静压力对超声滚压表层特性的影响

目的研究不同静压力对试样表面形貌、粗糙度、晶粒细化程度、随表层深度变化的显微硬度和残余应力的影响。方法运用超声滚压加工技术,采用HEU-Ⅱ系列的超声滚压设备和卧式车床对AISI304不锈钢进行处理,改变静压力,其余参数不变。利用综合扫描电子显微镜、触针式粗糙度仪、金相显微镜、显微硬度仪和X射线衍射分析仪等进行检测分析。结果静压力在300~800 N时能获取较好表面质量,超过800 N后会对表面产生损伤,出现细纹。通过XRD分析,静压力越大,晶粒细化程度越高,X衍射峰的宽化程度也越小。试样表层硬化层深度和硬度随静压力增大而增加,600 N时的硬化层比200 N时增加150μm,硬度增加35%,残余应力在表面表现为压应力,随着静压力增加而增加。当静压力增大到600 N时,最大残余应力由表面转移至材料内部。结论静压力参数在一定的范围内会产生很好的加工效果,超过一定的范围则会带来不良影响,这为运用超声滚压技术加工精密工件奠定了理论基础。     

超声振动滚压加工参数对TC4钛合金表面质量的影响

通过超声振动滚压加工正交试验,研究主轴转速、进给速度、静压力和加工次数对TC4钛合金表面质量的影响,并将材料的表面粗糙度、显微硬度及残余应力作为其表面质量的评价指标。试验结果表明:超声振动滚压加工工艺能降低TC4钛合金表面粗糙度,大幅度提高显微硬度,在表面引入残余压应力;合适的主轴转速、进给速度及加工次数使表面粗糙度达到最佳效果,一定范围内,表面粗糙度随着静压力的增大而减小;主轴转速对材料表面显微硬度影响较小,显微硬度随着进给速度的增大而减小,随着静压力及加工次数的增大而增大;主轴转速对材料表面残余应力有无规律的影响,材料表面的残余应力值随着进给速度的增大而减小,随着静压力及加工次数的增大而增大。     

表面超声滚压工艺参数对EA4T车轴表面性能的影响

采用表面超声滚压技术对EA4T车轴表面进行强化处理;利用正交试验法对表面超声滚压工艺参数进行优化。采用粗糙度仪、显微硬度计和残余应力测试仪分别测量车轴表层处的粗糙度、显微硬度和残余应力;并用扫描电镜观察截面的微观组织。结果表明:表面超声滚压可降低EA4T车轴表面粗糙度,获得较高的表面残余压应力,提高车轴表面硬度,并使表层晶粒细化。通过正交试验得出,对粗糙度、表层硬度、硬化层深度和表面残余应力影响最显著的因素分别为进给量、主轴转速、滚压力和主轴转速。本试验条件下选出的最佳工艺参数为主轴转速10 r/min、进给量0.10mm/r、滚压力300 kg。     

7050铝合金高速二维超声滚压对表面质量的影响

为实现7050铝合金高效优质表面强化,将高速超声引入到二维超声滚压中,研究了7050铝合金高速二维超声滚压后的表面质量。首先采用单因素试验法对7050铝合金进行高速二维超声滚压加工试验,利用超景深测量仪和扫描电镜观察并对比分析了车削后与滚压后的表面形貌和微观组织;采用粗糙度测量仪、显微硬度计和X射线衍射仪测量滚压后的表面粗糙度、显微硬度和表面残余应力,并分析了不同工艺参数对表面质量的影响。结果表明:7050铝合金经高速二维超声滚压加工后,试件表面更为光滑,表层组织更致密,能有效降低表面粗糙度值、提高显微硬度,并形成残余压应力,表面粗糙度最低为0. 68μm,降幅达65%,表面显微硬度最大为156 HV0. 1,增幅达72%,表面残余压应力最高达-329. 5 MPa。在高速二维超声滚压中,7050铝合金工件表面粗糙度主要受静压力和转速影响,表面显微硬度受静压力、进给量和振幅影响较大,而表面残余压应力主要受进给量的影响。7050铝合金加工时表面组织及性能主要受冷塑性变形和温度场的综合影响,高速二维超声滚压加工工艺能够实现7050铝合金的优质高效强化处理。     

表面超声滚压处理工艺对高速列车车轴钢表面状态的影响

为提高高速列车车轴钢的疲劳性能,对车轴钢EA4T进行了表面超声滚压处理(SURP)。综合运用了粗糙度测量仪、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射应力分析仪、显微硬度仪以及金相显微镜研究了表面超声滚压处理工艺参数中静压力和进给速度对高速列车车轴钢表面粗糙度、表面残余应力状态、表层显微硬度及微观组织的影响规律。结果表明:在试验参数范围内,静压力和进给速度越低,车轴钢的表面粗糙度越低;SURP后,试样表面轴向残余压应力得到大幅度提高,并且随着静压力的增加而增加,随着进给速度的增加而减小;表面硬度以及塑性变形层厚度随两参数的变化规律与残余应力的变化规律相似。     

超声滚压参数对TC4钛合金表面完整性的影响

为研究加工参数对超声辅助滚压强化TC4钛合金表面完整性的影响规律，设计基于主轴转速、进给速度、静压力和加工次数的4×4正交试验，对试样表面显微形貌、残余应力、硬度和粗糙度进行观测分析。结果表明：表面残余应力和硬度随主轴转速和进给速度的增大先增大后减小，随静压力的增大逐渐增大，随加工次数的增多逐渐减小；表面粗糙度随主轴转速和进给速度的增大逐渐增大，随静压力和加工次数的增大而减小。加工后试样表面完整性得到有效提高，划痕缺陷被消除，表面光整度提高；并形成了有利的残余压应力，最大值为-431.063 MPa,表面显微硬度提高了38.1%,表面粗糙度降低了92.7%。     

