不同树莓品种冻藏品质变化及适宜冻藏品种筛选

针对8个树莓品种冻藏后贮藏品质变化进行研究,并筛选出适宜冻藏的品种。结果表明:树莓鲜果细胞膜紧贴细胞壁,速冻后胞内失水,细胞膜萎缩,细胞膜与细胞壁分离;在-18℃条件下,随着贮藏时间延长,细胞膜渗透率、汁液流失率升高;硬度下降;可溶性固形物在整个贮藏期中变化都不大;贮藏前30d,总酚和花色苷含量下降较快,贮藏30~120d,总酚和花色苷含量下降缓慢。其中米克、美国22号、胜利在冻藏后能保持较高的细胞完整性,可溶性固形物、花色苷和总酚的保持率均有较好表现,汁液流失率变化较小,为适宜加工速冻树莓的品种。     

速冻方式对杏鲍菇品质特性的影响

为评价速冻杏鲍菇的品质特性,试验研究了不同速冻方式对杏鲍菇冻结和冻藏过程中品质特性的影响。结果表明:-40℃静止空气冻结、-60℃静止空气冻结和液氮浸渍冻结的杏鲍菇汁液流失率分别为3.43%, 0.54%和18.57%(p0.05),总色差分别为4.78, 2.79和4.39 (p0.05)。说明速冻方式对速冻过程中杏鲍菇品质影响显著,-60℃静止空气冻结更有利于保持杏鲍菇品质。另外对比冻藏期内三种速冻方式加工杏鲍菇的汁液流失率、色泽、总糖含量后发现,在-18℃冻藏条件下,速冻方式对长冻藏期内杏鲍菇的品质影响较小。     

不同预处理方式对冻藏草莓品质的影响

为了解决速冻草莓在贮藏过程中品质快速下降的问题,采用糖溶液和氯化钙溶液对其进行处理,以改善其冻藏品质。以VC、汁液流失率、电导率、硬度、可溶性固形物和总酸含量为评价指标,考察不同预处理后在－18 ℃条件下冻藏0.5、1.0、2.0、3.0、4.0、5.0 个月时草莓的品质变化情况。结果表明：20%糖溶液处理20 min的处理组VC损失率最小,可溶性固形物含量、电导率变化最小,总酸含量降低得慢,且与其他处理组相比差异显著（P＜0.05）;3%氯化钙溶液处理15 min的处理组汁液流失率最小,硬度变化最小,且与其他处理组相比差异极显著（P＜0.01）。     

静电场辅助冻结-解冻对肌肉保水性及蛋白理化特性的影响

以牛背最长肌（Longissmus dorsi）为研究对象,探讨静电场辅助冻结-解冻、自然冻结-解冻（对照组）、 自然冻结-静电场辅助解冻、静电场辅助冻结-自然解冻4 个处理对肌肉保水性及蛋白理化特性的影响,为冷冻肉 品质控制技术开发提供理论依据。采用差示扫描量热、核磁共振质子成像等技术,对比分析了冻结-解冻速率、解 冻汁液流失、蛋白表面疏水性、热稳定性、水分迁移等指标。结果表明：静电场辅助冻结-解冻实验组牛肉冻结、 解冻时间较对照组分别缩短16.290、8.920 h;通过最大冰晶生成带用时较对照组缩短3.41 h;解冻汁液流失率显著 低于对照组（P＜0.05）,为4.19%;冻结蛋白质表面疏水性显著降低,为16.16 μg,解冻后显著升高,为9.45 μg （P＜0.05）;蛋白质变性程度显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）,变性温度分别为55.130、63.940、78.350 ℃。静电场 辅助冻结-解冻可有效提高牛肉冻结-解冻速率,降低肌原纤维蛋白变性程度,减少解冻汁液损失。     

