纳豆腐乳发酵工艺优化

以腐乳半成品为试验材料,以感官评价和纳豆枯草芽孢杆菌菌落数为评价指标,采用单因素试验和正交试验设计确定并优化了纳豆腐乳的发酵工艺。结果表明,最佳发酵工艺为大米添加量9%、纳豆枯草芽孢杆菌接种量5%、发酵前16 h温度为37 ℃,后8 h为50 ℃、发酵相对湿度为60%。在此最佳条件下制备的纳豆腐乳具有白腐乳应有的滋味和香气,氨基酸态氮含量可达0.44 g/100 g,纳豆枯草芽孢杆菌菌落数为1.63×108 CFU/g、食盐含量低于6.4 g/100 g、纳豆激酶酶活可达2 712 FU/g,具有溶血栓效果,是一种新型特色腐乳,具有广泛的市场应用前景。     

应用原生质体融合技术筛选豆豉芽孢杆菌

采用原生质体融合技术,以枯草芽孢杆菌Bl⑥为出发菌株,与纳豆芽孢杆菌进行原生质体融合,最终筛选获得融合菌株11株.其中以枯草芽孢杆菌B1⑥和纳豆芽孢杆菌融合获得的RH3519菌株纯种发酵豆豉的品质最佳,且显著优于原始菌株和自然发酵豆豉.RH3519菌株的生理生化鉴定表明,属于芽孢杆菌属的枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis),其遗传稳定性高,发酵不产气,发酵特性可满足工业生产的要求.     

以麦麸为原料固态发酵开发多菌种微生态制剂的研究

试验以麦麸为主要原料,采用固态发酵技术,以纳豆芽孢杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌为发酵菌种,以活茵数为指标,通过单因素和L9(34)正交试验确定了双菌混合发酵的最佳条件.结果表明:先接入纳豆芽孢杆菌,发酵3 d后接入嗜酸乳杆菌再共同培养3 d、培养基初始含水量80%、pH值7.0、纳豆芽孢杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌接种比例为4:6、接种量10%、发酵温度37℃的发酵效果最好.在此条件下发酵后,纳豆芽孢杆茵数为9.8×109cfu/g,嗜酸乳杆菌数为7.1×109cfu/g.     

发酵酶解法提取紫菜蛋白多肽及其特性研究

利用纳豆芽孢杆菌或枯草芽孢杆菌对紫菜进行发酵,并结合木瓜蛋白酶酶解的方法提取紫菜蛋白多肽,考察了发酵酶解法对蛋白提取率的影响。结果发现,以未加热处理的紫菜为原料,纳豆芽孢杆菌接种量4%,在30℃下发酵24 h,再利用木瓜蛋白酶(1 mg/mL)酶解3 h后,紫菜蛋白提取率为82%,而利用接种量2%的枯草芽孢杆菌时蛋白提取率可达89%。根据紫菜发酵酶解物的性质分析结果,发现提取物的氨基酸组成与紫菜相同,蛋白溶解性不受pH影响,在pH 3.0下乳化活性最高,而在pH 9.0下乳化稳定性最好。     

枯草芽孢杆菌发酵制备玉米肽－葡萄糖螯合物的条件优化

以玉米肽和葡萄糖为底物,利用枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)ls-45为菌种发酵,以DPPH清除率为指标,通过单因素及响应面实验优化枯草芽孢杆菌发酵制备玉米肽-葡萄糖螯合物的条件,为研究玉米肽-葡萄糖螯合物体内、体外抗氧化等功能实验提供数据支撑。采用四因素三水平响应面实验确定最佳接种量、pH值、发酵温度及发酵时间。结果表明:利用枯草芽孢杆菌发酵制备玉米肽-葡萄糖螯合物的最佳工艺条件为接种量10%,发酵时间46 h,pH 6,发酵温度37℃,此时DPPH清除率为90.82%。     

固态发酵玉米黄粉饲料复合菌种的筛选

运用平板点种法、点种刺激圈法和多菌种固体发酵法3种主要方法,筛选发酵玉米黄粉饲料的复合菌株。结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillussubtilis）、凝结芽孢杆菌（Bacilluscoagulans）和地衣芽孢杆菌（Bacilluslicheniformis）3种菌株以1∶1∶1的比例混合,按5% 的接种量接入发酵培养基,发酵效果较好,于30 ℃条件下发酵120 h,玉米黄粉饲料中可溶性蛋白含量由3.78%提高到14.26%。     

