基于固有光学特性的北部湾透明度遥感反演及其检验

综合了固有光学量的反演和透明度与固有光学量的关系,构成了基于固有光学特性的透明度遥感算法.将此算法应用于北部湾的MODIS遥感数据,得到了该区域的透明度,并利用实测透明度对遥感反演结果进行了验证.通过对时间窗口为±48h,空间窗口为1km的30组实测与遥感匹配数据的统计分析(实测透明度在1 8～26 0m范围),得到平均百分比误差(ε)为22%,对数均方根误差(log_RMSE)为0.121.而基于叶绿素的经验算法反演的透明度,ε为42%,log_RMSE为0.185.上述结果说明,至少对于北部湾这类近岸水体,海色遥感结合基于固有光学量的算法,可以实现较高准确度的透明度遥感反演.     

基于神经网络方法的高光谱遥感浅海水深反演

利用人工神经网络方法进行了高光谱遥感反演浅海水深的初步研究.在产生模拟数据时,为保证模拟数据的合理性,引入了根据水体和海底特性来划分光学浅水和光学深水的方法,并初步研究了利用光谱徽分技术进行光学浅水和光学深水区分的有效性.在人工神经网络建模过程中,采用主成分分析的方法对网络的输入数据进行预处理,显著提高了网络的学习速度.建立的人工神经网络模型和基于非线性最优化方法的反演算法与实测数据的反演结果相比较,人工神经网络模型的反演精度明显高于非线性最优化反演算法.     

中国海透明度卫星遥感监测

传统的海水透明度监测方法是利用船舶等进行实测。由于船测本身固有的缺点，满足不了当前对海洋要素大范围、快速、实时监测的需求，必须结合卫星、航空遥感等手段，进行立体监测。文章以海水透明度为突破口，开展中国海透明度的卫星遥感监测。结果表明，利用卫星遥感技术反演海水透明度精度可以达到相对平均误差22.6%，在中高透明度海区，具有更高的反演精度。利用建立的海水透明度遥感反演算法和SeaWiFS卫星遥感数据，制作了两年的中国海透明度遥感产品数据集，并利用该产品，对中国海透明度的时空变化规律进行了遥感分析。     

光学悬浮沙粒径谱仪

在海岸工程应用中,需要了解悬沙运移规律,由于我国近海河口悬沙浓度很高,尚未有可用的现场测量仪器.在国家863计划的支持下,我们研制成功了可用于现场高浓度悬沙测量的"光学悬浮沙粒径谱仪".本文介绍光学悬浮沙粒径谱仪的原理、现场实验结果和高浓度悬沙数字图像分析技术.现场实验表明,该仪器可用于粒径5-100μm浓度大于10%的悬沙现场测量.文中给出了芦潮港海区悬沙测量结果.     

黄东海二类水体三要素浓度反演的神经网络模型

根据 2 0 0 3年春季黄东海水色联合试验中获取的高质量现场数据 ,建立了由遥感反射率反演三要素浓度的神经网络 (NN)模型 ,并将NN模型与经验统计算法的结果进行了比较。提出了两种NN算法 ,一种是同时反演三要素浓度 ,另一种是一个NN模型只反演一种成分。三要素浓度同时反演的NN模型精度不及经验统计算法 ,平均相对误差分别为叶绿素 4 4.4 % ,总悬浮物 4 0 .5 % ,黄色物质 4 8.8%。独立反演叶绿素和总悬浮物浓度的NN模型精度稍高于经验统计算法 ,平均相对误差分别为叶绿素 32 .5 % ,总悬浮物2 9.4 %。NN模型的不同输入波段组合可反映出黄、东海水色三要素对不同光谱波段的灵敏度。误差敏感性分析表明 ,单独反演总悬浮物和黄色物质浓度的NN模型对输入信号的± 5 %波动不敏感 ,误差变化与统计算法相当。单独反演叶绿素浓度的NN模型对输入信号± 5 %波动的一种情况较为敏感。本文提出的NN模型是在可信的现场数据集训练下得到的可初步应用的结果。     

基于高光谱数据的水体溶解氧反演研究

基于卫星高光谱遥感的水质监测技术作为一种划时代的新型监测技术,可以及时对大面积水域进行水质污染监测。该文使用HJ-1A高光谱HSI影像对香港近海区域的溶解氧浓度进行反演。首先,对HJ-1A卫星HSI传感器所拍摄的2级影像产品进行预处理,包括数据格式转换、FLAASH大气校正以及几何精校正。其次,使用半经验线性回归方法对实测溶解氧浓度和反射率进行相关性分析,利用反射峰和吸收谷的波段进行波段组合,A+A₁/B₁(波段)的相关性为0.587,并以此建立模型y=39.68x⁴-290.83x³+787.52x²-931.03x+409.6(x为水体反射率,y为水质浓度参数),根据模型反演结果得出回归方程拟合系数R²=0.639,说明反演精度较高。     

