Al_(0.25)Cu_(0.75)FeNiCo颗粒增强铝合金的组织与性能

高熵合金是一种新型的结构与功能材料,源于金属-金属间天然的界面结合特性,高熵合金与铝合金基体间的界面润湿性极好。采用Al_(0.25)Cu_(0.75)FeNiCo高熵合金(HEA)颗粒作为增强相来增强铝合金,研究高熵合金含量变化对复合材料显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:高熵合金增强相在基体中分布均匀,随着高熵合金体积分数的增大,局部会出现少量颗粒团聚现象。复合材料的弹性模量和硬度随着高熵合金含量的增加而增大,但复合材料的抗拉强度和延伸率呈现出先增大后减小的趋势。当高熵合金的体积分数为5%时,复合材料的极限抗拉强度和伸长率达到最大值(σb:437.6 MPa,ε:11.42%),比铝合金基体分别提高了20.1%和36.6%。TEM分析表明,高熵合金颗粒和铝合金良好的界面结合状态,使得复合材料具有较高的综合力学性能。     

WC颗粒对激光熔覆高熵合金SiFeCoCrTi涂层的组织及性能的影响

采用激光熔覆技术,在Q235钢基体上制备了高熵合金SiFeCoCrTi涂层,并研究了WC颗粒对高熵合金涂层的组织及性能的影响。通过OM,XRD,SEM,硬度试验,磨损试验等手段探究了高熵合金涂层的微观形貌,相结构,硬度及磨损性能。结果表明,高熵合金SiFeCoCrTi涂层组织为胞状树枝晶,主要由bcc相和金属间化合物构成。添加WC后,涂层中形成了致密细小的枝状晶,而且形成了大量的金属间化合物,如TiCo_3、Co_(1.07)Fe_(18.93)。同时WC添加使得基材的稀释率降低,涂层的性能明显提高,其涂层平均硬度提升23%,涂层摩擦系数和磨损率都明显减小,耐磨性能显著提高。     

铬铁原矿粉激光制备高熵合金复合涂层的组织与性能

目的用铬铁原矿粉快速直接制备高熵合金复合涂层,研究其组织结构及性能,提高基体表面硬度和耐磨性。方法采用激光熔覆技术在40Cr钢表面制备高熵合金复合涂层,运用金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)及硬度计、磨粒磨损机,分析高熵合金复合涂层不同深度的显微组织、物相结构及力学性能。结果高熵合金复合涂层与基体结合良好,物相结构为简单BCC结构的过饱和固溶体,显微组织为典型胞状和树枝晶组织,且原位自生形成的细小碳化物颗粒强化相弥散分布于基体。深度为0.1 mm时,复合涂层的显微组织形貌最细小,且存在一定程度的成分偏析。复合涂层显微硬度平均为6.48 GPa,为基材40Cr钢的2倍以上。高熵合金复合涂层不同深度的磨损率均低于基体的磨损率,且随着深度的增加,磨损率逐渐升高,当深度为0.1 mm时,磨损率最低,为0.17 mg/mm2,耐磨性最好。结论以铬铁原矿粉为掺杂组元,采用激光熔覆技术成功制备出掺杂原位自生颗粒强化相的高熵合金复合涂层,显著提高了基体表面硬度和耐磨性。     

Al添加量对无钴高熵合金涂层组织结构和耐磨性的影响

通过等离子转移弧焊技术在Q235钢基体上制备了无钴Al_xCrFeMnNi高熵合金(HEA)涂层(x=0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1)。研究了Al的加入对HEA涂层的相组成、组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明，由于高熵效应，Al_xCrFeMnNi HEA涂层主要由简单的BCC和FCC相以及少量碳化物相组成。此外，Al元素的加入抑制了FCC相的形成。随着Al添加量的增加，枝晶间明显粗化。当Al添加量为0.8时，HEA涂层平均维氏硬度为386.5 HV0.2,平均摩擦因数为0.595,耐磨性能最稳定。     