杨梅玻璃态保藏技术的研究

以杨梅(东魁)果实为研究对象,测定其玻璃化转变温度(Tg),并将该温度应用于实际的冻结保藏中。研究发现,杨梅部分玻璃化转变温度(Tg')的起始点为－ 44℃,中点为－ 42℃,终止点为－ 39.2℃。与－ 18℃冻藏相比较,－ 40℃冻结保藏(模拟玻璃态保藏)的果实解冻后汁液流失率低,可溶性固形物(SSC)含量高,果汁pH 值和可滴定酸(TA)含量无显著差异;仪器分析和感官评定的结果均表明,－ 40℃冻结保藏更有利于保持杨梅果实的质地品质。     

不同解冻方式对西梅品质的影响

为探讨不同解冻方式对西梅品质的影响,本研究将经液氮冷冻后的西梅采用5种方式（热水、微波、超声波、超高压、常温）进行解冻,并测定不同处理对西梅汁液流失率、微观结构、酶活性、营养成分及感官品质等的影响。结果表明,相对于常温解冻,超声波与30 ℃热水解冻均可加速解冻过程,但汁液流失率较高（2%~3%）。微波解冻时,虽然易出现受热不均现象,但其汁液流失率最低（1.08%）,也能较好地保持西梅微观结构和质构。超高压（100 MPa）解冻时间最短（60 s）,能提高西梅硬度、咀嚼性等,感官评价接受度也较高,但细胞出现了严重的分离、破裂现象,造成了约5%的汁液流失率。除超声波解冻外,不同解冻方式对西梅的果胶酶活性和可溶性固形物、维生素C含量均造成显著下降（P<0.05）,其中超高压解冻可降低96.60%果胶酶活性,微波解冻造成可溶性固形物和维生素C的流失最小,分别降低了9.17%和44.70%。因此,本研究可为解冻技术在西梅保鲜和加工的应用起到一定的借鉴作用。     

静电场辅助冻藏对水饺皮品质的影响

以速冻水饺皮为研究对象,文章探讨了低压静电场(输出电压3000 V)辅助冻藏对水饺皮解冻损失率、色泽、水分分布、可冻结水含量、质构特性及流变特性的影响,以期为速冻水饺品质控制提供技术支撑。研究结果表明:随着冻藏时间的延长,速冻水饺解冻损失升高;与对照组相比,静电场辅助冻藏组显著降低水饺皮的解冻损失(P0.05)。冻藏60 d后,静电场组和对照组的自由水含量由0.78%分别升至4.22%和5.61%,可冻结水含量由8.89%分别升至12.86%和14.36%,这可能是由于静电场破坏氢键并使其形成更加稳定的结构,束缚了水分子的流动,抑制了自由水和可冻结水含量的升高。此外,在整个冻藏期间,静电场组水饺皮亮度(L*)、硬度、弹性模量(G')显著高于对照组(P0.05)。因此,低压静电场辅助冻藏有利于保持水饺皮的品质,减少在冻藏过程中能量损耗,这对于速冻水饺的储藏具有重要的指导意义。     

液氮冻结对冻藏雷竹笋品质的影响

目的 研究液氮的3种冻结温度和冻结至3种中心温度对冻藏雷竹笋品质的影响。方法 测定不同液氮冻结温度和中心温度的冻藏雷竹笋的汁液流失率、可溶性固形物和粗纤维含量、硬度、色差、挥发性风味物质和感官评分。结果 液氮冻结温度组中,-60℃组冻结雷竹笋的感官评分、硬度显著低于-90、-120℃组（p<0.05）,而汁液流失率、粗纤维含量、a*值显著高于-90、-120℃组（p<0.05）;雷竹笋原有挥发性风味物质的信号强度为：-120℃>-90℃>-60℃,冻藏过程中产生的挥发性风味物质的信号强度为：-120℃<-90℃<-60℃。中心温度组中,-6℃组冻结雷竹笋的感官评分、硬度显著低于-12、-18℃组（p<0.05）,而汁液流失率、粗纤维含量、a*值、b*值显著高于-12、-18℃组（p<0.05）;雷竹笋原有挥发性风味物质的信号强度为：-18℃>-12℃>-6℃,冻藏过程中产生的挥发性风味物质的信号强度为：-18℃<-12℃<-6℃。-12℃和-18℃组冻藏雷竹笋品质差异不显著。结论 降低液氮冻结温度加快了冻结速率,维持了冻藏雷竹笋较好的感官品质;冻结至中心温度-12℃时,雷竹笋内部大部分水分已完成冻结,此时转移至-18℃冰柜中对雷竹笋组织内部影响不显著（p>0.05）。     

