四气门柴油机进气过程三维数值模拟

为减少柴油机的污染物排放、降低油耗和燃烧噪音,通过计算流体力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)数值模拟,对车用电控四气门柴油机进气系统进行不同气门升程下气流稳态流动的数值研究,揭示四气门柴油机的进气流动特点以及气门开度对缸内涡流形成的影响和变化规律.仿真结果为电控四气门柴油机的气道设计、喷雾与燃烧的组织与优化提供理论依据.     

汽油机可变涡流数值仿真研究

研究优化发动机性能问题.发动机在不同工况对进气气流运动的要求是不同的,进气气流运动又决定着发动机的优化燃烧性能,从而决定燃油经济性.传统发动机固定不可变的进气系统难以满足不同工况下对进气气流运动的要求,提出了一种阀片式的汽油机可变涡流系统,可提供合适强度的进气涡流运动结构,在不影响发动机输出功率的情况下,改善中低转速下发动机的优化燃烧过程.利用三维仿真软件FIRE仿真了不同强度的涡流运动对发动机燃烧过程的影响,并通过发动机仿真验证,燃油经济性最高可提高12.9％,为优化设计提供了保证.     

计算机在调节阀选择和计算中的应用

在研究IEC和ISA调节阀选择计算方法的基础上,设计了一个汉化软件包,用计算机选择调节阀流量特性,计算局部阻力损失、调节阀压降、阀阻比、流量系数等,并对相对行程、可调比和允差等进行验算。     

HCCI汽油机燃烧和排放特性的仿真分析

研究内燃机燃烧特性问题,为了能更为准确地预测HCCI汽油机缸内燃烧特性和排放特性,提出建立了内燃机缸内工作过程的动网格模型,并对狭缝进行加密.对汽油均质压缩燃烧发动机的燃烧过程和排放物的生成过程进行了仿真分析.利用Fluent软件耦合详细化学反应机理,采用RNG k一ε模型以及化学反应涡耗散概念(EDC)模型,计算了特定条件下缸内的温度与压力的变化过程以及缸内的燃料及碳烟等变化趋势,结果表明:狭缝足产生CO和碳氢化合物的主要来源,在详细化学反应机理基础上应用RNG k一ε和化学反应EDC模型能够较为准确地预测HCCI汽油机缸内燃烧和排放.仿真为实际的设计提供了依据.     

油水气三相流液体流量调节系统研究与设计

针对油水气三相流研究试验平台液体流量调节范围宽、范围度大的问题,提出采用3条主回路与3条旁通回流调节支路来覆盖所有的流量范围,设计了液相系统原理图及管路布置图,对3条旁通回流调节支路中调节阀的计算流量、计算压差及Kv值进行了计算,并对调节阀的开度及实际可调比进行了验算,结果表明选定的调节阀性能满足油水气三相流研究试验的要求。     

轿车用卡门旋涡空气流量计

为提高轿车燃油经济性、动力性以及排放清洁性,必须严格控制发动机电控燃油喷射系统混合气的空燃比,则必须对进气流量进行测量.本文介绍了一种卡门式涡流空气流量计进气阻力小、体积小、重量轻、反应灵敏、压力损失低、脉动气流测量精度高、测量范围广的关键.     

废气再循环对某SI缸内直喷发动机性能的影响

为挖掘废气再循环（Exhaust Gas Recirculation,EGR）技术的潜力,分别用热力学第一定律和热力学第二定律分析中等负荷时EGR对某SI缸内直啧发动机的影响．结果表明在中等负荷时,EGR使缸内传热损失和泵气损失减小,燃烧不可逆损失有所增加．     

空气入口速度对冲压发动机补燃室流场的影响

冲压发动机的空气入口的速度,会影响一次燃气在冲压发动机补燃室内的二次燃烧.为了提高燃烧室的燃烧效率,采用标准k-ε两方程模型和PDF燃烧模型,用双侧进气的非壅塞冲压发动机补燃室内的三维流场进行了数值仿真,分析了不同空气入口马赫数对补燃室流场的影响.结果表明,随着空气入口马赫数的增大,补燃室头部的涡流增强,但是空气在补燃...     

