Error rate for envelope-detected on?off keying in the presence of interference

The effects of an interfering carrier and Gaussian noise on envelope-detected on?off keying are analysed. Optimum decision levels with their resulting error rates were found numerically and are presented for a range of interference and noise levels.     

Proposal and simulation investigation of optical format conversion between quaternary amplitude-shift keying signals based on cascaded modulators

We propose a simple and novel format conversion scheme based on a polarization modulator (PolM) and a zero-chirp intensity modulator (IM) to perform NRZ to RZ conversion for quaternary amplitude-shift keying (4-ASK) signals. Simulation shows that the scheme is capable of realizing format conversion from 20-Gbit/s NRZ-4-ASK signal to RZ-4-ASK signal with tunable pulse-width for 4-level intensity modulation format. The converted signals can transmit over a dispersion-managed fiber link from 200 km to 300 km confirming the high quality conversion.     

The cutoff rate for on-off keying

It is well known that on-off keying (OOK), i.e. the transmission of a pulse for a data one (mark) and transmission of no signal for a data zero (space), exhibits a 3 dB inferiority to antipodal signalling, in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio required to achieve a specified bit error probability. When the channel is characterized by the cutoff rate R₀, this 3 dB inferiority persists, in the sense that the required E_b/N₀ to operate at a given value of R₀ is 3 dB greater for the OOK channel than for the antipodal channel. However, it is shown that, if the definition of cutoff rate is generalized in an appropriate way to reflect the fact that signal energy is expended only in the transmission of marks, part of this penalty is recovered. In fact, it is shown that, in the limit of low R₀, there is no penalty in signal-to-noise ratio. Even at rates of realistic interest, the penalty is significantly less than the expected 3 dB     

A subspace theory for differential chaos-shift keying

In this brief, we introduce a subspace theory for differential chaos-shift keying (DCSK) systems. We show that DCSK systems operate by transmission of chaotic signals residing in a low-dimensional subspace. The subspace formalism of DCSK schemes leads to the derivation of useful subspace detectors that can be applied to decode the DCSK signal for various types of channels. Closed form expressions for the bit error rate is derived for an M-ary FM-version of DCSK, under the assumption of orthogonal subspace generating vectors. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the proposed subspace detector in general outperforms the conventional correlation detector for DCSK.     

Rotative quadrature phase-shift keying

A rotative quadrature phase-shift keying (RQPSK) modulation scheme is proposed. By rotating the QPSK signal constellation by pi /2 either clockwise or anticlockwise during a symbol duration, the conventional QPSK scheme can be modified to transmit 3 bits per symbol to achieve both power and bandwidth efficiency.<>     

Adaptive trellis-coded multiple-phase-shift keying for Rayleighfading channels

An adaptive scheme for trellis-coded modulation of MPSK signals, called adaptive trellis-coded multiple-phase-shift keying (ATCMPSK), is proposed for slowly Rayleigh fading channels. The adaptive scheme employs a slightly modified rate 1/2 convolutional encoder and the corresponding Viterbi decoder to realize a family of codes of different rates which are employed according to channel conditions. During poor channel conditions, trellis-coded QPSK (TCQPSK) together with repetition schemes are employed. As channel conditions improve, higher rate schemes such as trellis-coded 16 PSK are used. An interleaving/deinterleaving method suitable for the adaptive scheme is proposed. Theoretical bounds for the error performance and an exact expression for the throughput of the proposed adaptive scheme are derived, and are compared against simulation results. Simulations have been performed to measure the performance of the scheme for different parameters and some nonideal conditions. It is shown that ATCMPSK results in considerable improvement in bit-error-rate (BER) performance of MPSK signals. Under ideal conditions, gains in the range of 3-20 dB are achieved over conventional fixed rate pragmatic trellis-coded schemes     

