Recursive Noise Adaptive Kalman Filtering by Variational Bayesian Approximations

This article considers the application of variational Bayesian methods to joint recursive estimation of the dynamic state and the time-varying measurement noise parameters in linear state space models. The proposed adaptive Kalman filtering method is based on forming a separable variational approximation to the joint posterior distribution of states and noise parameters on each time step separately. The result is a recursive algorithm, where on each step the state is estimated with Kalman filter and the sufficient statistics of the noise variances are estimated with a fixed-point iteration. The performance of the algorithm is demonstrated with simulated data.      

基于不确定模型误差系统的变分贝叶斯STCKF

强跟踪容积卡尔曼滤波器在对含有模型误差和时变噪声的非线性系统进行滤波时, 容易出现性能降低甚至发散. 鉴于此, 提出一种基于变分贝叶斯的强跟踪容积卡尔曼滤波算法. 该算法运用虚拟噪声法补偿模型误差, 假设虚拟噪声均值非零, 且满足高斯分布, 虚拟噪声方差服从逆gamma分布, 在强跟踪容积卡尔曼滤波器估计状态的同时, 采用变分贝叶斯推理估计虚拟噪声参数. 仿真结果表明, 所提出算法对含模型误差与时变噪声的非线性系统具有较好的估计精度, 相比于自适应算法具有更强的鲁棒性.     

Adaptive Gaussian filters for nonlinear state estimation with one-step randomly delayed measurements

This paper proposes new algorithms of adaptive Gaussian filters for nonlinear state estimation with maximum one-step randomly delayed measurements. The unknown random delay is modeled as a Bernoulli random variable with the latency probability known a priori. However, a contingent situation has been considered in this work when the measurement noise statistics remain partially unknown. Due to unavailability of the complete knowledge of measurement noise statistics, the unknown measurement noise covariance matrix is estimated along with states following: (i) variational Bayesian approach, (ii) maximum likelihood estimation. The adaptation algorithms are mathematically derived following both of the above approaches. Subsequently, a general framework for adaptive Gaussian filter is presented with which variants of adaptive nonlinear filters can be formulated using different rules of numerical approximation for Gaussian integrals. This paper presents a few of such filters, viz., adaptive cubature Kalman filter, adaptive cubature quadrature Kalman filter with their higher degree variants, adaptive unscented Kalman filter, and adaptive Gauss–Hermite filter, and demonstrates the comparative performance analysis with the help of a nontrivial Bearing only tracking problem in simulation. Additionally, the paper carries out relative performance comparison between maximum likelihood estimation and variational Bayesian approaches for adaptation using Monte Carlo simulation. The proposed algorithms are also validated with the help of an off-line harmonics estimation problem with real data.     

An enhanced adaptive Kalman filtering for linear systems with inaccurate noise statistics

This paper investigates the simultaneous state and noise covariance estimation for linear systems with inaccurate noise statistics. An enhanced adaptive Kalman filtering (EAKF) based on dynamic recursive nominal covariance estimation (DNRCE) and modified variational Bayesian (VB) inference is presented. The EAKF realizes the concurrently estimation of state and noise covariance matrices by introducing a nominal parameter in the traditional recursive covariance estimation and designing a new adaptive forgotten factor for the dynamic model of the estimated information propagation. The simulation of a target tracking example shows that, compared with the existing filters, the proposed filter has good adaptive performance for inaccurate and time-varying noise covariance matrices.     

具有噪声信息与状态模型不确定系统的IMM自适应滤波

卡尔曼滤波器广泛用于解决线性高斯系统的状态估计问题.然而,在实际应用中过程噪声和系统模型参数先验信息未知,且量测受到异常值干扰,给准确估计系统状态带来极大困难.针对具有噪声信息和状态模型不确定的动态系统,提出一种广义交互式多模型自适应滤波算法.该算法设计多个模型并行的方式对系统不确定进行处理,对于每个模型,建立Skew-T分布非对称重尾噪声表示模型,为了解决过程噪声与系统协方差相互耦合难以求解的问题,利用逆威沙特分布对系统预测协方差矩阵进行描述,并通过变分贝叶斯推理递归计算系统状态的后验分布.仿真结果和实验验证表明,在噪声信息和状态模型不确定条件下,所提出算法具有较高的估计精度.     