钛合金表面激光熔覆AlCoCrFeMoVTi高熵合金涂层的摩擦磨损和高温抗氧化性能

为提高钛合金的摩擦磨损和高温抗氧化性能,采用激光熔覆技术在Ti6Al4V(TC4)钛合金表面制备了近等原子比的AlCoCrFeMoVTi高熵合金(HEA)涂层。借助X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)等分析了涂层的物相组成和显微组织;利用HDX-1000维氏硬度仪测试了熔覆层显微硬度;通过UMT-3摩擦磨损试验机和GSL-1400X型管式电阻炉分别测试了HEA涂层的摩擦磨损性能和高温抗氧化性能。结果表明,HEA涂层主要由面心立方(fcc)、体心立方(bcc)二元共晶相组成;HEA涂层最高显微硬度HV0.2为10 990 MPa,是基体TC4的3.29倍;涂层摩擦系数为0.31,磨损体积为1.79×10~(-4)mm~3,分别为基体的59.62%和12.01%;在800℃恒温下氧化50h后,HEA涂层的氧化增重为1.49 mg,仅为基体的16.37%。激光熔覆高熵合金AlCoCrFeMoVTi涂层能显著改善Ti6Al4V钛合金的摩擦磨损和高温抗氧化性能。     

WC和Al2O3对氩弧熔覆FeAlCoCrCuTi0.4高熵合金涂层组织和耐冲蚀性能影响

利用氩弧熔覆技术制备了FeAlCoCrCuTi_0.4,WC/Al₂O₃-FeAlCoCrCuTi_0.4高熵合金涂层,并通过XRD,SEM,EDS,硬度测试和冲蚀磨损测试等方法,探究了WC和Al₂O₃的添加对FeAlCoCrCuTi_0.4高熵合金涂层显微组织和性能的影响.结果表明,通过氩弧熔覆技术所制备的合金涂层表面成形性良好,无孔洞、裂纹等缺陷产生,与基体呈高强度冶金结合.WC和Al₂O₃的添加对涂层稀释率的降低有显著作用.三种涂层都是主要由Bcc相（Fe-Cr固溶体）构成,晶粒以胞状树枝晶形式存在.添加WC后,晶粒细化明显,在各种强化作用下涂层硬度为685.8 HV.且WC和Al₂O₃的添加显著提高了涂层耐冲蚀磨损性能,耐磨性几乎可以达到FeAlCoCrCuTi_0.4高熵合金涂层的2倍.     

激光熔覆TiZrHfCrMoW涂层在大气和模拟体液环境下的摩擦磨损行为

目的 提高钛合金表面耐磨性。方法 采用激光熔覆技术在TC4基体表面制备TiZrHfCrMoW涂层,采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等分析涂层的相组成和显微组织结构。联合电化学工作站和摩擦磨损试验仪,分别在大气和37 ℃的0.9%NaCl模拟体液环境条件下,研究TiZrHfCrMoW高熵合金(HEA)涂层与TC4合金的摩擦磨损行为。结果 激光熔覆HEA涂层均匀致密,无明显缺陷,主要由2种BCC相及1种未知相组成,涂层平均硬度为584.6HV0.2,约为TC4基材硬度的1.6倍。在空气中滑动时,HEA涂层在0.3、0.5、1 N下的磨损率均比TC4基体低,且涂层的磨损率随载荷的增加而增加,TC4的磨损率则相反。在(37±0.5) ℃的0.9%NaCl溶液中,0.5 N载荷下TC4的磨损率是HEA涂层的6倍。HEA涂层与TC4钛合金基体相比,具有更高的自腐蚀电位和更低的腐蚀电流密度。模拟体液环境下HEA涂层的主要磨损机制为逐层剥落和腐蚀磨损。结论 激光熔覆HEA涂层可以有效提高TC4合金的耐磨损及耐腐蚀性能。     

