肉丸的食用品质特性研究

用猪、牛肉（各５０％）为原料,通过添加不同的配料生产肉丸子,并用仪器对各组肉丸的品质特性进行客观评价。结果表明：１滋嫩度：Ｂ组、Ｃ组优于对照组和Ａ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）,Ａ组优于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）;２色泽：对照组、Ａ组的色泽略深于Ｂ组、Ｃ组（Ｐ＞０．０５）;３感官评定：各组综合评分结果为良好,其中Ｂ组的香味、口感等食用性能最佳。说明适量添加淀粉、肥膘等于肉丸中,能改善其食用性能;猪、牛肉混合生产的肉丸子,其食用特性优于牛肉丸子。     

Influence of malaxation conditions on characteristic qualities of olive oil

While there has been considerable work examining the effect of extraction methods and malaxation conditions on different characteristics of olive oils, there have been few that deal with all the major aspects. Here we have evaluated three different extraction techniques and the influence of time and temperature during malaxation using a major Italian (cv. Coratina) and the main Cretan (cv. Koroneiki) cultivars. Standard characteristics were measured as well as detailed analyses of alcohols, steroids and phenolics were conducted. Quality was also assessed by Panel tests. The main variables were the total amount and composition of the phenolics. In turn, this influenced the oxidative stability and sensory quality. It was also clear that the cultivars behaved differently and this prevented general conclusions being made for all of the quality characteristics.     

发酵香肠理化特性和感官质量相关性研究

对市售26种发酵香肠的理化特性和感官指标及相互间相关关系进行了研究。通过酸价、酸度、过氧化值、游离脂肪酸、pH值、挥发性盐基氮、水分含量、脂肪含量、直径与感官质量评测发现，市售各品种发酵香肠理化特性与感官质量指标存在较大差异，理化特性和感官质量的相关性研究表明，水分含量，酸价，游离脂肪酸，pH值等应作为发酵香肠品质设计、管理的必要理化指标。     

牛肉真空滚揉条件对白卤牛肉品质和出成率的影响

为探讨真空滚揉技术在卤牛肉加工中的应用,论文分析了牛肉真空滚揉时真空度、转速、滚揉时间、载荷量、原料初始温度和静腌时间对白卤牛肉主要成分、感官品质、色度、质构特性及出成率的影响。将初始温度为0～5℃的牛肉、3.3%食盐和0.1%花椒放入滚揉器中,载荷量60%,真空度6 kPa,4 r/min滚揉15 min,静置10 min;加入1.3%洋葱汁、1.2%香芹汁、2.5%胡萝卜汁和1.8%二锅头,重复滚揉1次;出料后0～5℃静腌12h。采用上述操作条件腌制的牛肉加工的白卤牛肉的品质和出成率均较高。     

Cocoa substitute: Evaluation of sensory qualities and flavour stability

In the past few years, the price of cocoa has climbed very rapidly, so there is increasing incentive in food industry to find a real cocoa substitute. A mixture of milled chicory roots and carob pods (1:2, w/w) was used for preparation of real cocoa substitute via Maillard technology. Comparative studies concerning sensory characteristics and headspace volatiles were carried out between the real cocoa and prepared cocoa substitute. The sensory evaluation revealed high quality of the cocoa substitute sample in comparison with the real cocoa sample. The comparative odour profile analysis showed that the cocoa-like and sweetish/caramel attributes scored higher in cocoa sample than in cocoa substitute sample, whereas the roasty/earthy attributes showed an opposite trend. The chocolate attribute exhibited the same quality in both samples. The storage of the cocoa substitute sample for 6 months gave rise to an increase in the chocolate attribute. The other attributes showed opposite behaviour. The headspace volatiles of both real cocoa and cocoa substitute were isolated and subjected to gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometric (GC–MS) analysis. Most of the volatile compounds identified in real cocoa especially the key odorants were represented in the cocoa substitute sample. The two compounds, 2-phenyl-2-butenal and 5-methyl-2-phenyl-2-hex-2-enals, that are important contributors to chocolate aroma, showed noticeable increase after storage of cocoa substitute sample for 6 months.     

密封带在真空洗浆机中的应用

国内传统的真空洗浆机洗鼓与水腿之间通过分配头来连接,在使用过程中经常会发生漏气现象,而且维修也不方便。镇江金河纸业有限公司于1996年引进美国IMPCO公司的50m2CORU-DEK四型真空洗浆机,不仅能改善浆的洗涤效果,提高黑液提取率,减少流失,而且在真空系统中使用了新的部件——密封带。密封带不仅更换和维修方便,而且密封性能也相当好。在不采用强制真空的情况下,能达到比较高的真空度,洗浆质量也能得到保证。     

Effect of olive collection regime on olive oil quality

The titratable acidity and the peroxide value of olive oil extracted from olives harvested by shaking the trees over subtented nets increase rapidly as the residence of the fruit on the nets is prolonged. It is recommended that the extraction of the oil from the fruits is not delayed for longer than 2 to 3 weeks.     

