浅谈地下车库屋面种植对防水层的危害及防治

本文通过分析种植屋面的特点及对造成种植屋面渗漏的质量通病入手,从防水设计、防水材料选择、防水施工质量控制以及景观绿化、成品保护等方面解析防治种植屋面渗漏的方法、措施。     

关于实现坐便器进一步节水的讨论

叙述了坐便器的排污用水所实现的功能和水封水的作用。分析了坐便器的3种排污方式的圈水、水封水、排污水的分配,说明喷射虹吸式坐便器的节水性能最好,其用水量主要取决于排污方式和水封水的量。讨论了实现坐便器超节水的途径及超节水坐便器的用水量的合理用量。提出超节水喷射虹吸式坐便器的用水量为4.8L是比较合适的观点。     

关于实现坐便器进一步节水的讨论

叙述了坐便器的排污用水所实现的功能和水封水的作用。分析了坐便器的3种排污方式的圈水、水封水、排污水的分配,说明喷射虹吸式坐便器的节水性能最好,其用水量主要取决于排污方式和水封水的量。讨论了实现坐便器超节水的途径及超节水坐便器的用水量的合理用量。提出超节水喷射虹吸式坐便器的用水量为4.8L是比较合适的观点。     

建筑给排水技术中的节水措施研究

建筑给排水技术中的节水措施关乎到我国水资源持续的利用,同时它也是经济社会持续性发展的首要战略任务。在当前各个领域用水量上,由于建筑用水量占了很大的部分,因此,在给建筑排水设计中采取节水措施具有着非常重要的意义。本文结合了目前建筑给排水技术中节水情况和水资源使用情况进行了详细的分析,并提出了有效的节水措施。     

高效节水灌溉技术在农田水利工程中的应用

现如今,农田水利工程发展过程中应注重应用高效节水灌溉技术,由于农作物生长过程需要大量的水资源,在资源短缺的形势下,为了促进农业发展,应高度重视节约水资源,而为了实现这一目标,在灌溉之前,相关人员需先了解农田的面积,并清楚农作物的种类,充分了解实际情况后,合理运用高效节水灌溉技术。同时,落实节水灌溉制度,按照制度内容局部浇灌时,控制用水量、喷水时间,还应在指定的地方安装灌溉管道,达到节水的目的,不仅避免出现水资源浪费现象,还促进农田水利工程发展。     

节约用水,设计先行

为了解我国化工、石化工程的用水量,为实施国家的节水政策提供依据,对2000年以来,化工、石化系统的设计单位所承担的200余项工程设计的用水量进行了收集、统计、分析。从统计数据看,在设计用水量的控制方面还显得比较粗放,设计人员还没有做到精打细算,有些工业产品的取水量远远高于国家规定的用水定额。因此建议政府委托协会组织负责工程用水量的审查与控制,保证节约用水方针政策的实施。     

节约用水，设计先行

为了解我国化工、石化工程的用水量，为实施国家的节水政策提供依据，对2000年以来，化工、石化系统的设计单位所承担的200余项工程设计的用水量进行了收集、统计、分析。从统计数据看，在设计用水量的控制方面还显得比较粗放，设计人员还没有做到精打细算，有些工业产品的取水量远远高于国家规定的用水定额。因此建议政府委托协会组织负责工程用水量的审查与控制，保证节约用水方针政策的实施。     

热反射涂料屋面与种植屋面对建筑能耗的影响研究

为探究热反射涂料屋面和种植屋面对建筑能耗的影响,对热反射涂料屋面、种植屋面和普通屋面3种屋面室内空调能耗的模拟值与实测值进行了对比,并对3种屋面的全年能耗进行了模拟分析,得出了热反射涂料屋面和种植屋面的全年节能率,相对普通屋面,种植屋面的节能性能显著优于热反射涂料屋面。     

洗煤工业污水零排放

本文从洗煤厂生产、生活用水量和用水水质等方面着眼阐述了煤炭洗选工业实现的污水零排放的可行性及设计实践，从而说明煤炭工业不仅可实现污水的零排放，同时也可实现节水和进一步保证环境的目的。     