超声滚压参数对18CrNiMo7-6齿轮钢表面性能的影响

目的研究在不同加工参数下,对18CrNiMo7-6齿轮钢进行超声滚压加工后表层质量的变化,并得出其显著性顺序。建立表面粗糙度的解析模型,研究进给量、滚压次数和初始表面粗糙度对表面质量的影响,并与试验结果作对比。方法采用车刀将固定在车床卡盘上的18CrNiMo7-6齿轮钢棒状材料的端面进行精车后,采用超声滚压试验装置对精车后端面进行加工处理。采用三维形貌测量仪等专用设备,对加工完成后的试样表面表面粗糙度、表层显微硬度、表面二维形貌和表层残余应力等进行检测,然后利用正交试验,寻找对试样表面粗糙度影响的显著性因素,建立表面粗糙度的解析模型,对比试验数据和解析模型数据,研究超声滚压对表面粗糙度、表面二维形貌、表层显微硬度和表层残余应力的影响。结果得到的显著性顺序为进给量、主轴转速、次数、振幅、静压力,并且前述给出的粗糙度解析模型可以较好地预测超声滚压后的表面粗糙度,计算得到的理论数据与试验数据较为接近。试样表面的粗糙度Ra由车削加工的3.003μm减小为0.468μm,齿轮钢表层形成了明显的加工硬化层,其深度约为260μm;表层显微硬度从未处理的360.9HV升至417.6HV,比率为15.7%;表层内形成了勺形分布的残余应力,在距离表层60μm处,最大残余压应力形成,为–790.97 MPa,残余压应力层深度达到了800μm。结论超声滚压加工可以显著提高18CrNiMo7-6齿轮钢试样的表面性能,其中以滚压进给量的影响最为显著。     

二维超声滚压7050铝合金的微观组织与力学性能

采用二维超声滚压加工方法对7050铝合金进行处理,研究二维超声滚压加工对铝合金表面微观形貌与力学性能的影响。结果表明:经过二维超声滚压处理后,铝合金表面微观形貌明显改善,当滚压次数为4次时,表面微观形貌最均匀;随着滚压次数增加,表面粗糙度值先减小后增大,最大降幅达73%。铝合金表面硬度值、残余压应力随滚压次数的增大而增大,且硬度最大提高了43%,表面残余压应力值最大为242.9 MPa。     

后处理对高速激光熔覆表面性能的影响

液压立柱表面镀铬涂层易出现微小裂纹并导致涂层剥落,对煤矿生产造成安全隐患。为强化液压立柱表面性能、提高液压立柱使用寿命,利用高速激光熔覆技术在27SiMn钢表面制备铁基耐腐蚀熔覆层,并对熔覆层进行车-滚后处理提升强化熔覆层表面性能。使用扫描电子显微镜、形状测量激光显微镜、显微硬度计、电化学工作站等对高速激光熔覆层、车削及不同滚压力作用后的熔覆层微观组织、表面粗糙度、残余应力、显微硬度、耐腐蚀性能进行研究分析。结果表明：初始熔覆层显微组织致密,无明显孔隙、裂纹等缺陷,从结合处到表面依次为平面晶、树枝晶、等轴晶;滚压加工的“削峰填谷”效应使熔覆层表面发生塑性变形,滚压力为2.8 MPa时,表面轮廓平整,表面粗糙度降低至0.768μm;熔覆层硬度随滚压力的增大而增加,熔覆层顶部出现明显的塑性变形区和硬化层;车-滚复合加工使熔覆层表面残余应力由拉应力状态转变为压应力,滚压力增大,残余压应力先增大后减小;车-滚复合加工使熔覆层表层晶粒细化,增强Cr元素扩散,提高耐蚀能力,但过大的滚压力使熔覆层表面损伤,耐蚀能力下降。车-滚后处理工艺有效提升了熔覆层表面性能,可为高速激光熔覆高效低成本的后处理工艺...     

超声滚压12Cr2Ni4A齿轮钢残余压应力特性研究及参数优化

目的 实现高效率、低表面粗糙度和大残余压应力制造。方法 利用ANSYS软件建立12Cr2Ni4A齿轮钢外圆超声滚压有限元模型,分析超声滚压加工后,残余应力场的分布规律。搭建12Cr2Ni4A齿轮钢试验平台,研究工艺参数对工件表层残余应力的影响规律。同时对有限元模型进行验证。运用非线性曲线拟合方法,构建超声滚压工件表面残余应力及其表面粗糙度预测模型,基于赫兹接触理论和压痕几何关系,建立外圆超声滚压加工效率理论模型。结果 经过超声滚压加工后,12Cr2Ni4A齿轮钢表层残余压应力显著提升,且沿滚压深度方向,呈现先增大后减小趋势。最大残余压应力随着初始静压力的增加,峰值点逐渐从表层向次表层移动,最大残余压应力值为?654 MPa,此时硬化层深度约为0.8 mm。经优化得到最优参数为:F=315 N,vf=0.32 mm/min,n=269 r/min。结论 12Cr2Ni4A齿轮钢表层残余压应力随静压力的增大,呈线性增加趋势,随主轴转速和进给量的增大略微减小。参数优化后,加工效率得到进一步提升,工件能够获得良好的表面状态。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.