供需平衡原则、水资源开发与国民经济、社会发展、生态系统相协调等原则 ;并提出了在西部地区水资源规划中应着重研究的一些问题。     

珠江流域主要综合规划问题的探讨

对红水河、黔江综合开发和东江水资源的合理利用以及珠江流域防洪工程体系布局与维护进行了深层次、多方面的探讨。指出红水河、黔江的开发与治理对全流域有着重要的影响，应从流域整体出发确定综合利用任务和开发方针；东江水资源的合理利用也面临许多新问题的困扰，供水规划滞后，急需进一步调整和完善，以满足社会经济发展的需求，对于珠江流域防洪工程体系布局与维护，则指出应制定正确的防洪方针、明确防洪重点，加强规划管理，并扼要阐明了加强河道管理，罅无序采砂，维护河道安全全泄洪和堤防安全的重要性。     

水资源开发利用与管理：从美国科罗拉多河看黄河

美国科罗拉多河水资源开发利用与管理，可以说是美国乃至世界的一个典范，其河流特性与水资源状况与黄河有较大的相似性。本文在比较两河异同，总结科罗拉多河水资源开发与管理的经验和不足后指出：应系统、全面、综合、辩证地看待黄河水资源问题，着眼于经济社会的大系统和水资源自身的小系统；逐步建立健全流域水资源法制体系，加强水资源全流域统一管理；利用政策法规和经济杠杆等相导和鼓励流域水资源的节约与保护；流域外调水要     

水资源综合利用与管理规划初步研究

通过对水资源可持续利用规划进行的宏观、中观、微观三个层次的研究提出了管理规划的模型．利用该模型，可通过对环境经济的评价促进我国社会经济可持续发展目标的实现．本研究从加强水资源管理，重点要从水资源产权管理、水资源开发利用规划以及水资源合理配置几方面着手，提出应建立健全水资源管理的法律、政策和协调机制，加大水价改革力度，提高水价对促进水资源合理利用的经济杠杆作用，促进水资源的可持续利用．     

天津市水资源可持续发展对策研究

结合天津市水资源现状，分析了天津市水资源开发、利用和管理中存在的主要问题，指出天津市要实现水资源可持续发展主要应采取以下几项措施：(1)大力推行节约用水，建设节水型城市；(2)加大水污染防护和水资源保护工作力度，改善水环境，治理水污染；(3)尽快实现水资源统一管理；(4)多渠道开源，解决水资源短缺；(5)继续做好节水宣传工作，转变人们对水的认识；(6)理顺水价格体系，建立科学的水价机制；(7)修订、完善水资源开发、利用和保护的有关法律和政策，推进依法治水；(8)做好水资源开发利用保护总体规划；(9)实施科教兴水战略。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.