Kinetic Equation for Internal Oxidation of Cu-Al Alloy Spheres

The kinetics of internal oxidation of Cu-Al alloy spheres, containing up to 2.214% mole fraction Al was investigated in the temperature range 1 023 K to 1 273 K, and the depth of internal oxidation was measured in the microscopy. A kinetic equation was derived to describe the internal oxidation of Cu-A1 alloy spheres, which was checked experimentally by means of oxidation depth measurements. The results show that the derived equation is exact enough to describe the kinetics of internal oxidation of Cu-Al alloy spheres. Based on this equation and the oxidation depth measurements, the permeability of oxygen in solid copper has been obtained. Investigation also shows that in the process of internal oxidation, there is no evidence for preferential diffusion along grain boundaries.     

Kinetics of Internal Oxidation of Cu-Al Alloy Plate

The kinetics of internal oxidation of dilute Cu-Al alloys, containing up to 2.214% molar fraction Al, was investigated over the temperature range of 1023K to 1273K, and the depth of internal oxidation was measured by microscopies. A modified rate equation was derived to describe the kinetics of internal oxidation of Cu- Al alloy plate. Based on the derived equation, the permeability of oxygen in solid copper was obtained from the internal oxidation measurements. The experimental results show that the depth of the internal oxidation is a parabolic function of time, there is no evidence for preferential diffusion along grain boundaries and an outer layer of pure copper was formed on the external surface of samples.     

铜铝合金的氧化分析

研究了铜铝合金内氧化与外氧化的条件，提出了氧化层厚度的动力学模型，研究表明，内氧化过程主要受氧在内氧化层中的扩散系数、氧在金融表面的浓度以及合金溶质含量的影响，外氧化可以通过控制温度和氧分压进行抑制。     

K444铸造镍基高温合金的高温氧化行为

为了研究燃气轮机叶片材料K444铸造镍基高温合金的高温氧化性能,研究了K444铸造镍基高温合金800℃及850℃恒温氧化动力学及氧化机制.采用x射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜及能谱仪分析了K444合金氧化产物、氧化膜形貌及成分.结果表明：在实验条件下K444合金氧化动力学遵循抛物线规律.在高温氧化期间,K444合金表面氧化膜无明显剥落.氧化膜主要由Cr₂O₃组成,含有少量的NiCr₂O₄及TiO₂.氧化膜呈多层结构：外层较薄,膜质疏松,孔隙较多,是以TiO₂为主的不连续氧化物膜层;中间层是以Cr₂O₃为主的连续致密保护性氧化物膜层,其中含有少量的NiCr₂O₄及TiO₂;内氧化层以Al₂O₃为主.     

Limitation of the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami equation for the kinetic analysis of crystallization in a Ti-based amorphous alloy

The primary crystallization of the Ti40Zr25Ni8Cu9Be18 amorphous alloy was studied by isochronal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The activation energy was determined by the Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose method. Trying to analyze the crystallization kinetics of the Ti40Zr25Ni8Cu9Bei8 amorphous alloy by two different methods, it was found that the crystallization kinetics did not obey the John-son-Meh1-Avrami equation. A modified method in consideration of the impingement effect was proposed to perform kinetic analysis of the isochronal crystallization of this alloy. The kinetic parameters were then obtained by the linear fitting method based on the modified kinetic equation. The results show that the isochronal crystallization kinetics of the amorphous Ti40Zr25Ni8Cu9Be18 alloy is heating rate dependent, and the discrepancy between the Johnson-Meh1-Avrami method and the modified method increases with the increase of heating rate.     

Kinetics and mechanism of the adsorption of methylene blue onto ACFs

The kinetics and mechanism of methylene blue (MB) adsorption onto activated carbon fibers (ACFs) have been studied.The effects of various experimental parameters, such as the initial MB concentration and the ACF mass, on the adsorption rate were investigated. Equilibrium data were fit well by a Freundlich isotherm equation. Adsorption measurements show that the process is very fast. The adsorption data were modeled using first- and second-order kinetic equations and intra-particle diffusion models. It was found that the first-order kinetic equation could best describe the adsorption kinetics. The adsorption process was found to be complex and controlled by both surface and pore diffusion with surface diffusion at the earlier stages, followed by pore diffusion at the later stages. The thermodynamic parameters △G0, △S0 and △H0, have been calculated. The thermodynamics of the MB-ACF system indicate that the adsorption process is spontaneous.     