发酵玉米黄粉生产蛋白饲料配伍菌株的初筛

为提高发酵玉米黄粉蛋白饲料中可溶性蛋白质的转化率,选用农业部许可使用的8种发酵饲料微生物为初始菌株,以蛋白酶活力为指标,通过液体发酵实验筛选出共生良好且产蛋白酶活力高的5种配伍菌株。并通过正交实验确定5种菌株的比例在热带假丝酵母菌∶纳豆芽孢杆菌∶嗜热乳酸杆菌∶地衣芽孢杆菌∶枯草芽孢杆菌为3∶2∶4∶3∶1时的蛋白酶活力最高。将此比例配伍菌株用于固体发酵玉米黄粉,发酵后干基中的可溶性蛋白质质量分数达13.3%,较发酵前的3.2%提高了315.6%。     

纳豆芽孢杆菌的筛选与鉴定

纳豆是大豆经纳豆芽孢杆菌发酵制成的-种药食兼用的传统食品.本文以市售纳豆为原料,利用目标纳豆芽孢杆菌所应具有耐热性、显著的蛋白酶活性等生物学特性,筛选得到一株菌株.根据菌落形态和糖发酵、过氧化氢酶等生理生化试验,初步鉴定其为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis).实验表明,此株菌株具有产γ-聚谷氨酸(γ-PGA)、产纳豆激酶的生理特性,从而证实了该菌株确实为纳豆芽孢杆菌(Bacillus natto).     

纳豆芽孢杆菌发酵黑豆豆豉的前发酵工艺优化

以黑豆为主要原料,以总多酚含量和DPPH·清除率为指标,采用单因素试验与正交试验设计优化纳豆芽孢杆菌发酵黑豆豆豉的前发酵工艺条件。结果表明:其最优发酵工艺条件为发酵时间4d,发酵温度39℃,纳豆芽孢杆菌接种量2.5g/100g·黑豆,在该条件下得到的黑豆豆豉总多酚含量为4.24 mg/g,DPPH·清除率为79.86%,表明黑豆经纳豆芽孢杆菌发酵后能够获得具有较高抗氧化活性的黑豆豆豉。     

蜂花粉的固态发酵工艺

采用乳酸菌、纳豆芽孢杆菌和酿酒酵母对蜂花粉进行单菌、混菌固态发酵。结果表明,花粉发酵最适菌株为纳豆芽孢杆菌与嗜酸乳杆菌,以1∶1的比例进行混菌发酵;接种方式先接纳豆芽孢杆菌,发酵3d后接嗜酸乳杆菌发酵5d,接种量为10%,发酵方式为浅层好氧发酵,花粉最适含水量为35%～40%,发酵温度为30℃。发酵后的花粉气味鲜香,口味酸甜,能克服天然蜂花粉口感和风味差的缺陷,是一种兼具花粉与益生菌双重保健作用的新型发酵花粉产品     

Determination of ethanol,volatile fatty acids,lactic and succinic acids in fermentation liquids by gas chromatography

A rapid and simple quantitative method was developed to determine, by gas chromatography, the concentrations in fermentation liquids of ethanol, the C₂-C₆ volatile fatty acids, and lactic and succinic acids. Aqueous samples were acidified with 250μlml^?1 metaphosphoric acid (5:1 ratio), centrifuged, and injected directly on to a column containing a porous aromatic polymer (Chromosorb 101) maintained at 200°C in a gas chromatograph fitted with a flame ionisation detector. It was unnecessary to purify samples further before injection, although distillation and ion-exchange methods were examined. Derivatisation of lactic and succinic acids before injection was not necessary, but the lowest level of detection of these two relatively non-volatile acids was about four times greater than that for the volatile fatty acids. The method described was suitable for the analysis of rumen fluid, methane digester fluid, silage extracts and other anaerobic fermentation fluids. The relative retention times are given for 23 organic acids and six other fermentation end-products.     

Effects of abomasal infusions of fatty acids and 1-carbon donors on apparent fatty acid digestibility and incorporation into milk fat in cows