不同冻结速率对鸡胸肉品质的影响

为研究冻结速率对鸡胸肉品质的影响,将24只三黄鸡屠宰并预冷8 h后取胸肉作为研究对象,样品分为3个处理组,分别置于-15、-25、-35℃下冻结,测定冻结速率、解冻汁液流失率、加压失液率、蒸煮损失率、色差、蛋白质溶解度、TBARS值、Ca2+-ATPase活力的变化。结果表明:冻结速率对鸡胸肉解冻汁液流失率、加压失液率、蒸煮损失率、色差、TBARS值、Ca2+-ATPase活力有显著影响(P<0.05),而对蛋白质溶解度无显著影响(P>0.05),且冻结速率越大,鸡胸肉品质越好。     

不同预处理方式对速冻草莓冻藏品质的影响

色泽及硬度是衡量速冻草莓品质的两个重要指标,冻藏期间其品质的变化会很大程度上影响产品的价值。首先分别研究了不同质量分数、不同种类护色剂(植酸、柠檬酸和抗坏血酸)预处理对草莓色泽的影响,以及不同质量分数氯化钙溶液对草莓硬度的影响;以此试验结果为基础,进一步研究了不同方式预处理后的速冻草莓在-20℃条件下冻藏1个月内品质的变化。试验结果表明:与未处理组相比,-20℃条件下冻藏1个月后,0.5%氯化钙+0.9%柠檬酸联合预处理能够使得汁液流失率下降17.54%,硬度增加25.00%,维生素C含量提高48.68%,为最优条件。表明护色和保脆预处理能够显著提高冻结草莓的品质。     

Minimizing texture loss of frozen strawberries: effect of infusion with pectinmethylesterase and calcium combined with different freezing conditions and effect of subsequent storage/thawing conditions

Vacuum infusion (VI), freezing, frozen storage and thawing conditions were optimized in order to minimize the texture loss of frozen strawberries. Slow freezing caused severe loss in textural quality of the strawberries. This quality loss could not be prevented by the application of VI prior to slow freezing, or by the application of rapid, cryogenic or high-pressure shift freezing conditions on non-infused fruits. A remarkable texture improvement was noticed when infusion of pectinmethylesterase (PME) and calcium was combined with rapid or cryogenic freezing. The highly beneficial effect of PME/Ca-infusion followed by HPSF on the hardness retention of frozen strawberries was ascribed to the combined effect of the infused PME (53% reduction in degree of esterification (DE) of the strawberry pectin) and the high degree of supercooling during HPSF. During frozen storage, textural quality of PME/Ca-infused high-pressure frozen strawberries was maintained at temperatures below −8 °C, whereas the texture of PME/Ca-infused strawberries frozen under cryogenic freezing conditions was only preserved at temperatures below −18 °C. Thawing at room temperature seemed to be an appropriate method to thaw strawberries. Fast thawing by high-pressure induced thawing (HPIT) did not prevent textural quality loss of frozenstrawberries.     