Cu－Al粉末烧结合金内氧化研究

用高纯氮气体做介质对Ｃｕ－０．７５％Ａｌ粉末烧结合金进行内氧化处理，用Ｘ－ｒａｙ衍射，ＳＥＭ，ＴＥＭ等分析技术进行研究，结果表明：内氧化物由多相组成，晶内弥散分布的α－Ａｌ＿２Ｏ＿３质点呈球形析出长大；内氧化层中［Ａｌ］，［Ｏ］原子浓度规律分布，反应界面前沿存在［Ａｌ］，［Ｏ］原子浓度的非平衡区，内氧化过程，氧以晶界扩散和体扩散为主，氧化物质点周围Ｃｕ基体的塑性变形，增加了氧原子按位错扩散机制运动的几率；Ｃｕ原子受挤压发生短路迁移充填了邻近区域的空位和晶界缺陷，增加了粉末烧结合金的致密度．     

丙烯腈催化水合制丙烯酰胺的反应动力学

研究了以胶体铜为催化剂，丙烯腈水合制丙烯酰胺反应动力学。实验表明，吸附、表面反应、解析，在反应过程中占有重要地位，属子多相催化反应动力学。若以吸附在铜颗粒表面的丙烯腈与液相中的水之间的反应为控制步骤，导出的化学反应动力学方程与实验结果较好的一致，在实验温度４０℃～９０℃范围内，求得活化能Ｅｏ＝１３．１４ＫＪ·ｍｏｌ－１。     

不同放电深度下LaNi3.8Co0.6Mn0.3Al0.3合金的电化学行为研究

为了分析储氢合金放电过程中的电化学反应与动力学变化规律,采用电化学交流阻抗分析方法研究 La-Ni3.8Co0.6Mn0.3Al0.3合金电极在不同放电深度下的电化学行为.结果表明:随着放电深度的增加,电极表面活性氢覆盖面积S 及内部金属颗粒间接触电阻Rpp逐渐降低,即电极的导电性增加;此外,交换电流密度Io也随放电深度增加而增大,意味着电极表面反应速率加快,同时氢扩散系数 DH 明显降低;合金电极动力学在放电前期主要由电极表面反应速率控制,后期由电极中氢原子在合金颗粒内部的氢扩散系数控制.     

环氧树脂体系固化反应动力学特征

采用非等温差式扫描量热方法(DSC)对双酚A型环氧树脂(E-51)与日本TAF环氧沥青(J-2)固化剂的固化反应动力学特征进行了研究.根据不同升温速率下环氧树脂体系固化反应的DSC曲线特征,通过n级自催化反应模型,求解出固化反应动力学参数,进而得到其固化反应动力学方程,探讨其固化反应机理.试验结果表明,通过固化反应动力学模型所得到的曲线与试验得到的DSC曲线吻合较好,所确立的模型在5～25 K/min的升温速率下能较好地描述环氧树脂体系固化反应过程,为研究环氧沥青固化机理提供理论基础,有利于制定和完善环氧沥青合理的固化工艺.     

Oxidation kinetics regularity in spontaneous combustion of gas coal

In order to investigate the oxidation kinetics of gas coal at low temperatures, we derived a rate equation of oxygen consumption during low-temperature oxidation of gas coal and deduced an E-c equation, expressing the relation between active energy E and oxygen concentration c. The reaction order n and active energy E were calculated with this equation based on experiments of static oxygen consumption tests. In addition, we proved the rationality of the E-c equation using a kinetic compensation effect and obtained the isokinetic temperature Tc. The results show that: 1) the gas coal oxidizes easily with increasing temperature and the oxidation tends to be spontaneous at higher temperatures; 2) the oxygen concentration c affects oxygen consumption very much at lower temperatures but has only a small effect at higher temperatures; 3) the isokinetic temperature Tc was 127 ℃ which has been experimentally validated as the key turning point during low-temperature spontaneous combustion of gas coal.     

Influence of nano-scaled dispersed second phase on substructure of deformed dispersion strengthened copper alloy

The deformation behavior of dispersion strengthened copper alloy Cu-Al2O3 was studied by TEM. The results show that nano-scaled dispersed second phase not only increases dislocation density in matrix, but also has an important influence on the dislocation substructure. The presence of fine dispersed Al2 O3 particles results in a uniform and random dislocation distribution in matrix copper and causes the difficulty in formation of dislocation cell structure and the decrease in the amount of cell structure during deformation. Deformation gives rise to much more dislocations and dislocation cells form more difficultly and the decrease in the cell size with the increase of dispersion degree.     