Multifrequency minimum shift keying

A new modulation scheme that produces a constant envelope continuous phase signal set with a compact power spectrum and power efficiency better than that of MSK is proposed. The scheme can be implemented by quadrature-carrier multiplexing of two frequency/phase modulated signals of the type NFSK/2PSK, both with the same frequency in each transmission interval, and with sinusoidal symbol shapes. The generated signal can be viewed in each transmission interval as an MSK signal at one of the N frequencies and is referred to as multifrequency minimum shift keying (MF MSK). Modulation, demodulation, and synchronization circuits are described, and the spectral properties and power efficiency on the AWGN channel are analyzed. Combining a number of attractive attributes such as constant envelope, excellent spectral properties, high power efficiency, and self-synchronization capability, the proposed modulation format lends itself to a variety of applications, one of them being the digital satellite link     

Reconfigurable multilevel phase-shift keying encoder-decoder for all-optical networks

We demonstrate the application of a uniform Bragg grating as a dynamically reconfigurable phase encoder-decoder for optical systems. Precise discrete phase modulation between chips is obtained simply by heating segments along the grating with fine resistive wires. Its reliability to generate and recognize various phase code sequences is demonstrated in a 16-chip 20-Gchip/s quaternary phase-shift keying coherent optical code-division multiple access experiment. The bit-error-rate response is also included to highlight its performance.     

Trellis-coded complementary code keying for high-rate wireless LANsystems

In high-rate wireless LAN, complementary code keying (CCK) is adopted in the IEEE 802.11b standard to support data rates up to 11 Mbps, much higher than the 2-Mbps data rate in the previous wireless LAN standard. Due to less-than-ideal characteristics of the CCK codewords, the CCK performs quite poorly in large-delay-spread multipath channels. In this paper, a new modulation scheme that combines the trellis coding with the CCK modulation is proposed. This scheme is shown, through simulation, to achieve much better error rate performance in medium-to-large channel delay spread environments     

Unconventional cryptographic keying variable management

We present three unconventional approaches to keying variable management. The first approach is based on using a public key cryptosystem (PKC) that is breakable in short, but on average less, time than it takes to set up an ultrawide bandwidth modem that is then used to transport a keying variable for a classical cryptosystem. The second concept proposes using the characteristics of an urban UHF radio channel, determined by mutual sounding, as the cryptovariable. The third concept encourages research into ill-conditioned problems as potentially fruitful ground for PKCs not based on finite field arithmetic     

Multilevel differential polarization shift keying

We analyze the performance of coherent optical communication systems which employ polarization shift keying (PolSK) modulation, introducing for the first time the requirements for multilevel, differential PolSK. For M-ary signal constellations with M>2, the three-dimensional (3-D) nature of the signal constellations within Stokes space requires the use of double-differential modulation and detection (M-DDPolSK). Coding constraints on the signals place an additional restriction on such systems. We present detailed analysis and simulations for a 6-DDPolSK modulation scheme in which the signal points are located at the vertices of an octahedron in Stokes space     

Automatic decision threshold level control in direct-sequencespread-spectrum systems

An algorithm for automatic decision threshold-level control in direct-sequence spread-spectrum systems is presented and analyzed. Using this algorithm, instantaneous setting of the threshold is possible. An additional loop called a threshold loop is used to improve the system performance. This loop is based on a constant false alarm rate (CFAR) criterion. The purpose of the algorithm is to set a decision threshold in the system which will provide a small probability of false alarm (P₃→0) and a large probability of signal detection (P_d→1) at the same time. The analysis has shown that the threshold probability distribution function (PDF) is narrower (equaling better performance) in the case of the CFAR algorithm, but this comes at the cost of a considerably larger integration time for the system (the system time response is slower). As a compromise, the instantaneous algorithm is modified so that k successive samples of the signal are used to determine the value of the threshold. This permits better control of the shape and position of the threshold PDF with respect to the P₃ and P _d curves. At the same time, the time response of the system is good and can be easily controlled     