Our primary objective was to determine the effects of the abomasal infusion of 16-carbon (16C) and 22-carbon (22C) fatty acids (FA) on apparent FA digestibility, plasma FA concentrations, and their incorporation into milk fat in cows. Our secondary objective was to study the effects of 1-carbon donors choline and l-serine on these variables. Five rumen-cannulated Holstein cows (214 ± 4.9 d in milk; 3.2 ± 1.1 parity) were enrolled in a 5 × 5 Latin square experiment with experimental periods lasting 6 d. Abomasal infusates consisted of (1) palmitic acid (PA; 98% 16:0 of total fat), (2) PA + choline chloride (PA+CC; 50 g/d of choline chloride), (3) PA + l-serine (PA+S; 170 g/d of l-serine), (4) behenic acid (BA; 92% 22:0 of total fat), and (5) docosahexaenoic acid algal oil (DHA; 47.5% DHA of total fat). Emulsions were formulated to provide 301 g/d of total FA and were balanced to provide a minimum of 40 and 19 g/d of 16:0 and glycerol, respectively, to match the content found in the infused algal oil. Apparent digestibility of FA was highest in DHA, intermediate in PA, and lowest in BA. Digestibility of 16C FA was lowest in BA and highest in PA. The digestibility of 22C FA was highest in DHA relative to BA (99 vs. 58%), whereas 1-carbon donors had no effect on 22C FA digestibility. Plasma 16C FA concentrations were greatest with PA treatment, and 22C FA concentrations were ~3-fold greater in DHA-treated cows relative to all other treatments. Milk fat 16:0 content was highest in PA relative to BA and DHA (e.g., 37 vs. 27% in PA and DHA), whereas the milk yield of 16:0 was higher in PA relative to DHA (i.e., 454 vs. 235 g/d). Similarly, milk 22:0 content and yield were ~10-fold higher in BA relative to all other treatments, whereas DHA treatment resulted in higher content and yield of 22:6 in milk fat relative to all other treatments (41- and 38-fold higher, respectively). Consequently, the content of FA >16C (i.e., preformed) was higher in milk fat from cows infused with BA and DHA relative to PA. De novo FA content in milk did not differ between PA, PA+CC, and PA+S (~16% of milk fat) but was higher in BA and DHA treatments (19 and 21%, respectively). We conclude that FA carbon chain length and degree of saturation affected FA digestibility and availability for absorption as well as their incorporation into milk fat. The abomasal infusion of choline chloride and l-serine did not modify these variables relative to infusing palmitic acid alone.     

Short communication: Eicosatrienoic acid and docosatrienoic acid do not promote vaccenic acid accumulation in mixed ruminal cultures

Previous research found that docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3) was a component of fish oil that promotes trans-C18:1 accumulation in ruminal cultures when incubated with linoleic acid. The objective of this study was to determine if eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3n-3) and docosatrienoic acid (C22:3n-3), n-3 fatty acids in fish oil, promote accumulation of trans-C18:1, vaccenic acid (VA) in particular, using cultures of mixed ruminal microorganisms. Treatments consisted of control, control plus 5 mg of C20:3n-3 (ETA), control plus 5 mg of C22:3n-3 (DTA), control plus 15 mg of linoleic acid (LA), control plus 5 mg of C20:3n-3 and 15 mg of linoleic acid (ETALA), and control plus 5 mg of C22:3n-3 and 15 mg of linoleic acid (DTALA). Treatments were incubated in triplicate in 125-mL flasks, and 5 mL of culture contents was taken at 0 and 24 h for fatty acid analysis by gas-liquid chromatography. After 24 h of incubation, the concentrations of trans-C18:1 (0.87, 0.88, and 0.99 mg/culture), and VA (0.52, 0.56, and 0.62 mg/culture) were similar for the control, ETA, and DTA cultures, respectively. The concentrations of trans-C18:1 (5.51, 5.41, and 5.36 mg/culture), and VA (4.78, 4.62, and 4.59 mg/culture) were also similar between LA, ETALA, and DTALA cultures, respectively. These data suggest that C20:3n-3 and C22:3n-3 are not the active components in fish oil that promote VA accumulation when incubated with linoleic acid.     

奶粉脂肪酸与乳制品风味关系研究

用气质（GC—MS）联用色谱分析了11个商业奶粉样品的脂肪酸组成以及含量,每个样品均检测到了28种脂肪酸,在表现奶粉风味的4个呈味脂肪酸,也即辛酸、己酸、壬酸和葵酸中只检测到了辛酸和葵酸。辛酸和葵酸含量在进口奶粉中普遍高于国产奶粉。国产奶粉中辛酸和葵酸的含量以2号最好,3号其次。亚油酸含量在国产奶粉中普遍高于进口奶粉。     

气相色谱法同时快速测定食品中丙酸、山梨酸、苯甲酸及脱氢乙酸

通过液液萃取净化样品研究,建立了食品中丙酸、山梨酸、苯甲酸、脱氢乙酸及其盐含量气相色谱同时快速测定方法,适用于固体非酯(脂)类食品的检测。结果表明:丙酸的回收率在85.1%~91.3%之间,其余3种防腐剂的回收率均在95.2%~99.4%之间;实验室内变异系数(CV,n=6)最大值≤4.7%,4种防腐剂检出限均在0.002 g/kg以下。4种目标物在有杂质干扰时,可用不同的极性毛细管柱做进一步的确认。本方法具有适用范围广、检测效率高、重现性好、准确度高、检出限低的特点,推广应用对我国食品安全的监督检验具有重要的意义。     