铜铝合金内氧化组织特征的研究

采用包埋法、气体法对不同铝含量的铜铝合金内氧化的组织形貌进行了研究。结果表明，内氧化层的组织形貌主要取决于铝含量。但工艺条件（介质、温度、时间）也有一定的影响。内氧化物的粗化和形态的转变是基体固溶态铝向内氧化层发生了较强逆扩散引起的；内氧化层中铝、氧分布的不均匀性是氧梯度变化与铝逆扩散相互作用的结果。     

用高锰酸钾去除松花江水中微量苯酚的动力学及其机理

本文通过实验研究了高锰酸钾去除松花江水中微量苯酚的动力学规律及其效果,建立了水处理条件下高锰酸钾氧化苯酚的表观动力学方程并预测了氧化机理。结果表明,用高锰酸钾氧化除酚,不仅是热力学有利的,而且在动力学上也是可行的。     

基于不可逆热力学的形状记忆合金相变塑性统一本构模型研究

为了获得能够描述形状记忆NiTi合金相变和塑性行为的本构关系,基于不可逆热力学,假设两个内变量,分别推导了相变演化规律和塑性演化规律,以及NiTi合金本构模型的主控方程。将导出的本构方程写成一维的增量形式,编制FORTRAN程序,将本构模型进行了程序实现。结合单轴加载的实验曲线、非线性拟合的方法确定该本构模型的相关参数。比较实验结果,验证了该本构模型的合理性。该模型能很好地描述随着载荷不断增加,NiTi合金表现出的母相弹性、马氏体相变、马氏体弹性以及马氏体塑性流动行为,同时,对于应变率效应也能够较为理想地描述。所建立宏观唯象本构模型,参数易确定,为NiTi合金在更加苛刻、极端的环境下的工程应用打下基础。     

Hydrogen absorption behavior of TA15 alloy

The hydrogen absorption kinetics of TA15 titanium alloy at 973-1123 K was studied using a tube-type hydrogen treatment furnace. The hydrogen absorption kinetic curves obtained were analyzed according to a series of mechanism equations to reveal the kinetic parameters and mechanism of the hydrogen absorption process. The results show that both the hydrogen absorption rate and the equilibrium hydrogen pressure increase and the time to reach equilibrium is shortened with increasing temperature. It is found tha...     

不同含量的活性元素钇对K38高温合金1000℃氧化行为的影响

研究添加不同含量活性元素钇（Y）的K38铸造高温合金在1 000℃的氧化行为.结果表明：不添加活性元素Y合金的氧化质量增加明显高于含Y合金.不添加Y的合金和添加0.05%（质量分数,以下同）Y的合金发生了内氧化,内氧化物为Al2O3和TiN.而含0.1%和0.5%Y的合金没有内氧化发生,Y促进了Al的选择性氧化.当Y含量达0.5%时,合金中析出富Y相,降低了合金的氧化抗力.     

超临界水氧化甲醇的动力学模型

为了研究超临界水氧化有机污染物的反应动力学，采用甲醇作为超临界水氧化的研究对象，根据超临界水氧化甲醇的反应机理，运用质量守恒原理和似稳态假定，建立超临界水氧化甲醇的动力学模型。用实验数据关联动力学模型，得出超临界水氧化甲醇的反应速率常数，再用建立的动力学模型计算出甲醇的转化率和甲醛、CO和CO2的产率，并与实验值进行比较。结果表明，计算值与实验数据能较好地吻合。     

Al涂层对Ni基合金高温氧化性能的影响

为了研究Al涂层对Ni基合金高温氧化性能及氧化机理的影响,采用磁控溅射方法在Ni基合金表面制备了Al涂层,在600℃下对涂层进行了真空扩散退火和预氧化处理,并研究了涂层在1 100℃下的高温氧化性能.利用扫描电子显微镜和能谱仪分析了氧化膜的截面形貌及组成.结果表明,Ni基合金氧化动力学曲线近似服从抛物线规律,且合金的氧化增重最大.经过1 100℃高温氧化后,Ni基合金表面形成三层氧化膜,外层为Ni O、Cr_2O_3、Al_2O_3的混合氧化物和少量尖晶石氧化物,中间层主要为Ni的氧化物,内层为Al_2O_3.Al涂层试样的氧化增重相对较小,表明Al涂层在一定程度上提高了Ni基合金的抗氧化性能.     

Leaching kinetics of low-grade copper ore with high-alkality gangues in ammonia-ammonium sulphate solution

The leaching kinetics of low-grade copper ore with high-alkality gangues was studied in ammonia-ammonium sulphate solution. The main parameters, such as ammonia and ammonium sulphate concentrations, particle size, solid-to-liquid ratio and reaction temperature, were chosen in the experiments. The results show that the increase of temperature, concentrations of ammonia and ammonium sulphate is propitious to the leaching rate of copper ore. The leaching rate increases with the decrease of particle size and solid-to-liquid ratio. The leaching rate is controlled by the diffusion through the ash layer and the activation energy is determined to be 25.54 kJ/mol. A semi-empirical equation was proposed to describe the leaching kinetics.