气溶胶光学厚度的双角度多光谱反演方法研究

给出了利用角度和光谱两方面信息进行气溶胶光学厚度反演的方法,依据反演方法要求研制了机载双角度多光谱大气辐射计,并通过航空模拟实验验证了用其进行空间对地气溶胶光学厚度反演的可行性。实验结果显示,利用双角度和多光谱的方法,可以摆脱传统方法对地面反射率数据的依赖,在一般区域能够实现实时空间对地气溶胶光学厚度的反演,从而显示出了该方法在对卫里光学遥感数据校正和研究全球气溶胶对气候影响上的潜力。     

稀疏植被地区气溶胶光学厚度反演

研究了稀疏植被地区地表反射率的精确确定方法,构建了精确确定稀疏植被地区地表反射率的地面光谱模型,实现了该类地区气溶胶光学厚度的卫星数据反演.分析表明,所构模型的地表反射率确定误差在0.015以内.通过对气溶胶光学厚度反演的不确定性分析,确定稀疏植被地区的气溶胶光学厚度的卫星反演误差在0.15以内,并使用MODIS数据反演了北京市区及周围地区的气溶胶光学厚度.用太阳分光光度计测量的气溶胶光学厚度对MODIS数据的气溶胶光学厚度反演结果进行了验证.     

数字图象处理技术在悬沙浓度测量中的应用

本文针对悬沙逍度沿水深分布的特点，通过探索悬沙与图象灰度的关系，提出了一种利用数字图象处理技术测量明悬沙浓度的方法，并将测量成果与广泛应用的扩散理论计算结果进行比较，两者基本吻合，这说明该项技术在用于悬沙浓度测量时，不失为一种有效方法。     

利用直达波和海面反射波到达时延反演深海声速剖面

研究了利用直达波与海面反射波到达时延反演深海声速剖面的方法,采用最严经验模态方法组织利用历史水文数据并进行反演,并利用 2016年南海中南部冬季调查的实验数据进行了验证。反演结果与实测声速剖面在深度小于 710 m处的平均绝对误差的最大值为 2.15 m·s^-1,反演结果与实测值基本相符。     

Effect of suspended particulate and dissolved organic matter on remote sensing of coastal and riverine waters

We use remote sensing reflectance (RSR) together with the inherent optical properties of suspended particulates to determine the backscattering ratio b(b)/b for coastal waters. We examine the wavelength dependence of b(b)(lambda) and f(lambda)/Q(lambda) and establish the conditions when C(lambda) in RSR(lambda) approximately or = C(lambda)b(b)(lambda)/a(lambda) can be treated as a constant. We found that for case 2 waters, RSR was insensitive to the natural fluctuations in particle-size distributions. The cross-sectional area of the suspended particulate per unit volume, x(g), showed an excellent correlation with the volume scattering coefficient.     

Assessment of a bidirectional reflectance distribution correction of above-water and satellite water-leaving radiance in coastal waters

Water-leaving radiances, retrieved from in situ or satellite measurements, need to be corrected for the bidirectional properties of the measured light in order to standardize the data and make them comparable with each other. The current operational algorithm for the correction of bidirectional effects from the satellite ocean color data is optimized for typical oceanic waters. However, versions of bidirectional reflectance correction algorithms specifically tuned for typical coastal waters and other case 2 conditions are particularly needed to improve the overall quality of those data. In order to analyze the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) of case 2 waters, a dataset of typical remote sensing reflectances was generated through radiative transfer simulations for a large range of viewing and illumination geometries. Based on this simulated dataset, a case 2 water focused remote sensing reflectance model is proposed to correct above-water and satellite water-leaving radiance data for bidirectional effects. The proposed model is first validated with a one year time series of in situ above-water measurements acquired by collocated multispectral and hyperspectral radiometers, which have different viewing geometries installed at the Long Island Sound Coastal Observatory (LISCO). Match-ups and intercomparisons performed on these concurrent measurements show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the algorithm currently in use at all wavelengths, with average improvement of 2.4% over the spectral range. LISCO's time series data have also been used to evaluate improvements in match-up comparisons of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer satellite data when the proposed BRDF correction is used in lieu of the current algorithm. It is shown that the discrepancies between coincident in-situ sea-based and satellite data decreased by 3.15% with the use of the proposed algorithm. This confirms the advantages of the proposed model over the current one, demonstrating the need for a specific case 2 water BRDF correction algorithm as well as the feasibility of enhancing performance of current and future satellite ocean color remote sensing missions for monitoring of typical coastal waters.     