花生四烯酸、二十二碳六烯酸和二十碳五烯酸 在炎症中的作用概述

心脑血管疾病、肿瘤、糖尿病、神经系统疾病、自身免疫等疾病严重危害着人类的生命和健康,并消耗着大量医疗资源。事实上,很多疾病发生和发展的背后都伴随着炎症反应,炎症是众多疾病的病理基础,甚至是导致这些疾病的诱因。炎症本身是机体的防御性反应,但过度的炎症反应和长期慢性炎症会损害机体的稳态。炎症的调节和控制由炎症介质介导,花生四烯酸(arachidonic acid,AA)、二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)和二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)等长链多不饱和脂肪酸(10ng-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids,LC-PUFAs)的衍生物是一类重要的调控炎症的介质。炎性细胞间的交流和细胞内信号传递与LC-PUFAs有关。AA经环氧酶和脂氧合酶合成的类二十烷酸主要起促炎作用,但有的也有抗炎作用。DHA和EPA在体内起抗炎作用,由它们合成的消退素(resolvins,Rvs)和保护素(protectin,PD)是重要的抗炎活性物质。DHA和EPA还可以干扰炎性细胞内信号传导途径来抑制炎症反应。本文从炎症与疾病的关系、LC-PUFAs的衍生物及其促炎和抗炎机制等方面综述了AA、DHA和EPA在炎症中的作用。     

酸味酿造产品中三酸比例评析

酸味酿造产品中乳酸、醋酸、丁酸共存,但比例不同形成的酸味特征也不同。控制不同的环境条件,创造出不同的微生物区系,形成不同的三酸比例,才能形成不同的产品风格。该文对常见的酸味酿造产品中微生物区系的变化及三酸含量进行了分析。     

Growth of Aeromonas hydrophila K144 as Affected by Organic Acids

The influence of different acids on the aerobic growth kinetics of Aeromonas hydrophila was studied in BHI broth with 0.5 and 2.0% NaCl incubated at 5 and 19°C. Growth curve data were analyzed by the Gompertz equation and a nonlinear regression program; generation and lag times were calculated from the Gompertz parameters. Type of acid, pH, NaCl level and temperature influenced lag and generation times. The organic acids (acetic, lactic, citric and tartaric) inhibited growth at higher pH values than inorganic acids (HCl and H₂SO₄). The high NaCl level interacted with type of acid and pH to restrict growth of the organism at the lower temperature of incubation. Acetic and lactic acids were effective in controlling the growth of A. hydrophila and could readily be combined with low holding temperature to render foods free of the organism.     

杂多酸催化合成辛酸蔗糖酯

以蔗糖、辛酸为原料,杂多酸为催化剂合成辛酸蔗糖酯。用L16(45)正交设计优化实验,高效液相色谱法分析反应液组成。考察了催化剂种类和用量、反应温度、原料配比、反应时间等因素对辛酸蔗糖酯产率的影响,发现以二甲基亚砜为溶剂、蔗糖与辛酸摩尔比1∶9、磷钨酸用量为蔗糖质量的2.0%、110℃反应时间6h,蔗糖转化率达60%,产物产要是二酯。动力学研究发现,蔗糖反应级数为一级,反应表观速率常数为0.0059min-1(90℃)、0.0117min-1(110℃),反应表观活化能Ea=39.57kJ/mol。     

气相色谱法同时测定保健食品中的5种 不饱和脂肪酸

目的建立气相色谱法同时测定保健食品中亚油酸、α-亚麻酸、二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)、二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)和二十二碳五烯酸(docosapentaenoic acid,DPA)的含量。方法样品先采用氢氧化钾甲醇溶液进行皂化处理,再用三氟化硼甲醇溶液甲酯化,经HP-FFAP色谱柱(30m×0.53 mm,1.0μm)分离测定。结果 EPA甲酯、DHA甲酯、DPA甲酯、亚油酸甲酯、α-亚麻酸甲酯分别在0.03927~1.178、0.04200~1.260、0.03449~1.035、0.08368~1.255、0.08482~4.241 mg/mL的浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数r均大于0.999;检出限分别为0.0039、0.0042、0.0034、0.0042、0.0042 mg/mL;加标回收率在91.1%~109.3%之间,相对标准偏差均小于5%。结论该方法操作简单快捷,适用于保健食品中亚油酸、α-亚麻酸、EPA、DPA和DHA的测定。