解冻方式对猪肉品质、理化性质与微观结构的影响

目的：探究冷冻猪肉最佳解冻方式。方法：考察了低频电场解冻、空气解冻、静水解冻3种解冻方式对解冻后猪肉的汁液损失率、水分含量、持水力、pH值、色差、挥发性盐基氮、菌落总数、质构特性、脂肪氧化和蛋白质氧化程度的影响。结果：低频电场解冻后汁液损失率（1.09%）、剪切力（2 600.15 N）、硫代巴比妥酸值（TBARS）增加量（62.50%）较低，色泽好，pH值接近鲜肉，蛋白质氧化程度较小，滋味物质丰富，对肉的微观结构破坏小，肌肉组织和肌纤维结构保持较好；静水解冻后菌落总数较少、对蛋白质氧化巯基值的影响较小。结论：低频电场解冻下猪肉的品质、理化性质与微观结构要优于其他两种解冻方式。     

Recent developments in novel freezing and thawing technologies applied to foods

This article reviews the recent developments in novel freezing and thawing technologies applied to foods. These novel technologies improve the quality of frozen and thawed foods and are energy efficient. The novel technologies applied to freezing include pulsed electric field pre-treatment, ultra-low temperature, ultra-rapid freezing, ultra-high pressure and ultrasound. The novel technologies applied to thawing include ultra-high pressure, ultrasound, high voltage electrostatic field (HVEF), and radio frequency. Ultra-low temperature and ultra-rapid freezing promote the formation and uniform distribution of small ice crystals throughout frozen foods. Ultra-high pressure and ultrasound assisted freezing are non-thermal methods and shorten the freezing time and improve product quality. Ultra-high pressure and HVEF thawing generate high heat transfer rates and accelerate the thawing process. Ultrasound and radio frequency thawing can facilitate thawing process by volumetrically generating heat within frozen foods. It is anticipated that these novel technologies will be increasingly used in food industries in the future.     

静电场辅助冷冻对面筋蛋白品质及分子结构的影响

本文研究了静电场辅助冷冻对面筋蛋白流变特性和热特性的影响,并通过分析其分子结构及离子键、氢键、疏水相互作用和二硫键的结果,探究静电场辅助冷冻对面筋蛋白品质的改善作用。结果表明,与对照（传统冷冻方式）相比,静电场辅助冷冻提高了面筋蛋白的黏弹特性、变性温度（Tp）和变性焓（?H）。化学作用力的分析表明,氢键的含量呈先降低后增加的趋势,而离子键、氢键和疏水相互作用的变化则与之相反。600 V电压静电场处理后,面筋蛋白的二级结构及二硫键的构型分布更加均匀,且?-螺旋的含量增加,二硫键构型中g-g-g构型的含量增加。扫描电镜分析表明,施加300 V和600 V的静电场后,面筋蛋白的网络结构具有更小的孔隙且分布均匀。     

解冻方式对速冻菠萝蜜果肉品质的影响

为确定速冻菠萝蜜果肉最佳解冻方式,本文对比了室温解冻(RT)、低温解冻(LT)、流水解冻(FWT)、微波解冻(MWT)和超声波解冻(UST)5种解冻方式下的果肉品质。结果表明:解冻时间,MWT < UST < FWT < RT < LT;物理特性,MWT色泽明亮度(L*)、红色度(a*)、黄色度(b*)和总色差(ΔE)值分别为60.35、3.25、42.41和6.28,汁液流失率0.18%,与新鲜样品(FS)较接近;MWT硬度较FS降低了24.77%;营养品质,MWT总酸含量较FS增加了0.03%,V_C损失了0.14%,可溶性固形物含量增加了4.46%,菌落总数数量较少,感官香气与FS较接近。综上,MWT是一种适合速冻菠萝蜜果肉解冻的有效方式。     

低压静电场辅助冷冻对竹笋品质的影响

为研究低压静电场辅助冷冻对竹笋冻结特性的影响,以冻结曲线、硬度、水分损失率、水分迁移、冰晶形态和组织微观结构为指标,探究低压静电场辅助冷冻（－35 ℃）和普通冷冻（－35 ℃）条件下竹笋品质的变化规律。结果表明：低压静电场辅助冷冻提高了冻结效率,改变了冰晶形态及分布,减轻了组织微观结构破损程度,改善了解冻汁液流失情况。与静电板间距10、20、30、40 cm处的冷冻竹笋解冻后水分损失率分别为14.16%、12.58%、9.73%、10.44%,显著低于对照组（21.01%）（P＜0.05）,硬度分别为461.19、507.48、496.65 g和455.31 g,显著高于对照组（350.70 g）（P＜0.05）。低场核磁共振分析结果表明,在低压静电场辅助冷冻下竹笋解冻后汁液流失减少,扫描电子显微镜观察结果显示,竹笋纤维排列整齐,组织微观结构保持较好。低压静电场辅助冷冻可有效改善竹笋品质,可为利用低压静电场进行果蔬的冷冻贮藏和冷链运输提供参考。     