International issues in remote sensing

Starting with the initial aim of reconnaissance technical developments in remote sensing have progressed sufficiently for the large-scale realisation of practical benefits. During the eighties a number of countries will have remote sensing satellite systems in operation. There are however a few technical, legal, political and economic issues that still remain unresolved. The resolution of these issues would facilitate practical applications especially in developing countries. Apart from the purely technical and economic issues such as the ability to compare data from two different satellites, the cost of the data etc one of the major hurdles in the application of this technology is the establishment of an international regime governing the activities of states in remote sensing. This is particularly important in view of the link between surveillance and remote sensing. Even though discussions have been going on for quite some time at the United Nations, the prospects of reaching agreement remain bleak. The main problems precluding agreement are national security, commercial and sovereignty concerns of the developed and developing countries. The key issues relate to the right of countries to conduct remote sensing over other countries, the right of countries collecting remote sensing data (over other countries) to distribute this data freely and the modalities of how the “sensitivity” aspects of remote sensing for surveillance and economic espionage can be reconciled with a legal regime that emphasises international cooperation. A critical analysis of existing international space law seems to indicate that there are two kinds of remote sensing—passive and active. In passive remote sensing the satellite sensor detects the sun-reflected or self-emitted radiation from objects on the ground. In active remote sensing a pulse of electromagnetic radiation is transmited from the satellite and its reflectance or scattering by objects on the earth’s surface is measured. A strict reading of existing legal principles on space seem to imply that passive sensing is legal while active sensing could be interpreted as violating the sovereignty of the sensed state. Agreement on remote sensing can be reached if a resolution or a range of resolutions can be defined to discriminate between “sensitive” and “non-sensitive” data. The only international agreement in this area between the USSR and a group of nine socialist countries uses a resolution limit of 50m. Available information on the subject seems to indicate that the range is from 25–50 m. One other aspect dealt with relates to the use of satellite data for verification of arms control measures, for crisis monitoring and the prospects of setting up an International Satellite Monitoring Agency (ISMA). It appears that the huge expense that this would entail would be justified only if theISMA can monitor the superpowers and the arms race between them.     

Improving atmospheric correction for highly productive coastal waters using the short wave infrared retrieval algorithm with water-leaving reflectance constraints at 412 nm

The recently developed short wave infrared (SWIR) atmospheric correction algorithm for ocean color retrieval uses long wavelength channels to retrieve atmospheric parameters to avoid bright pixel contamination. However, this retrieval is highly sensitive to errors in the aerosol model, which is magnified by the higher variability of aerosols observed over urban coastal areas. While adding extra regional aerosol models into the retrieval lookup tables would tend to increase retrieval error since these models are hard to distinguish in the IR, we explore the possibility that for highly productive waters with high colored dissolved organic matter, an estimate of the 412 nm channel water-leaving reflectance can be used to constrain the aerosol model retrieval and improve the water-leaving reflectance retrieval. Simulations show that this constraint is particularly useful where aerosol diversity is significant. To assess this algorithm we compare our retrievals with the operational SeaWiFS Data Analysis System (SeaDAS) SWIR and near infrared retrievals using in situ validation data in the Chesapeake Bay and show that, especially for absorbing aerosols, significant improvement is obtained. Further insight is also obtained by the intercomparison of retrieved remote sensing reflectance images at 443 and 551 nm, which demonstrates the removal of anomalous artifacts in the operational SeaDAS retrieval.     

Optical remote sensing of marine constituents in coastal waters: a feasibility study

Optical remote sensing of ocean color is a well-established technique for inferring ocean properties. However, most retrieval algorithms are based on the assumption that the radiance received by satellite instruments is affected only by the phytoplankton pigment concentration and correlated substances. This assumption works well for open ocean water but becomes questionable for coastal waters. To reduce uncertainties associated with this assumption, we developed a new algorithm for the retrieval of marine constituents in a coastal environment. We assumed that ocean color can be adequately described by a three-component model made up of chlorophyll a, suspended matter, and yellow substance. The simultaneous retrieval of these three marine constituents and of the atmospheric aerosol content was accomplished through an inverse-modeling scheme in which the difference between simulated radiances exiting the atmosphere and radiances measured with a satellite sensor was minimized. Simulated radiances were generated with a comprehensive radiative transfer model that is applicable to the coupled atmosphere-ocean system. The method of simulated annealing was used to minimize the difference between measured and simulated radiances. To evaluate the retrieval algorithm, we used simulated (instead of measured) satellite-received radiances that were generated for specified concentrations of aerosols and marine constituents, and we tested the ability of the algorithm to retrieve assumed concentrations. Our results require experimental validation but show that the retrieval of marine constituents in coastal waters is possible.     