进气型式对并联旋风分离器流场的影响

采用FLUENT软件模拟催化裂化三旋中并联旋风分离器进气型式的不同对内部流场的影响，主要对比了不同进气型式下入口处的流场分布、分离空间内的切向速度与压降的差异。研究结果表明，采用U型进气型式，分离器压降与速度略大，且比较容易引起环形空间内不利于分离器的二次流动；采用D型进气型式，分离器芯管下口处向内的径向速度较大，容易形成“短路流”。2种进气型式均会造成入口处的涡流，在气固分离过程导致颗粒的沉积以及管道的磨损，其对分离效率的影响有待试验进一步测量。     

烟草制丝线上调节阀流量特性的选择

介绍调节阀的控制原理,分析调节阀流量特性对控制系统的影响,结合烟草设备的工艺特性,提出烟草制丝设备上调节阀流量特性选择的原则。     

Influence of combustion parameters on NOx production in an industrial boiler

NO_x formation during the combustion process occurs mainly through the oxidation of nitrogen in the combustion air (thermal NO_x) and through oxidation of nitrogen with the fuel (prompt NO_x). The present study aims to investigate numerically the problem of NO_x pollution using a model furnace of an industrial boiler utilizing fuel gas. The importance of this problem is mainly due to its relation to the pollutants produced by large boiler furnaces used widely in thermal industrial plants. Governing conservation equations of mass, momentum and energy, and equations representing the transport of species concentrations, turbulence, combustion and radiation modeling in addition to NO modeling equations were solved together to present temperature and NO distribution inside the radiation and convection sections of the boiler. The boiler under investigation is a 160 MW, water-tube boiler, gas fired with natural gas and having two vertically aligned burners.The simulation study provided the NO distribution in the combustion chamber and in the exhaust gas at various operating conditions of fuel to air ratio with varying either the fuel or air mass flow rate, inlet air temperature and combustion primary air swirl angle. In particular, the simulation provided more insight on the correlation between the maximum furnace temperature and furnace average temperatures and the thermal NO concentration. The results have shown that the furnace average temperature and NO concentration decrease as the excess air factor λ increases for a given air mass flow rate. When considering a fixed value of mass flow rate of fuel, the results show that increasing λ results in a maximum value of thermal NO concentration at the exit of the boiler at λ = 1.2. As the combustion air temperature increases, furnace temperature increases and the thermal NO concentration increases sharply. The results also show that NO concentration at exit of the boiler exhibits a minimum value at around swirl angle of 45°.     

Optimal combustion control with application to engine design and development

The need to reduce development time whilst simultaneously improving engine performance has motivated this application of optimal control to product development processes for engines and powertrains. The optimisation of the fuel consumption is formulated as a constrained Optimal Control Problem (OCP) and solved using pseudospectral methods, giving the optimum heat release and injection profiles in the presence of cylinder pressure rate and cylinder pressure constraints. The technique is applied to an engine design problem and used to reduce fuel consumption by optimising compression ratio within a cylinder pressure limit, also providing new insights into the combustion processes.     

Simple adaptive air-fuel ratio control of a port injection SI engine with a cylinder pressure sensor

The problem of air-fuel ratio(AFR) control of the port injection spark ignition(SI) engine is still of considerable importance because of stringent demands on emission control. In this paper, the static AFR calculation model based on in-cylinder pressure data and on the adaptive AFR control strategy is presented. The model utilises the intake manifold pressure, engine speed, total heat release, and the rapid burn angle, as input variables for the AFR computation. The combustion parameters, total heat release,and rapid burn angle, are calculated from in-cylinder pressure data. This proposed AFR model can be applied to the virtual lambda sensor for the feedback control system. In practical applications, simple adaptive control(SAC) is applied in conjunction with the AFR model for port-injected fuel control. The experimental results show that the proposed model can estimate the AFR, and the accuracy of the estimated value is applicable to the feedback control system. Additionally, the adaptive controller with the AFR model can be applied to regulate the AFR of the port injection SI engine.     

The polytropic volume method to detect engine events based on the measured cylinder pressure

Internal combustion engines deliver work using an intermittent thermodynamic process. For control and diagnosis purposes, it is useful to detect key events relative to the crank angle position. A new method to detect the intake valve closing (IVC), start of combustion (SOC), end of combustion (EOC) or exhaust valve opening (EVO), using the measured cylinder pressure as input, is described. The method is based on the observation that the compression and expansion processes are of polytropic nature. It is shown that the events can be detected by detecting the points where the real and the polytropic volume diverge.     