基于现代设计方法的坐便器节能减排技术研究

坐便器是陶瓷工业节能减排、节水环保的重要研究对象。笔者利用现代设计方法对坐便器传统研发方法进行了改进。建立了坐便器产品优化设计平台．利用该平台进行优化设计，坐便器单次冲水的用水量可以减少20%。利用数字化设计技术进行了坐便器产品结构创新设计，引入先进制造技术创新产品制造工艺。可使单台坐便器的综合能耗减少40%．具有节能减排、节水环保的明显优势。     

海南省某灌区灌溉回归水水质计算

目前，在灌溉回归水的水质预测方面缺乏相关的模型和计算公式。文章以海南省某灌区为例，首先采用类比分析得到了灌区灌溉回归水水量，然后结合灌区当地气候、水文特征，借鉴土壤中养分流失公式，采用化肥中养分流失公式计算灌溉回归水中总氮和总磷浓度。通过与当地调查研究专题结果对比分析，文章的计算结果与之差别很小。文章采用的计算方法可行，计算结果较为真实的反映了灌溉回归水的水质。     

塑料节水灌溉器材在农业上的应用

概述了中国的水资源与农业节水灌溉的关系 ,讲述了塑料在渠道防渗、低压管道输水、塑料管机井、喷灌与微灌中的应用与开发 ,阐明了节水灌溉与塑料工业的必然联系。     

Fertigation for minimizing environmental pollution by fertilizers

Intensification of agriculture by irrigation and enhanced use of fertilizers may generate pollution by increased levels of nutrients in underground and surface waters. Most of the irrigation is by open systems having a relatively low efficiency of water application. A higher efficiency may be gained by pressurized irrigation systems. Drip irrigation generates a restricted root system requiring frequent nutrient supply that may be satisfied by applying fertilizers in irrigation water, i.e. by fertigation. Maximization of crop yield and quality and minimization of leaching below the rooting volume may be achieved by managing fertilizers concentrations in measured quantities of irrigation water, according to crop requirements.     

An LSTM-based mixed-integer model predictive control for irrigation scheduling

The development of well-devised irrigation scheduling methods is desirable from the perspectives of plant quality and water conservation. Accordingly, in this article, a mixed-integer model predictive control system is proposed to address the daily irrigation scheduling problem. In this framework, a long short-term memory (LSTM) model of the soil–crop–atmosphere system is employed to evaluate the objective of ensuring optimal water uptake in crops while minimizing total water consumption and irrigation costs. To enhance the computational efficiency of the proposed method, a heuristic method involving the logistic sigmoid function is used to approximate the binary variable that arises in the mixed-integer formulation. Through computer simulations, the proposed scheduler is applied to homogeneous and spatially variable fields. The results of these simulation experiments reveal that the proposed method can prescribe optimal/near-optimal irrigation schedules that are typical of irrigation practice within practical computational budgets.     

新疆天业滴灌系统的发展与创新

总结了新疆天业膜下滴灌系统10年发展历程中各阶段的特点,介绍了新疆天业研究开发出的新型滴灌系统,新疆天业新型滴灌系统过滤效率高、能量损耗小、安装简单、机耕作业便利、灌水及时,均匀度高,有利于与自动化控制系统相结合,平均亩增产6%左右、较原有系统亩综合效益增加百元以上,且系统性能高,推广应用前景广阔。     

Nitrogen uptake efficiency in maize production using irrigation water high in nitrate