高熵合金高能束增材制造及性能的研究进展

高熵合金（HEA）是目前材料和工程科学领域的研究热点。HEA不同于传统合金，由多种主要元素组成，因此HEA成分数量可能大大超过传统合金。HEA因其独特“近/等摩尔比”的成分构成，具备高硬度、抗氧化、抗腐蚀、耐高温、耐磨等优异的性能。增材制造（AM）与HEA结合可制备出高强度、高塑性、高度复杂几何体的金属零件。本文探讨了目前广泛使用的选区电子束熔化技术（SEBM）、选区激光熔化技术（SLM）、激光熔覆技术（LC）以及等离子熔覆技术（PC）。前两者用于制备块状HEA，后两者用于制备涂层HEA。SEBM制备的HEA延展性好，不易开裂；SLM制备的HEA成形精度、强度、表面光洁度高；LC制备的HEA熔覆层稀释度极低，组织致密；PC制备的HEA熔覆层几乎无气孔、无裂纹。本文系统总结了4种不同AM方法的技术特点，以及制备的HEA相较于传统铸造技术在微观结构特征、力学和耐腐蚀性能方面的优势，并详细介绍其内在机理。本文为开发AM制备高熵合金的前沿技术提供理论思路。     

HT250 铸铁表面等离子合金化 AlCoCrCuFex MnNiCx高熵合金复合涂层

目的通过等离子合金化高熵合金涂层,提高铸铁表面耐磨性。方法采用等离子合金化法,以等摩尔比的Al,Co,Cr,Cu,Mn,Ni单质金属粉在HT250铸铁表面制备高熵合金复合涂层。通过SEM,EDS,XRD等分析涂层的组织,测试涂层的显微硬度分布。结果由于铸铁基体少量熔化,基体中的Fe和C元素进入涂层,形成了厚度约为0.2 mm的Al Co Cr Cu FexMn Ni Cx高熵合金涂层。从涂层表面到基材,体系的混合熵呈高熵-中熵-低熵的梯度变化。涂层主要由高熵合金的枝晶和枝晶间渗碳体、σ相等组织构成,主要有FCC,BCC,Fe3C及σ相。涂层的显微硬度大约为350~600HV0.2,明显高于铸铁基体的硬度(200~230HV0.2)。结论通过等离子合金化可以在铸铁表面形成高熵合金+碳化物的复合涂层,提高了铸铁的显微硬度,有利于铸铁表面耐磨性的提高。     

Bi-Sn熔体在高熵合金上的润湿行为及界面特征

采用传统座滴法研究了低熔点合金(Bi-Sn)和高熵合金(AlCoFeNiCr和CuCoFeNiCr)之间的润湿行为及界面特征。借助扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱分析(EDS)分析了Bi-Sn/AlCoFeNiCr和Bi-Sn/CuCoFeNiCr界面微观结构。结果表明:AlCoFeNiCr和CuCoFeNiCr高熵合金都是结构单一的固溶体,但Bi-Sn熔体在CuCoFeNiCr高熵合金基体上的润湿性明显地优于Bi-Sn熔体在AlCoFeNiCr高熵合金基体上的润湿性;Bi-Sn/CuCoFeNiCr界面发生剧烈的化学反应,有大量的界面反应物生成,Bi-Sn熔体中的原子Sn主要是沿着CuCoFeNiCr高熵合金中的富铜相扩散,而Bi-Sn/AlCoFeNiCr界面平直,且随着润湿温度的升高,Bi-Sn熔体中的原子向AlCoFeNiCr高熵合金基体的扩散程度加强并伴随化学反应,出现类似"皮下潜流"现象;由于CuCoFeNiCr高熵合金中富铜相的存在,为Bi-Sn在CuCoFeNiCr高熵合金基体上的铺展提供了"润湿通道"。     