Synchronization of quadrature-quadrature phase-shift keying signals

The key synchronization aspects in the system design of a QQPSK (quadrature-quadrature phase-shift-keying) modem are addressed. The sensitivity of the data demodulator to synchronization errors is discussed, and contextually the performances of some IF and baseband carrier phase and symbol timing recovery schemes are evaluated both theoretically and by computer simulations. In particular, a fourth-power IF carrier/clock regenerator and two baseband clock recovery schemes, with and without the aid of data decisions, respectively, are taken into account. The analysis shows on the one hand the substantial robustness of QQPSK to carrier phase errors and the adequacy of the examined carrier extraction scheme. On the other hand, the remarkable sensitivity of QQPSK to symbol timing inaccuracy is stressed and the need to resort to the newly proposed decision-aided baseband clock recovery scheme is pointed out     

语言辨识系统的决策级融合研究

文中利用不同参数提取方法对语言辨识系统决策级融合进行了研究。文中给出4种融合方式，实验系统采用了GMM—UBM模型，利用OGI—TS多语种电话语音语料库，对决策级融合性能进行了评估。实验表明，利用决策级融合技术，选择最佳融合方式，可以很好地改善语言辨识率。     

Combined frequency and phase-shift keying

In previous letters, the constraints necessary for the elimination of i.s.i. in both binary and multilevel f.s.k. were discussed. It is now shown that a system with simultaneous phase and frequency modulation is possible, both modulations being detected with zero i.s.i. In terms of energy per bit required at the receiver input for a given error rate, a 4-phase 2-frequency system is shown to be superior to an equivalent 8-state multiphase or combined phase/amplitude system.     

Handover keying and its uses

Mobile nodes must authenticate themselves in order to use network services. When mobile nodes roam into a new cell, they must re-authenticate to the new layer 2 and 3 devices. This re-authentication process can take as long as two seconds, which is unacceptable for applications such as voice over IP. In this article we present several recently developed authentication protocols that can reduce the reauthentication delay. Both intra-domain and inter-domain handover scenarios are discussed. We mainly focus on two protocols ? 802.11r and EAP Re-authentication Protocol for handover keying. These two protocols use security key hierarchies to avoid full authentication. An application of these protocols is presented for the control and provisioning of a wireless access-point network.     

可见光通信色移键控星座设计方法研究

本文提出一种基于色移键控(CSK)调制兼容照明的可见光通信(VLC)系统星座图设计方法,可实现多色光源在通信的同时保证色度和视觉亮度稳定.基于国际照明委员会(CIE)1931 XYZ色度系统,本文给出了色度和亮度约束在CSK星座布局优化问题的数学表达式.进一步的本文提出采用数值优化中的内点法对该问题进行求解.由于内点法...     

Error-control properties of minimum shift keying

A phase representation of minimum shift keying (MSK), which is a general framework suitable for use with other continuous phase modulation (CPM) schemes, is discussed. The representation is used to show that MSK can be viewed as a coded-modulation scheme with an expanded signal set using Ungerboeck's set partitioning concept (see IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol.IT-28, no.1, p.55-67, 1982). The properties which follow from this view of MSK are explored. The uniqueness of the representation of MSK as a coded-modulation scheme and the structural relationships between different versions of MSK are described     

A differentially coherent receiver for minimum shift keying signal

The author extends to the case of minimum-shift-keying (MSK) modulation the differentially coherent reception theory established for phase-shift-keying modulation. A novel differentially coherent detector for MSK is thus derived. The receiver filter is equivalent to the cascade of a matched filter and an equalizer in order to suppress inherent intersymbol interference. It is shown that performance can be improved when the delay between signals, multiplied by the differential detector, is increased from one to M bit time intervals. This decreases the effect of noise correlation and, thus, the bit error probability. The bit error probability of the proposed receiver is calculated. It is found that almost all potential improvement due to the delay M is obtained with M=3     

Theory of polarization shift keying modulation

A rigorous analysis of digital coherent optical modulation schemes using the state of polarization as the modulating parameter is presented. The analysis obtains the exact performance of all the polarization-based modulation schemes proposed in the literature so far, including a differential demodulation scheme, named DPOLSK, which does not require either electrooptic or electronic polarization tracking. Preliminary results involving multilevel transmission schemes based on the state of polarization are introduced. A spectral analysis of POLSK signals is also proposed