适用处理非高斯观测噪声的强跟踪卡尔曼滤波器

在高斯噪声条件下,卡尔曼滤波器(KF)能够获得系统状态的一致最小方差线性无偏估计.但当噪声非高斯,KF性能将严重下降.观测噪声非高斯现象在深空探测自主导航中经常遇到,然而现有模型可能存在着精度不高、稳定性不强或者计算复杂度较高的缺点.针对这种现状,本文在传统强跟踪卡尔曼滤波器(STKF)中新息正交原则的基础上,推导了适用处理非高斯观测噪声的强跟踪卡尔曼滤波器(STKFNO),并将其嵌入到无迹卡尔曼滤波(UKF)框架下形成适用处理非线性系统非高斯观测噪声的强跟踪无迹卡尔曼滤波器(STUKFNO).所提出的算法被应用到深空光学自主导航系统中,仿真结果表明所提出的算法能够较好地应对观测噪声的非高斯性.     

基于PI自适应卡尔曼滤波的无人机姿态解算算法

针对无人机姿态解算过程中,机载加速度计噪声时变,导致姿态估计值出现较大误差的问题,提出了一种基于PI自适应卡尔曼滤波的姿态解算算法,通过监视残差方差的理论值与实际值的差值,利用PI控制算法对观测噪声协方差矩阵进行在线修正,来解决由于噪声估计不准而导致滤波发散的问题。实验结果表明,即使是在无人机的姿态发生剧烈变化时,该算法依然具有良好的精度,鲁棒性较好。     

混合式自适应Kalman滤波算法

采用虚拟噪声补偿模型误差和有偏的噪声方差估值器、滤波器收敛性判据相结合的方法来解决自适应Kalman滤波发散的问题。首先若模型不准确,则引入虚拟噪声对模型误差进行虚拟补偿,然后采用有偏的噪声方差估值器、滤波器收敛性判据对噪声方差估计值进行监控,阻止滤波器发散。采用混合式自适应Kalman滤波算法对Gill公司的风向风速仪实时采集的数据进行处理,实验结果表明,该方法能有效的提高性能、抑制滤波发散,具有较强的实用性、自适应能力。     

改进的卡尔曼滤波算法系统参数辨识仿真研究

研究系统参数辨识精度提高问题。辨识是从实验数据中提取有关系统信息的过程,由于存在噪声影响辨识精度,针对传统的卡尔曼滤波算法不能很好地提高跟踪精度且算法复杂的缺陷,为了解决实际系统辨识中参数噪声方差和观测噪声方差未知的等相关问题,提出了一种改进的无味卡尔曼滤波算法系统参数辨识方法,仿真结果表明,算法具有更好的泛化能力,在复杂的系统负载等情况下,也可以对系统的参数精确有效的进行辨识,验证了该算法是一种有效适用的系统参数辨识方法。     

改进的扩展卡尔曼滤波算法研究

扩展卡尔曼滤波已被广泛地应用到工程实际等各领域,但是此算法因假设过程噪声固定而带来误差,精度不高。研究了一种改进的EKF算法,主要通过假设过程噪声由滤波结果和观测结果得到,再用差分进化算法对所得到的过程噪声方差进行最优化选择来提高滤波精度,通过Matlab对算法进行验证,并与EKF滤波效果、无迹卡尔曼滤波效果进行比较,结果表明,改进的扩展卡尔曼滤波算法减小了状态估计偏差,获得了比较理想的滤波效果,提高了滤波精度。     

基于改进卡尔曼滤波的陀螺仪误差补偿算法

针对基于卡尔曼滤波的MEMS陀螺仪误差补偿算法中量测噪声方差选取不准确的问题,提出一种基于改进卡尔曼滤波的陀螺仪误差补偿算法.卡尔曼滤波通常采用统计特性估计得到固定的量测噪声方差,无法自适应地估计不同环境下陀螺仪噪声特性.该算法将卡尔曼滤波与神经网络相融合,使用卡尔曼滤波新息矩阵作为神经网络输入,通过神经网络得到新息协方差矩阵,以此自适应地估计卡尔曼滤波量测噪声方差.将该算法应用到陀螺仪信号误差补偿中,使用Allan方差分析法对原始信号以及误差补偿后的陀螺仪信号进行分析,实验结果表明该算法能够有效地抑制陀螺仪随机误差,提高MEMS陀螺仪的精度.     

