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集体剂量是核电厂辐射安全的重要指标。影响集体剂量的因素很多,但最根本的是机组辐射源项水平的高低。辐射源项与反应堆堆型、环路数量、运行周期、机组运行时间、一回路设备材质、化学控制工艺、净化单元能力、燃料状态等诸多因素相关。由于经验不足以及重视程度不够,多数机组在设计阶段、建造安装阶段、调试阶段往往容易忽略很多可以改善源项的因素。国内某电厂在生产准备阶段从净化能力提升、专项冲洗、清洁去污、专项试验跟踪、屏蔽改进、综合提升等6个方面开展了相关工作以尽量降低机组源项水平,使得机组功率运行后的辐射水平明显降低,这些工作也为核电厂生产准备阶段的源项控制工作积累了大量宝贵的数据和经验。 相似文献
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10keV X射线空间辐照总剂量试验可行性研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
传统辐照总剂量试验的辐射源均采用^60Co,对环境危害较大。X射线作为辐射源具有安全、剂量率控制准确等优点,可进行硅片级的测试甚至在线测试,从而大大降低封装、测试、运输的成本。提高研发效率。从辐射机理和辐射对栅氧化层影响的角度深入地论证了用10keV X射线代替^60Co作为总剂量试验辐射源的可行性。 相似文献
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1引言
口岸辐射监测是一项系统的工作,从辐射的探测和验证,再对辐射源进行定位和评价,包括要进行核素识别或能谱测量,以及确定需要采取的响应行动等,有时还可能涉及法律程序。 相似文献
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1引言
口岸辐射监测是一项系统的工作,从辐射的探测和验证,再对辐射源进行定位和评价,包括要进行核素识别或能谱测量,以及确定需要采取的响应行动等,有时还可能涉及法律程序。 相似文献
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高功率脉冲对电子设备干扰的研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
高功率脉冲辐射源通过高增益天线定向将脉冲辐射出去,以极高的强度照射目标,利用高能脉冲对无线电、通讯系统、计算机系统等电子设备进行干扰甚至破坏.论文介绍了高功率脉冲辐射源的结构和工作原理,并对辐射源辐射电子设备实验进行分析,实验结果表明:高功率脉冲可以干扰电子设备正常工作,从而达到破坏对方电子通信的目的. 相似文献
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The effects produced by different types of nuclear radiation can be compared by making use of the available information on radiation-effects mechanisms. One can separate radiation-effects manifestations into three categories: transient radiation effects, which are due to excited and ionized electrons; displacement radiation effects, which are manifestations of atoms displaced from their normal lattice sites in crystalline solids; and chemical radiation effects, which are due to molecular rearrangements occurring as a second stage to ionizing interactions. The effects produced by different primary radiations can be compared by first identifying the manifestation as belonging to one of these three types. For displacement effects one should then compute the relative cross sections for producing displaced atoms and the average size of the displacement cascade produced by the primary recoil atom. Similarly, for transient and chemical effects one should compute the ionization density produced by the incident radiation. Examples of the pertinent cross sections have been calculated for electrons, gamma rays, protons, and neutrons of various energies. 相似文献
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The requirements for radiation monitoring from an integrated instrumentation system aspect are developed with emphasis on the detection and control of radiation hazards. General treatment is given to the problems and equipment involved in operational or process monitoring, site monitoring, effluent monitoring and area or personnel monitoring. The types of radiation that are encountered in a nuclear plant and the units of measurement that are used are discussed. A review of the types of monitoring equipment that are presently available to make plant and personnel measurements and their sensitivity and reliability as related to meeting accepted standards for plant personnel and general public protection is given. A typical radiation monitoring system and the basis for the design are described. A brief summary of the status of development of solid state monitors is included. 相似文献
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作为保护人类安全与健康的科学(或工作)的一个分支,辐射防护科学(工作)的发展和完善必然与它的自身特点紧密联系。本文基于对辐射防护自身的一些特点和一段时间以来(特别是转入市场经济以来)辐射防护科学(工作)遇到的一些困难或困惑进行了讨论,并介绍了国际上强化辐射防护体系和防护体系和防护体系修订的动态。特别提到,作为保护人类安全与健康科学(工作)的一部分,有关生命价值、平等、利益相关等伦理因素在辐射防护科学(工作)发展中的影响有所增强。 相似文献
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减轻公众医源性辐射负担的当务之急是要求医务工作者在了解辐射生物学效应和辐射防护研究的基础上,尽可能优化各种放射诊疗方案,减少不必要的照射。本文介绍近年来辐射生物效应基础研究、辐射危害的流行病学调查、医源性照射等方面的研究进展,供医源性辐射防护领域的研究和应用借鉴。 相似文献
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L. A. Il'in 《Atomic Energy》2002,92(2):156-164
A generalization of scientific-practical experience with radiation accidents in our country is presented for the example of 175 incidents, three large-scale accidents – Tech River (1949–1952), Mayak combine (1957), the Chernobyl nuclear power plant (1986) – and irradiation of the public as a result of the first nuclear explosion on the Semipalatinsk test area (1949). The medical consequences of these accidents for professional workers and the public are analyzed. It is noted that the most efficient and effective system for organizing medical assistance to the public exposed to accidental irradiation is a differentiated approach to irradiated individuals. The effectiveness of counterradiation protection of people is assessed. Experience gained in this work shows that timely and accurate monitoring of adherence and especially nonadherence to the regulations for accidental and post-accident irradiation of the public and professional workers is one of the most important guarantees for minimizing the consequences of irradiation. 相似文献