17-4PH不锈钢基体激光熔覆制备球形WC/Ni基复合涂层

为了制备高性能耐磨带,提高工件的使用寿命,利用激光宽带熔覆技术在17-4PH不锈钢表面沉积镍基合金做为过渡层,然后熔覆球形WC/Ni基复合涂层。对激光熔覆层分别采用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)等检测分析手段进行形貌观察、成分分析、物相表征等,并使用MMG-10型摩擦磨损试验机进行涂层耐磨性能测试。研究结果表明,采用激光熔覆技术可制备高质量WC/Ni基复合涂层,碳化钨质量分数达到65%,涂层冶金质量、裂纹尺寸、稀释率等满足技术要求。复合涂层的耐磨性为镍基合金的15倍,但其平均摩擦系数(0.926)高于镍基合金(0.762)。     

氩气保护下碳化钨对镍基合金熔覆层组织及耐磨性的影响

目的改善Q235钢板的耐磨性,以取代65Mn在振动筛筛板中的应用。方法采用电阻丝加热非真空熔覆技术,在氩气保护条件下于Q235钢表面制备碳化钨/镍基合金复合熔覆层。通过SEM和XRD观察分析熔覆层与基体的结合方式、碳化钨分布、熔覆层组织及相组成,通过硬度测试及磨损试验,分析碳化钨对熔覆层耐磨性的影响。结果熔覆层与钢基体达到冶金结合。熔覆层主要由奥氏体、碳化钨、碳化物及硼碳复合化合物等相组成,碳化钨弥散分布其中。当碳化钨用量为熔覆粉末总质量的35%时,熔覆层硬度为47.3HRC,磨损率为0.08 mg/m,约是钢基体耐磨性的5倍,65Mn耐磨性的4倍。结论采用氩气保护制备的碳化钨熔覆层与基体结合良好,提高了钢基体的耐磨性。     

微米WC增强Ni60合金高频感应熔覆涂层耐磨性能

采用高频感应熔覆方法在Q235低碳钢基体上制备了不同含量的微米WC增强Ni60A合金复合涂层.用MLS-225型湿砂橡胶轮磨粒磨损试验机评价了涂层的耐磨性能,利用SEM,XRD观察并分析了涂层的显微组织和磨损表面形貌.结果表明,在相同试验条件下,涂层的硬度和耐磨性随WC含量的增加而提高,当WC含量少于30%时,WC分布不均匀,主要集中于涂层的中部,涂层中Cr7C3相以粗大的六方状和长条状存在,不利于涂层耐磨性的提高;当WC含量达到50%时,Ni基合金中加入WC的含量达到了合适比例,耐磨性最佳,相对耐磨性为Ni60A涂层的6.5倍;当WC含量达到60%时,涂层的硬度最高,但出现了较多的孔洞,大量未熔的WC颗粒在磨粒的反复作用下剥落形成了大的剥落坑,导致耐磨性下降.涂层与基体实现了冶金结合,涂层的磨损机制主要为轻微的塑性切削和硬质相的脆性剥落.     

WC/W_2C_P在NiCrBSi合金中的分解机理及其表面渗碳改性

为了抑制铸造碳化钨颗粒(WC/W2C P)在复合材料制备过程中的过度分解,利用SEM、EDS和XRD等测试手段对WC/W2C P在Ni Cr BSi合金中的分解机理及其表面改性渗碳处理进行了研究。结果表明,铸造碳化钨由WC和W2C两相组成,在Ni Cr BSi合金中WC相比W2C相具有更好的化学稳定性。在熔烧法制备WC/W2C P增强Ni Cr BSi基复合材料涂层的过程中,基体熔液和WC/W2C P发生元素互扩散;WC/W2C P中的化学稳定性差的W2C相与从基体熔液中扩散过来的Ni、Cr等元素反应生成了富W、Ni的碳化物,而化学稳定性好的WC相几乎完整的保留下来;基体中的Ni、Cr元素与从WC/W2C P中扩散过来的W、C元素形成了富W、Ni、Cr的碳化物在凝固过程中析出。经渗碳表面改性后,WC/W2C P表面形成了化学稳定性好的WC壳层,该壳层能有效抑制WC/W2C P在基体中的扩散分解,减少基体中碳化物的析出。     