Bayesian robust linear dynamic system approach for dynamic process monitoring

In this paper, a Bayesian robust linear dynamic system approach is proposed for process modeling. Traditional linear dynamic system (LDS) constructed with Kalman filter is designed by Gaussian assumption which can be easily violated in non-Gaussian modeling situations, especially those with outliers. To deal with this issue, the conventional Gaussian-based Kalman filter is modified with heavy tailed Student's t-distribution so as to deal with the non-Gaussian noise and modeling outliers. Then, a variational Bayesian expectation maximization (VBEM) algorithm is developed for learning parameters of the robust linear dynamic system. For process monitoring, traditional monitoring scheme are discussed and the residual space monitoring mechanism has been improved. To explore the feasibility and effectiveness, the proposed method is applied for fault detection, with detailed comparative studies with several other methods through the Tennessee Eastman benchmark.     

On the choice of importance distributions for unconstrained and constrained state estimation using particle filter

Recursive state estimation of constrained nonlinear dynamical system has attracted the attention of many researchers in recent years. For nonlinear/non-Gaussian state estimation problems, particle filters have been widely used (Arulampalam et al. [1]). As pointed out by Daum [2], particle filters require a proposal distribution and the choice of proposal distribution is the key design issue. In this paper, a novel approach for generating the proposal distribution based on a constrained Extended Kalman filter (C-EKF), Constrained Unscented Kalman filter (C-UKF) and constrained Ensemble Kalman filter (C-EnkF) has been proposed. The efficacy of the proposed state estimation algorithms using a particle filter is illustrated via a successful implementation on a simulated gas-phase reactor, involving constraints on estimated state variables and another example problem, which involves constraints on the process noise (Rao et al. [10]). We also propose a state estimation scheme for estimating state variables in an autonomous hybrid system using particle filter with Unscented Kalman filter as a proposal and unconstrained Ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) as a proposal. The efficacy of the proposed state estimation scheme for an autonomous hybrid system is demonstrated by conducting simulation studies on a three-tank hybrid system. The simulation studies underline the crucial role played by the choice of proposal distribution in formulation of particle filters.     

基于旋转矩阵KF的低成本MEMS姿态解算

针对低成本MEMS器件组合的姿态检测系统在运动加速度干扰下姿态估计精度较差等问题,提出了一种基于旋转矩阵卡尔曼滤波器(KF)的姿态解算方法.为了克服四元数法观测方程为非线性的缺点,该方法以旋转矩阵部分元素建立状态方程,并对量测加速度采用状态反馈估计的运动加速度进行补偿,减小了外部加速度的干扰,然后通过构造水平观测向量降低了计算复杂度,并给出了量测噪声协方差的推导.最后设计了卡尔曼滤波器对量测信息实现融合.动静态测试表明,该方法消除了累计误差,与无迹卡尔曼滤波(UKF)相比,提高了在运动加速度干扰下的姿态估计精度.     

带有色厚尾量测噪声的鲁棒高斯近似滤波器和平滑器

为了解决带有色厚尾量测噪声的非线性状态估计问题,本文提出了新的鲁棒高斯近似（Gaussian approximate,GA）滤波器和平滑器.首先,基于状态扩展方法将量测差分后带一步延迟状态和白色厚尾量测噪声的非线性状态估计问题,转化成带厚尾量测噪声的标准非线性状态估计问题.其次,针对量测差分后模型中的噪声尺度矩阵和自由度（Degrees of freedom,DOF）参数未知问题,设计了新的高斯近似滤波器和平滑器,通过建立未知参数和待估计状态的共轭先验分布,并利用变分贝叶斯方法同时估计未知的状态、尺度矩阵、自由度参数.最后,利用目标跟踪仿真验证了本文提出的带有色厚尾量测噪声的鲁棒高斯近似滤波器和平滑器的有效性以及与现有方法相比的优越性.     