Local algorithms using SeaWiFS data for the retrieval of phytoplankton, pigments, suspended sediment, and yellow substance in coastal waters

Algorithms that use the SeaWiFS radiometer band reflectance data for the retrieval of phytoplankton pigment concentration, suspended sediment concentration, and yellow substance absorption in coastal water are set up by a computation based on a three-component model of sea color. The varying coastal environment is characterized by a site-specific correlation among the three parameters, subjected to large spatial and temporal fluctuations. The computation is performed with respect to the summer situation of the Gulf of Naples (Mediterranean Sea). The sensitivity of the retrieval of each parameter to variations in the concentration of the two other quantities is investigated by numerical simulations. The sensitivity to the variability of the absorption and scattering properties of phytoplankton and suspended sediment is analyzed, as well as the error induced by the uncertainty of the remote-sensing data. The algorithms's performance is satisfactorily tested on sets of SeaWiFS band reflectances randomly generated within wide water composition ranges. Although the results obtained cannot be generalized and require experimental validation, the series of tests performed suggests that the proposed algorithms, with numerical constants adjusted to the local conditions, can be effectively applied to several types of coastal environment.     

Remote sensing of three-dimensional cirrus clouds from satellites: application to continuous-wave laser atmospheric transmission and backscattering

A satellite remote sensing methodology has been developed to retrieve 3D ice water content (IWC) and mean effective ice crystal size of cirrus clouds from satellite data on the basis of a combination of the conventional retrieval of cloud optical depth and particle size in a horizontal plane and a parameterization of the vertical cloud profile involving temperature from sounding and/or analysis. The inferred 3D cloud fields of IWC and mean effective ice crystal size associated with two impressive cirrus clouds that occurred in the vicinity of northern Oklahoma on 18 April 1997 and 9 March 2000, obtained from the Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program, have been validated against the ice crystal size distributions that were collected independently from collocated and coincident aircraft optical probe measurements. The 3D cloud results determined from satellite data have been applied to the simulation of cw laser energy propagation, and we show the significance of 3D cloud geometry and inhomogeneity and spherical atmosphere on the transmitted and backscattered laser powers. Finally, we demonstrate that the 3D cloud fields derived from satellite remote sensing can be used for the 3D laser transmission and backscattering model for tactical application.     

Retrieval of chlorophyll from remote-sensing reflectance in the china seas

The East China Sea is a typical case 2 water environment, where concentrations of phytoplankton pigments, suspended matter, and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) are all higher than those in the open oceans, because of the discharge from the Yangtze River and the Yellow River. By using a hyperspectral semianalytical model, we simulated a set of remote-sensing reflectance for a variety of chlorophyll, suspended matter, and CDOM concentrations. From this simulated data set, a new algorithm for the retrieval of chlorophyll concentration from remote-sensing reflectance is proposed. For this method, we took into account the 682-nm spectral channel in addition to the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) channels. When this algorithm was applied to a field data set, the chlorophyll concentrations retrieved through the new algorithm were consistent with field measurements to within a small error of 18%, in contrast with that of 147% between the SeaWiFS ocean chlorophyll 2 algorithm and the in situ observation.     

OSIS: remote sensing code for estimating aerosol optical properties in urban areas from very high spatial resolution images

The achievement of new satellite or airborne remote sensing instruments enables the more precise study of cities with metric spatial resolutions. For studies such as the radiative characterization of urban features, knowledge of the atmosphere and particularly of aerosols is required to perform first an atmospheric compensation of the remote sensing images. However, to our knowledge, no efficient aerosol characterization technique adapted both to urban areas and to very high spatial resolution images has yet been developed. The goal of this paper is so to present a new code to characterize aerosol optical properties, OSIS, adapted to urban remote sensing images of metric spatial resolution acquired in the visible and near-IR spectral domains. First, a new aerosol characterization method based on the observation of shadow/sun transitions is presented, offering the advantage to avoid the assessment of target reflectances. Its principle and the modeling of the signal used to solve the retrieval equation are then detailed. Finally, a sensitivity study of OSIS from synthetic images simulated by the radiative transfer code AMARTIS v2 is also presented. This study has shown an intrinsic precision of this tool of Δτ(a)=0.1.τ(a) ± (0.02 + 0.4.τ(a)) for retrieval of aerosol optical thicknesses. This study shows that OSIS is a powerful tool for aerosol characterization that has a precision similar to satellite products for the aerosol optical thicknesses retrieval and that can be applied to every very high spatial resolution instrument, multispectral or hyperspectral, airborne or satellite.