Synthesis of Cr-doped APT in the evaporation and crystallization process and its effect on properties of WC-Co cemented carbide alloy

WC grain size has significant effect on WC-Co cemented carbide alloy properties. In order to inhibit WC grain growth during sintering process, grain growth-inhibitor Cr₃C₂ is usually added to tungsten carbide powder in advance through mechanical milling. While, homogeneous distribution of Cr₃C₂ in the tungsten carbide powder is difficult to achieve and result in abnormal growth of WC grains. For this purpose of growth-inhibitor uniform distribution, (CH₃COO)₃Cr is added into ammonium tungstate solution during evaporation and crystallization process to prepare Cr-doped APT powder, which can be used as precursor for ultrafine-grained WC-Co cemented carbide alloy preparation. Compared with conventional APT powder, the Cr-doped APT has smaller particle size and bulk density, moreover, chromium is evenly distributed within it. The Cr-doped APT is then used to produce Cr-doped tungsten powder, which also has smaller particle size than that of conventional tungsten powder. Cr-doped tungsten powder is subsequently prepared into tungsten carbide powder and WC-Co cemented carbide alloy through carbonization and sintering process, respectively. Compared with conventional WC-Co cemented carbide alloy, the obtained WC-Co cemented carbide alloy has smaller mean WC grain size (0.36 μm), and more uniform microstructure. Furthermore, the phenomenon of WC grain abnormal growth during sintering process is not observed, because the grain growth-inhibitor Cr₃C₂ is well dispersed in tungsten carbide and cobalt composite powder. Results show that the obtained WC-Co cemented carbide alloy presents better mechanical properties (HRA, bending strength, coercive force) than those of conventional WC-Co cemented carbide alloy. Accordingly, the novel addition of (CH₃COO)₃Cr during the evaporation and crystallization process is the key factor of ultrafine-grained WC-Co cemented carbide alloy production.     

Heterogeneous Structure Design to Strengthen Carbon-Containing CoCrFeNi High Entropy Alloy

A carbon-containing CoCrFeNi high entropy alloy (HEA) with heterogeneous structures was obtained through thermome-chanical treatments,which induced concurrent recrystallization and carbide precipitation in the alloy.A combination of high yield strength (556 MPa) and large uniform elongation (45％) was achieved in the investigated alloy.The enhancement of the strength is attributed to the combined effects of grain refinement,precipitation strengthening and microstructural het-erogeneity.Our work demonstrated that the heterogeneity design could be realized by thermomechanical processes,which provided a practical strategy for producing HEAs with high performance.     

Wear-resistant WC composite hard coatings by brazing

A wear-resistant tungsten carbide/copper (WC/Cu) brazing alloy coating was deposited onto a steel substrate by high-temperature furnace brazing. Compared with other hard surfacing processes, much larger WC particles could be used to make a metal layer with higher wear resistance. ASTM G-65 wear test results for the brazed composite coating showed a higher wear resistance when compared with some WC-Co hard coatings that are commonly used. In this paper, the brazing alloy, the brazing process, and the after-brazing heat treatment are studied. The microstructure of the brazing alloy and the as-deposited coating were characterized, and no significant porosity was found. A good metallurgical bond was formed at the WC/Cu alloy interface and at the composite coating/substrate interface. Little or no dilution was observed. The bond strength between the Cu alloy and substrate is also much higher than for a thermal spray coating. This paper was presented at the 2nd International Surface Engineering Congress sponsored by ASM International, on September 15–17, 2003, in Indianapolis, Indiana, and appeared on pp. 592-96.     