广义系统信息融合稳态与自校正满阶Kalman滤波器

基于线性最小方差标量加权融合算法和射影理论,对带多个传感器和带相关噪声的广义系统,提出了分布式标量加权融合稳态满阶Kalman滤波器.推得了任两个传感器子系统之间的稳态满阶滤波误差互协方差阵,其解可任选初值离线迭代计算.所提出的稳态融合滤波器避免了每时刻计算协方差阵和融合权重,减小了在线计算负担.当系统含有未知模型参数时,基于递推增广最小二乘算法和标量加权融合算法,提出了一种两段融合自校正状态滤波器.其中第1段融合获得未知参数的融合估计;第2段融合获得分布式自校正融合状态滤波器.与局部估计和加权平均融合估计相比,所提出的标量加权融合参数估计和自校正状态估计都具有更高的精度.仿真研究验证了其有效性.     

Intrinsic Cramér–Rao bounds for distributed Bayesian estimator

This paper addresses the intrinsic Cramér–Rao bounds (CRBs) for a distributed Bayesian estimator whose states and measurements are on Riemannian manifolds. As Euclidean-based CRBs for recursive Bayesian estimator are no longer applicable to general Riemannian manifolds, the bounds need redesigning to accommodate the non-zero Riemannian curvature. To derive the intrinsic CRBs, we append a coordination step to the recursive Bayesian procedure, where the proposed sequential steps are prediction, measurement and coordination updates. In the coordination step, the estimator minimises the Kullback–Liebler divergence to obtain the consensus of multiple probability density functions (PDFs). Employing the PDFs from those steps together with the affine connection on manifolds the Fisher Information Matrix (FIM) and the curvature terms of the corresponding intrinsic bounds are derived. Subsequently, the design of a distributed estimator for Riemannian information manifold with Gaussian distribution – referred to as distributed Riemannian Kalman filter – is also presented to exemplify the application of the proposed intrinsic bounds. Finally, simulations utilising the designed filter for a distributed quaternionic estimation problem verifies that the covariance matrices of the filter are never below the formulated intrinsic CRBs.     

鲁棒高斯和集合卡尔曼滤波及其在纯角度跟踪中的应用

针对纯角度目标跟踪中量测信息易受异常值和非高斯噪声干扰的问题,提出了一种新的非线性滤波算法–鲁棒高斯和集合卡尔曼滤波(robust Gaussian-sum ensemble Kalman filter,RGSEnKF)算法.首先,采用Huber技术重塑集合卡尔曼滤波的量测更新过程,能够有效地处理量测中的异常值.随后,将改进的集合卡尔曼滤波在高斯和框架下进行扩展,得到RGSEnKF算法,可以进一步解决受非高斯噪声干扰的非线性系统的状态估计问题.此外,新算法中包含距离参数化初始化策略和高斯分量融合策略.前者是为了减小纯角度跟踪中距离信息不可观测的影响,而后者可以避免高斯分量数目随时间不断增长.大量仿真结果验证了新算法的有效性和鲁棒性.     

一种鲁棒自适应推广Kalman滤波及其在飞行状态估计中的应用

本文在自适应推广Kalman滤波基础上，为了防止滤波发散，改善自适应Kalman滤波的数值稳定性和计算效率，利用U－D分解滤波，并引进滤波发散的判据等，提出一种鲁棒自适应推广Kalman滤波新算法，并把该算法应用于飞行器飞行状态估计问题，仿真及实际计算结果证明了本文方法的有效性。     

Robust derivative-free Kalman filter based on Huber's M-estimation methodology

In this study, a discrete-time robust nonlinear filtering algorithm is proposed to deal with the contaminated Gaussian noise in the measurement, which is based on a robust modification of the derivative-free Kalman filter. By interpreting the Kalman type filter (KTF) as the recursive Bayesian approximation, the innovation is reformulated capitalizing on the Huber's M-estimation methodology. The proposed algorithm achieves not only the robustness of the M-estimation but also the accuracy and flexibility of the derivative-free Kalman filter for the nonlinear problems. The reliability and accuracy of the proposed algorithm are tested in the Univariate Nonstationary Growth Model.