In order to achieve efficient use of nitrogen (N) and minimize pollution potentials, producers of irrigated maize (Zea mays L.) must make the best use of N from all sources. This study was conducted to evaluate crop utilization of nitrate in irrigation water and the effect N fertilizer has on N use efficiencies of this nitrate under irrigated maize production. The study site is representative of a large portion of the Central Platte Valley of Nebraska where ground water nitrate-N (NO₃-N) concentrations over 10 mg L^–1 are common. Microplots were established to accommodate four fertilizer N rates (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg ha^–1) receiving irrigation water containing three levels of NO₃-N (0, 10, 20 mg L^–1). Stable isotope¹⁵N was applied as a tracer in the irrigation water for treatments containing 10 and 20 mg L^–1 NO₃-N. Plots that did not receive nitrate in the irrigation water where tagged with¹⁵N fertilizer as a sidedress treatment. Sidedressed N fertilizer significantly reduced irrigation-N uptake efficiencies. When residual N uptake is added to first year plant usage, total irrigation NO₃-N uptake efficiencies are similar to total sidedress N fertilizer uptake efficiencies for our cropping system over the two year period. Efficiency of irrigation-N use depends on crop needs and availability of N from other sources during the irrigation season.     

滴灌技术与滴灌管(带)生产技术现状与发展前景

本文概述了滴灌技术的应用状况;滴头的种类及技术特点;滴头的发展趋势。介绍了滴灌管(带)的生产技术以及国内目前的技术水平,对滴灌管(带)的生产设备的设计开发提出看法,并对滴灌技术的发展前景作了预测。     

腐植酸膏体冲施肥在草莓上的后效作用试验研究

2005年9月至2006年5月,在辽宁普天同乐肥业有限公司试验基地温室安排了普天同乐腐植酸膏体冲施肥在草莓上的后效作用对比试验。结果表明,施用普天同乐腐植酸膏体冲施肥,对下茬作物有后效作用,在本试验条件下丰香草莓比对照增产9.15%～24.15%,其中亩施10kg时比对照增产24.15%,后效作用明显,达1%显著水平;能提高株产量、株结果数和成品率,降低株病果数;增加可溶性糖含量;降低铅和汞的含量;且能增加经济收入8.35%～24.14%,其中亩施10kg时收入增加24.14%,增收效益显著。     

Response of dryland wheat to supplemental irrigation and rate and method of N application

A field experiment was conducted on dryland wheat (Triticum aestivum L.cv PBW 175) for four years on a sandy loam soil to evaluate the effect of supplemental irrigation in combination with rate and method of fertilizer N application. The experiment was a split-split plot design consisting of three irrigation treatments (rainfed, one preseeding irrigation and one preseeding + one postseeding irrigation) in the main plot: four fertilizer N rates (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg ha^–1) in the sub-plot and two methods of N application (drilled at the time of seeding and broadcast before preseeding irrigation) in the sub-sub plots. The crop response to supplementary irrigation(s) depended on the growing season water deficits. Broadcasting fertilizer N before preseeding irrigation resulted in the transporting of 39 per cent of the applied N to the sub-soil (20-60 cm depth). This resulted in better crop performance, particularly under low water supplies. A step wise regression was developed that showed water supplies beyond 26 cm of available water plus irrigation/rainfall from seeding to 45 days after were not productive and its distribution between pre- and post-fertilizer application periods affected water and applied N efficiencies. For higher crop yields under low water supply the fertilizer N broadcast before preseeding irrigation is suggested.     

Control of nitrate pollution by application of controlled release fertilizer (CRF), compost and an optimized irrigation system

A nitrogenous controlled release fertilizer (Floranid 32) and a treatment of municipal organic waste compost were tested under two irrigation managements (conventional and ET-adjusted irrigation rates) with the aim of assessing risk of nitrate leaching to the aquifer. A check without N fertilizer was introduced. The experiment was carried out at La Poveda Field Station (30 km SE Madrid, Spain) in alluvial soils with water table depth at 4 m and under maize cropping. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications, allocating 12 plots to each irrigation management. Although N fertilizer rate (150 kg ha^–1) was reduced at half as related to a previous experiment, no difference in grain yields was observed. This result relates to a high content of soil-N. Floranid showed promising results in controlling N-leaching in comparison with urea that exhibited an accelerated rate of N release which finally determines low use of N by the plant and marked NO₃ ^– leaching. Treatment of municipal waste compost showed NO₃ ^– concentrations in the soil water solution of similar values as those of urea at 140 cm. ET-adjusted irrigation showed no drainage during the corn growing season and lower NO₃ ^– concentrations in the soil water solution which could indicate a general lower rate of N solubilization.