The manufacture and characterization of WC-(Al)CoCrCuFeNi cemented carbides with nominally high entropy alloy binders

Recently, there has been increasing interest in cemented tungsten carbide hardmetals and titanium carbonitride cermets with binders of multi-component alloys (≥4 elements) or high entropy alloys (≥5 principal elements in equimolar ratios). Property improvements have been reported, such as increased ambient and elevated temperature hardness, as well as greater oxidation resistance.This study has thoroughly investigated model cemented carbides manufactured using coarse WC with a binder content of 20 wt% (32–37 vol%) from three different (Al)CoCrCuFeNi high entropy alloys (HEAs) and at different carbon levels (low, medium and high).Binder alloys were manufactured by both planetary ball milling of elemental powder mixtures and gas atomizing. Sintering was performed in vacuum for 2 h at different temperatures between 1200 °C and 1500 °C. Post-HIP treatments were also applied in some cases as all systems were difficult to densify without residual porosity.Detailed analyses were performed on the as-manufactured binder alloys, sintered binder alloys (without WC) and the actual sintered cemented carbides (WC + HEA). Various analysis methods were used to examine the materials. These included thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to determine the melting behaviour; X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) and Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) to identify the type, crystal structure and exact composition of the phases present; and light optical microscopy (LOM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for microstructural characterization. Additionally, the hardness and Palmqvist indentation toughness of each composition were also measured.2-Phase WC-HEA microstructures could not be obtained using the investigated high entropy alloys. Several solid solution binder alloys and numerous carbide phases were present after sintering, formed by segregation and reaction. The type and quantity of the phases depend on the carbon balance. For the compositions containing aluminium, it was found that aluminium forms oxides and intermetallic phases during sintering. The paper presents these findings in detail.     

真空高频感应熔覆Ni60-WC复合涂层的耐蚀性

在不同的WC质量分数和不同的熔融状态下,用真空高频感应熔覆法制得Ni60-WC复合涂层,分析复合涂层的化学成分和组织形貌,研究WC质量分数和熔融状态对高频感应熔覆Ni60-WC复合涂层耐蚀性的影响。结果表明:复合涂层具有优良的耐蚀性能,其中在盐酸(质量分数10%)中最大耐蚀性是Q235-A的100倍左右,在硫酸(质量分数10%)中最大耐蚀性是Q235-A的20倍左右。在同种腐蚀溶液中的复合涂层材料耐蚀性一般随着WC质量分数的增加而降低。刚熔状态比过熔状态耐蚀性能要好,这是由于合金粉末中含有耐腐蚀元素Ni、Cr等,提高了涂层的耐蚀性。但随着熔烧时间的延长,涂层与基体之间产生扩散,涂层中Fe元素质量分数增加,腐蚀元素Ni、Cr的质量分数相对减少,导致涂层的耐蚀性降低。     

Fabrication of WC/Fe composite coating by centrifugal casting plus in-situ synthesis techniques

Using tungsten wires as a reactive source, an iron-based composite coating, reinforced by tungsten carbide (WC) particles, with a thickness of 3.0 mm, was fabricated on the surface of a gray cast iron substrate by centrifugal casting plus in-situ synthesis techniques. With the help of differential thermal analysis (DTA), an appropriate pouring temperature of the gray cast iron molten was determined to be 1300 °C. The experimental results show that the composite coating is dense and consists mainly of primary WC carbides, fine secondly WC carbides as the reinforcing phases and pearlite accompanied by negligible graphite flakes as the matrix. Wear resistance of the composite coating was determined with a pin-on-disc wear test technique, indicating that the composite coating, containing high volume fraction of hard WC carbides, present good wear resistance property compared with the un-reinforced gray cast iron, regardless of load level. Additionally, according to the Fe-W-C ternary phase, reaction paths between tungsten wires and molten, and in-situ synthesis of WC particles, were investigated.