Combustion timing control of HCCI engine based on NNPC and Elman-NN model under complex conditions

Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) combines the characteristics of gasoline engine and diesel engine with high thermal efficiency and low emissions. However, since there is no direct initiator of combustion, it is difficult to control the combustion timing in HCCI engines under complex working conditions. In this paper, Neural Network Predictive Control (NNPC) for combustion timing of the HCCI engine is designed and implemented. First, the black box model based on Elman neural network is designed and developed to estimate the combustion timing. The fuel equivalence ratio, intake valve closing timing, intake manifold temperature, intake manifold gas pressure, and engine speed are chosen as the system inputs. Then, a NNPC controller is designed to control combustion timing by controlling the intake valve closing timing. Simulation results show that the Elman neural network black box model is capable of estimating the HCCI engine combustion timing. In addition, regardless of whether the HCCI engine is in constant or complex condition, the designed NNPC controller is capable of keeping the combustion timing within the ideal range. In particular, under New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) working conditions, the maximum overshoot of the controller is 28.95% and the average error is 1.03 crank angle degree. It is concluded that the controller has good adaptability and robustness.     

Optimal heat release shaping in a reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) engine

The present paper addresses the optimal heat release (HR) law in a single cylinder engine operated under reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion mode to minimise the indicated specific fuel consumption (ISFC) subject to different constraints including pressure related limits (maximum cylinder pressure and maximum cylinder pressure gradient). With this aim, a 0-dimensional (0D) engine combustion model has been identified with experimental data. Then, the optimal control problem of minimising the ISFC of the engine at different operating conditions of the engine operating map has been stated and analytically solved. To evaluate the method viability a data-driven model is developed to obtain the control actions (gasoline fraction) leading to the calculated optimal HR, more precisely to the optimal ratio between premixed and diffusive combustion. The experimental results obtained with such controls and the differences with the optimal HR are finally explained and discussed.     

The torque ratio concept for combustion monitoring of internal combustion engines

This work presents a method to analyze combustion events in an internal combustion engine, called the torque ratio concept. The method is based on crankshaft torque measurements, but an extension to angular speed measurements is possible. The torque ratio concept provides a parametrized model for the combustion progress from which, e.g. combustion phasing can be extracted. The torque ratio concept is derived mathematically and related theoretically to other combustion analysis methods, such as pressure ratio and net heat release. Finally, analysis on recorded data from a five cylinder spark ignited engine verifies the relationships between the three methods. For combustion phasing, the 50% torque ratio is an equivalent measure to 50% pressure ratio and can be transformed into the 50% net heat release position by using a derived volume ratio function.     

Heat transfer in cylindrical shrouded cavities

The flow field, temperature field and the heat transfer rates in cylindrical shrouded cavities with rotation, recirculation and coolant through-flow have been analyzed numerically. Two cavity configurations are considered. In the first configuration, a heated cylindrical shroud is enclosed by a stationary insulated stator disc and a rotating insulated rotor disc. The coolant air enters the cavity by a central opening in the rotor and exits through an annular gap at the rim of the rotor. The second configuration studies the heat transfer from an air cooled gas turbine disc using the model of a plane disc rotating close to an insulated shrouded stator. The coolant enters centrally through the stator disc and exits radially through a gap between the shroud and the rotor. The flow field and heat transfer rates are computed for several values of coolant flow rate, the rotor swirl speed, the cavity aspect ratio and the exit gap width in the two cavity configurations. The swirl of the rotor changes immensely the flow pattern, recirculating zones and isotherms inside such cavities. In general, increasing coolant flow rate, decreasing swirl and decreasing aspect ratio enhances the heat transfer from the shroud in the first cavity configuration. For the second cavity configuration, the heat transfer rates increase with increasing coolant flow rate, increasing swirl of the rotor, increasing size of the cavity and decreasing exit gap width between the stator and the rotor.     

基于PIV的旋流杯油雾速度场测量研究

尝试采用粒子图像测速仪(PIV,particle image velocity)对旋流杯出口油雾速度场进行测量,并研究了激光强度和油雾粒径分布对测量结果的影响.结果表明,激光强度对油雾速度场结构无明显影响,但在旋流杯出口射流主体处速度值有一定差异,这是由于产生的激光亮斑超出了相机的动态范围造成的.此外,当旋流杯出口油雾粒径分布较为均匀时,PIV测量油雾速度值与PDPA测得的速度值较为接近,误差在8％左右,该误差对于研究油雾速度场结构及其变化规律是可以接受的,这在一定程度上拓展了PIV的应用领域,提高了油雾速度场的试验效率.