Effect of magnetic field with different dimensions on quality of avocado puree during frozen storage

The magnetic field-assisted freezing (MFAF) has been identified as an emerging physical method used for food preservation, characterised by its high penetrability in food materials. However, effects of magnetic fields in different dimensions on food freezing process and its products quality have not been previously compared. Thus, the alternating magnetic fields (4 mT and 50 Hz) were applied in different directions and its impact on the physiochemical properties of frozen avocado puree during the storage were investigated. In comparison with the conventional freezing process, the application of MFAF could reduce the weight loss and soluble solids rise. The transformation between different types of water and their corresponding redistribution were also limited under MFAF. The decrease of total polyphenol content with extended storage time was reduced due to the inhibitory effect of MFAF on the polyphenol oxidase activity. In general, the MFAF of avocado purees presented better texture characteristics and higher sensory qualities than the controls. The more directions the magnetic field was applied, the better it performed in maintaining the quality of avocado puree. This study provides a reference for the application of the MFAF on food cryopreservation.     

超声-微波辅助解冻对杨梅保鲜品质的影响

为了探究超声-微波辅助解冻对杨梅保鲜品质的影响,以速冻杨梅为实验对象,设置了常温空气、常温水浴、微波、超声波和超声-微波辅助解冻5个实验组（以A、B、C、D、E表示）,对速冻杨梅解冻后的果实进行了感官评价,并测定了解冻时间、汁液流失率、硬度值、色泽、维生素C含量、可溶性固形物含量以及苯丙胺酸解氨酶（PAL）、过氧化物酶（POD）和多酚氧化酶（PPO）的活性。数据显示,杨梅解冻后,感官综合评分最高是E组,达到85.67分;解冻过程耗时最短是C组,耗时1.48 min,E组次之,耗时3.67 min;汁液流失率最小是E组的0.33%;硬度值最大是E组的0.87 N;维生素C含量最高是E组的200.00 mg/100g;可溶性固形物含量最高仍是E组的10.83%;由此可见,超声-微波辅助解冻可在较短时间内得到解冻品质最优的杨梅;除此之外,在表征杨梅损伤程度的三种代表性酶PAL、POD和PPO方面,E组酶活性均为最低,分别为37.00 U/mg、57.97 U/mg和43 U/mg,反映了超声-微波辅助解冻对杨梅的损伤程度最小,根据上述结果综合分析得出结论,超声-微波辅助解冻在5种解冻方式中最...     

Prefreezing application of whey protein‐based edible coating to maintain quality attributes of strawberries

Prefreezing application of whey protein concentrate (WPC)‐based edible coating to maintain quality attributes of strawberries was studied. Beeswax (BW) was added to the solutions (0%, 20% and 40% with respect to the solids contained in the mixture WPC/glycerol). Coated and control fruits were frozen, stored at ?20 °C and thawed. After thawing, weight loss, firmness, microstructure and colour parameters were measured. Coating with 20% BW reduced strawberries weight loss after thawing (55%). Strawberries firmness was maintained equally in all groups analysed although a slight improvement at the cell microstructure alterations caused by the freezing process was observed in coated fruits. Strawberries brightness was similar in all groups. Colour parameter a* showed a tendency to decrease with the increasing BW concentration, and only b* of coated fruits was lower than controls. The application of whey protein coating could be an attractive treatment to maintain quality attributes of strawberries undergoing the freezing process.