Relations between compositional traits and sensory qualities of French dry-cured ham

The left hams of 20 pig carcasses were processed by dry-curing for either 179 (n = 10) or 273 days (n = 10). The Biceps femoris was taken at the end of the processing and submitted to chemical and sensory analyses. The following chemical traits were determined: pH, moisture, salt content, fatty acid content and composition of lipid classes (triglycerides, phospholipids, free fatty acids), nitrogen fractions (soluble and insoluble protein, non-protein nitrogen, free amino acids) and volatile compounds. Sensory analysis was performed by a panel of 12 trained members, who scored texture traits (firmness, dryness, fibrousness, mellowness), taste (salty, acid), intensity of aromas (typical of dry ham, fresh meat, fat, cured meat, rancid, metal), persistence of dry ham aroma, persistence of taste after deglutition, persistence of astringency, persistence of metallic taste. The sensory qualities of dry-cured ham showed noticeable changes between days 179 and 273. Firmness, dryness and intensities of aromas typical of dry-cured ham and cured meat were enhanced with time. Neither pH, moisture nor salt content played a noticeable role in determining the sensory quality of dry-cured ham. Among the volatile compounds, the levels of several ketones and 1-butanol were significantly correlated with the aromas of dry ham and cured meat, while rancid aroma was related to aldehydes, ethylacetate, 2,3-pentanedione and nonane. Therefore, the aromas of dry ham and cured meat appeared to be determined mainly by the products of lipid oxidation. However, they were related also to unidentified volatile compounds, whose identification would be of particular interest.     

真空干燥-常压缓苏后稻米品质指标的相关性研究

以不同干燥温度、相对真空度为因素对稻谷进行真空干燥-常压缓苏实验,研究其干燥后稻米爆腰增率、整精米率及蒸煮质构品质变化,分析其相关性,并通过扫描电镜观察不同干燥条件对稻谷籽粒显微形态的影响。结果表明:干燥温度和真空度对稻谷干燥后爆腰增率及整精米率影响极显著(p0.01)。干燥温度、真空度且二者交互作用对米饭质构特性有极显著影响(p0.01)。经过对稻谷干燥后各品质相关性分析,得出稻谷爆腰增率与其蒸煮硬度、胶黏性及胶着性呈极显著的正相关性(p0.01),稻谷整精米率与硬度、胶黏性、胶着性呈极显著负相关性(p0.01),且二者均与弹性、咀嚼性及内聚性没有相关性。干燥温度越高,相对真空度越大,干燥速率越大,淀粉粒与蛋白质的结合度越小,结构越稀松,干燥裂纹越粗大,数量越多。     

Influence of filtration on volatile compounds and sensory profile of virgin olive oils

The influence of filtration through a hydrophilic cotton layer on volatile compounds, sensory characteristics and colour of two monovarietal oils was investigated in this study. Volatiles were evaluated using headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography. After the filtration of Bu?a oils only a slight increase in total alcohols was noticed. In filtered ?rna oils a significant decrease of total alcohols and slight changes in total aldehydes, total ketones and total C5 volatile compounds concentration were detected. No significant influence on the sensory scores of oils, but some slight changes in sensorial profiles were noted (slightly higher intensities of sensory characteristics apple and grass, and higher values of the lightness L^∗ in filtered samples). The results point to unequal filtration impact on different monovarietal oils and could be useful in developing targeted technologies for specific monovarietal oils quality improvement.     

Effect of crushing on olive paste and virgin olive oil minor components

The present study focuses on the influence of the olive crushing technique on the minor composition of olive pastes and their corresponding virgin olive oils since these compounds are strongly related to their quality and characteristics. Two different cultivars, Arbequina and Cornicabra—known for their different minor component composition—were processed at laboratory scale using hammer mills at various breakage forces and grid hole diameters, a blade cutter and a mortar. Crushing and kneading produce a profound change in the composition of the phenolic compounds in the olive paste and in the final oil. Hydroxytyrosol derivatives in virgin olive oil were most affected by the crushing conditions. The stronger the crushing conditions (i.e. hammer crushers using smaller grid holes and a higher rotation speed), the higher the phenolic content in both olive paste and oil in both varieties. Interestingly, the effect on volatile compounds of milder or stronger crushing conditions was opposite to that described for the phenolic compounds.     

海藻糖对面包品质的影响

该文研究了海藻糖对面包品质的影响。通过对面包成品的感官、比容、硬度等指标的分析,发现海藻糖可以在一定程度上增大面包的比容,改善面包品质;面包贮藏实验表明海藻糖有延长面包保鲜期的功效。     

Effects of glutinous rice flour on the physiochemical and sensory qualities of ground pork patties

The study investigated the effects of glutinous rice flour (GRF) on the quality of ground pork patties. Ground pork patties with 3% of GRF showed better quality compared to addition of 1% and 5% of GRF. Addition of 3% GRF was further compared with 0.5% carrageenan, 3% soy protein isolate, 3% corn starch and 3% potato starch in ground pork patties. The cooking yield in GRF group was significantly higher than that of other treatments due to the increase in moisture and fat retentions (P < 0.05). Comparing with other groups, GRF showed lower texture profile values for hardness and chewiness (P < 0.05). The ground pork patties with GRF were juicier, more tender and showed better flavor and overall acceptability compared to control and the treatments with other additives (P < 0.05). The results indicate that GRF could be an effective functional ingredient in ground pork patties.     

Changes in qualities of minimally processed litchis: Effect of antibrowning agents, osmo-vacuum drying and moderate vacuum packaging

Litchi fruits (litchis) are highly susceptible to pericarp browning which lowers their commercial value even though the edible portion (aril) remains in excellent condition. Therefore, minimal processing of litchis was carried out. Litchis were peeled, destoned, and arils were treated with antibrowning agents (4.9 g/kg cysteine, 20 g/kg ascorbic acid and 0.134 g/kg 4-hexyl resorcinol) along with osmo-vacuum dehydration (OVD) (502 g/kg sucrose syrup for 10 min at 570 mmHg vacuum followed by a relaxation of 10 min at atmospheric pressure) and stored at 4±2 °C. The samples were analyzed for physicochemical, sensory and microbiological qualities during storage. Changes were found to become significant (P?0.05) after 4 days of storage. During storage for 24 days, a decrease in pH, TSS (°brix), sugars (g/kg), ascorbic acid (g/kg), total phenolics (g/kg), firmness (N), color (L^* value) and sensory characteristics was observed whereas an increase in microbial counts (log cfu/g), acidity (g/kg) and drip losses (ml/kg) was observed. The combined treatment of litchis with antibrowning agents and osmo-vacuum dehydration treatment were found to be most effective in preventing the changes and the samples were acceptable (sensory score >7.0) upto 24 days, whereas the samples given only OVD treatment lost acceptability due to poor color after 16 days as compared to 8 days for the control samples (dipped in water for 10 min) during refrigerated storage.     

真空回潮工序对造纸法再造烟叶的质量影响

采用对比方式,分析造纸法再造烟叶经真空回潮处理前后的感官质量、加工质量以及掺配成品烟支的烟丝结构、物理指标、化学指标、感官质量的变化趋势.结果表明:经真空回潮处理后的造纸法再造烟叶吸食品质稍有提升,但香味物质损失较大;经过真空回潮处理的再造烟叶对成品卷烟烟丝结构、理化指标和感官质量的影响不明显.     

原料品种和制浆方法对枣酒多酚含量和感官品质的影响

为了探讨枣品种和制浆方法对枣酒多酚含量以及感官品质的影响,在固定基本发酵工艺和配方的前提下,以7种红枣、2种制浆方法进行枣酒酿制,分析多酚含量和感官指标,研究原料和制浆方法对枣酒多酚含量及感官品质的影响。陕西陕北狗头枣、山东日照枣、山西太行山枣、山西柳林摊枣、河南灵宝枣、河北金丝小枣和新疆和田枣所酿枣酒的多酚含量和感官评分依次平行降低;低温烘干粉碎后调浆比直接打浆明显有利于提高枣酒的多酚含量和感官品质。结果表明,原料选择和制浆方法对枣酒多酚含量和感官品质具有不容忽视的影响;枣酒多酚含量与感官品质显著正相关。     

米粉种类及添加量对蛋糕品质的影响

以籼米、粳米、糯米为原料,用一定比例的米粉替代面粉制作蛋糕.采用感官、质构、比容等指标评价米粉种类及添加量对蛋糕品质的影响,建立米粉物性指标与蛋糕品质指标间的相关性.结果表明,米粉的种类及添加量对蛋糕的感官、质构、比容等均有显著性影响;米粉物性指标与蛋糕品质指标间均有一定相关性,其中蛋糕的口感、弹性分别与米粉添加量呈极显著负相关(-0.910)与极显著相关(0.811);蛋糕比容分别与米粉水分含量、脂肪含量均呈极显著正相关(0.823、0.764);回归分析得蛋糕感官总分的回归方程为:Y感官总分=1.63+0.990X蛋糕口感+1.646X米粉添加量-8.058X米粉水分含量+0.136X蛋糕外观-0.23X蛋糕比容.